ライフサイエンスコーパス: unwinding

1 e RNA scaffold and a domain required for DNA unwinding.

2 separate from the one leading to repetitive unwinding.

3 shaped hexamers that encircle DNA for duplex unwinding.

4 to gain access to ssDNA and facilitating DNA unwinding.

5 tations, blocks on either strand inhibit CMG unwinding.

6 iation that functions beyond its role in RNA unwinding.

7 ifically with the excluded DNA strand during unwinding.

8 nterstrand distance and can only elongate by unwinding.

9 trand cross-link in the dsDNA that prevented unwinding.

10 ng structural and mechanistic aspects of DNA unwinding.

11 elucidate the structural basis of duplex DNA unwinding.

12 ivities, including DNA binding, nicking, and unwinding.

13 g several kinetic parameters associated with unwinding.

14 endent ATPase activity and the extent of RNA unwinding.

15 ell it tolerates potential roadblocks to DNA unwinding.

16 s the degree to which re-winding counteracts unwinding.

17 gions that depend strongly on eIF4A-mediated unwinding.

18 have mostly been ignored with regard to DNA unwinding.

19 significantly affecting ATP-dependent duplex unwinding.

20 ance of the SEW model for hexameric helicase unwinding.

21 the coupling between ATP hydrolysis and RNA unwinding.

22 into the Brr2 helicase active site ready for unwinding.

23 and bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during unwinding.

24 spots (5' GCTGGTGG 3') recognized during DNA unwinding.

25 ch -10 element; a sequence essential for DNA unwinding.

26 to the mechanical functions required for DNA unwinding.

27 sed, but HypaCas9 had much-reduced on-target unwinding.

28 licase can allow for increased efficiency of unwinding.

29 the Thermobifida fusca type I-E Cascade: (1) unwinding 11 bp of dsDNA at the seed-sequence region to

30 ith the PIC and plays important roles beyond unwinding 5'-UTR structure is consistent with a recent p

31 ltifunctional protein with translocation and unwinding activities and plays a vital role in viral RNA

32 ep-X (an enhanced version of Rep) display G4 unwinding activities in vitro that are significantly hig

33 by enhancing the coupled cap-binding and RNA-unwinding activities of eIF4F.

34 Cas9 proteins have limited dsDNA binding and unwinding activity and promiscuous guide RNA specificity

35 with eIF4G, subunits of eIF4F, enhance Ded1 unwinding activity and stimulation of preinitiation comp

36 king of a helicase monomer with undetectable unwinding activity converts it into a superhelicase that

37 ormed a complex with Dhr1 and stimulated its unwinding activity in vitro.

38 mutant in vivo showed reduced stimulation of unwinding activity in vitro.

39 This unwinding activity is achieved by the ATP-dependent nons

40 r; however, the contextual regulation of its unwinding activity is not fully described.

41 ogous human and yeast DNA2 proteins, the DNA unwinding activity of Bad is cryptic and can be unmasked

42 to visualize ring assembly, DNA binding, and unwinding activity of individual Twinkle hexamers at the

43 orientations had opposite effects on the RNA-unwinding activity of the N-terminal cassette, with one

44 RNA substrates and had significantly reduced unwinding activity on DNA.

45 Tim stimulates DDX11 unwinding activity on forked DNA substrates up to 10-fol

46 otein, the C-terminal helicase domain had no unwinding activity on RNA substrates and had significant

47 DNA end is encountered, after which the DNA unwinding activity potentiates the downstream homologous

48 We conclude that AdnAB's processive DSB unwinding activity suffices for AdnAB function in HR.

49 RNA:DNA hybrids at the same time reduced its unwinding activity to resolve this structure.

50 n order to engage with DNA, regulate its DNA-unwinding activity, and maintain genome stability.

51 and duplex stability on wtRep and RepDelta2B unwinding activity.

52 mmon mechanism of helicase translocation and unwinding activity.

53 h the excluded strand act as a regulator for unwinding activity.

54 e and the KH domain is required for its full unwinding activity.

55 ase/CDC7-Dbf4 kinase and exhibit reduced DNA unwinding activity.

56 d protein possesses branch migration and DNA unwinding activity.

57 d triplex DNA structures and inhibited ChlR1 unwinding activity.

58 P hydrolysis activity, and helicase-mediated unwinding activity.

59 e nontranslocating strand rectifying the DNA unwinding activity.

60 Truncated gRNA generally reduced unwinding and adding a non-matching guanine to the 5' en

61 strand-exchange involves active coupling of unwinding and annealing reactions by the TWINKLE.

62 as well as events corresponding to stepwise unwinding and annealing.

63 eracted, and Poltheta-helicase presented DNA unwinding and ATPase activities.

64 dramatic DNA distortions including bending, unwinding and base flipping.

65 no acid change in the KH domain, had reduced unwinding and binding activates on RNA and DNA substrate

66 Here, we visualize plasmid DNA unwinding and binding dynamics to an oligonucleotide pro

67 mechanism that controls eIF4AI-mediated mRNA unwinding and can guide further mechanistic studies on o

68 tional analysis allowed us to split the mRNA unwinding and codon selection activities of DHX29.

69 RecBCD helicase-nuclease must coordinate DNA unwinding and cutting to repair broken DNA.

70 ctions important for the coordination of DNA unwinding and damage incision in eukaryotic NER.

71 topoisomerase II (TOP2) is required for the unwinding and decatenation of DNA through the induction

72 zyme complexes are highly processive, duplex unwinding and degrading machines that require tight regu

73 that involves reversible ATP-independent DNA unwinding and engagement of the RecB motor.

74 to identify interactions that promote U4/U6 unwinding and have studied their impact in yeast.

75 chanism of nucleosome unfolding in which DNA unwinding and histone protein disassembly are coupled.

76 h not only protects t-loops from promiscuous unwinding and inappropriate activation of ATM, but also

77 r data reveal conserved mechanisms for U4/U6 unwinding and indicate telestem dynamics are critical fo

78 t duplex unwinding, suggestive of a cycle of unwinding and inhibition by Dbp2.

79 d magnetic tweezers to monitor PcrA helicase unwinding and its relationship with the nicking activity

80 re-based mutants providing insights into the unwinding and loading mechanism of RNAs.

81 the macromolecular assemblies that drive DNA unwinding and nascent strand synthesis.

82 ghly conserved phenylalanine for Pur-alpha's unwinding and neuroprotective function.

83 Fork regression requires the unwinding and pairing of newly synthesized strands, perf

84 riA variant displayed wildtype levels of DNA unwinding and PriB binding in vitro These results sugges

85 st that mycobacterial HR can proceed via DSB unwinding and protein capture of the displaced 3'-OH sin

86 re has been elucidated, its mechanism of DNA unwinding and replisome interactions remain poorly under

87 The helicase RTEL1 promotes t-loop unwinding and suppresses telomere fragility to maintain

88 The coordination of DNA unwinding and synthesis at replication forks promotes ef

89 anding how DNA synthesis is coordinated with unwinding and the DNA path through the CMG helicase-Pol

90 in plays critical roles in NTP-dependent RNA unwinding and translocation during viral replication.

91 ons, including loss of loop structure, helix unwinding, and a blade shift.

92 -hairpin), showed a decrease in DNA binding, unwinding, and annealing, as expected for a functional R

93 enter up to three paused states rather than unwinding, and should these be prevented, in vivo fork r

94 angular and linear motions such as torsion, unwinding, and sliding in addition to the previously rep

95 ated mechanic effects like local elongation, unwinding, and softening of the DNA often remain in ques

96 on between initial DNA melting and extensive unwinding as the first initiation event requiring double

97 entify binding sites for ssDNA during SsoMCM unwinding as well as validating the importance of the SE

98 As evidenced by an alkaline comet unwinding assay, 3 induces extensive DNA damage, suggest

99 Novel single molecule FRET binding and unwinding assays show an interaction of the excluded str

100 lecule Forster resonance energy transfer and unwinding assays to identify interactions that promote U

101 e-specific DNA footprinting, single-turnover unwinding assays, and unique fluorescence translocation

102 e mechanism of its helicase function, RecBCD unwinding at low adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (2-4 muM)

103 hat the Rad53 kinase restricts excessive DNA unwinding at replication forks by limiting CMG helicase

104 allele of MCM10 that stimulates initial DNA unwinding but is defective in replication elongation and

105 rmation is required for extensive origin DNA unwinding but not initial DNA melting or recruitment of

106 tical for single-stranded DNA binding during unwinding, but not the binding of G quadruplex DNA.

107 o a stepwise decrease of Brr2-mediated U4/U6 unwinding, but that unwinding is largely restored by a B

108 anism in which CMG couples ATP hydrolysis to unwinding by acting as a lazy Brownian ratchet, thus pro

109 DSB unwinding by AdnAB in vitro is stringently dependent on

110 al protein, Mcm10, drives initial origin DNA unwinding by an unknown mechanism.

111 mulates resection by BLM-DNA2 and DNA strand unwinding by BLM.

112 Upon DNA unwinding by Bloom (BLM) or Werner (WRN) helicase, RPA d

113 o position the RNA guide for DNA binding and unwinding by Cas8c.

114 omote the mechanical functions of DNA duplex unwinding by DnaA.

115 eIF4G strongly stimulates the rate of duplex unwinding by eIF4A on the IRES.

116 , DnaA filaments assemble and promote duplex unwinding by engaging and stretching a single DNA strand

117 We examined DNA unwinding by G40P, a DnaB-family helicase, using a singl

118 for the same substrate, hence prominent DNA unwinding by hDNA2 alone can only be observed using the

119 tured the thermodynamics of the triple helix unwinding by monitoring interactions between a collagen

120 eds light on the mechanisms of regulation of unwinding by Rep-like helicases.

121 mechanistic basis for relatively slow duplex unwinding by replicative helicases and explains how repl

122 d to the 3' ss/dsDNA junction impacts duplex unwinding by stabilizing the unpaired first base-pair an

123 a directional contrahelicase, blocking mtDNA unwinding by the mitochondrial helicase TWINKLE.

124 to track the DNA rotations that result from unwinding by the RecBCD complex, a helicase that is invo

125 ition of DNA polymerases cause excessive DNA unwinding by the replicative DNA helicase, CMG, demonstr

126 DNA unwinding by the replicative helicase may continue durin

127 ivate the ATR checkpoint kinase, and require unwinding by the WRN helicase.

128 eat sequence DNA also stimulated binding and unwinding by these enzymes.

129 Most strikingly, G4 unwinding by WRN was inhibited approximately 50% for all

130 g and the other configuration inhibiting RNA unwinding compared with the unconstrained protein.

131 amics was coupled to RecBCD entering into an unwinding-competent state that required a sufficiently l

132 nal dynamics of the RecBCD-DNA complex in an unwinding-competent state, arising, in part, by an enzym

133 structure, with the helicases preferentially unwinding D-loops.

134 For RNA unwinding, DDX3X shows a greater preference than Ded1p f

135 Binding of a single ATPgammaS could stall unwinding, demonstrating highly coordinated ATP hydrolys

136 s recombinogenic single-stranded DNA ends by unwinding DNA and cutting it a few nucleotides to the 3'

137 ct in coordination, rapidly and processively unwinding DNA at the site of a double strand break.

138 is the replicative helicase responsible for unwinding DNA during archaeal and eukaryal genome replic

139 cialized helicases play an important role in unwinding DNA structures to maintain genome stability.

140 fied recombinant Drosophila melanogaster CMG unwinding DNA with single-molecule magnetic tweezers.

141 1 k(B)T and back steps very frequently while unwinding DNA.

142 he cellular replisome that are essential for unwinding double-strand nucleic acids during the process

143 randed nucleic acid and couple the motion to unwinding double-strands of a duplex nucleic acid.

144 ading to the regulation of translocation and unwinding during replication.

145 EcSSB modulates the EcMutL-EcUvrD unwinding dynamics, which is rarely accompanied by exten

146 ally that such asymmetry strongly biases the unwinding efficiency of DNA helicases toward substrates

147 erhelicase with strong RNA affinity and high unwinding efficiency on a broad range of targets.

148 hown to unwind DNA via a SEW mode to enhance unwinding efficiency.

149 RECQ1 is an ATP-dependent DNA-unwinding enzyme (helicase) [8, 9] with roles in replica

150 ich is an emerging feature of processive DNA unwinding enzymes.

151 dramatic and unprecedented ATP-dependent DNA unwinding events by the M/R complex, which extend hundre

152 we performed single-molecule FRET-based DNA unwinding experiments using various combinations of non-

153 le of rapidly (~70-80 base pairs per second) unwinding extensive tracts (~8-10 kilobases) of double-s

154 show this arises due to both slower template unwinding following helicase-polymerase uncoupling and e

155 We demonstrate and characterize RNA duplex unwinding for DHX36 and examine the remodeling of inter-

156 These results support the SEW model of unwinding for EcDnaB that expands on the existing SE mod

157 have also been shown to be important for DNA unwinding, giving rise to the steric exclusion and wrapp

158 Moreover, the role of TFB2M in promoter unwinding has not been discriminated from that of TFAM.

159 found that deficiency of BLM, or another G4-unwinding helicase, the Werner syndrome-associated helic

160 ucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) as a G-quadruplex-unwinding helicase, which unfolds these stable secondary

161 k biochemical assays show that Yra1 inhibits unwinding in a concentration-dependent manner by prevent

162 ing guanine to the 5' end of gRNA influenced unwinding in a sequence-context dependent manner.

163 DNA unwinding in eukaryotic replication is performed by the

164 in flanking helices consistent with winding/unwinding in helical propensity as the knot tightens to

165 ner proteins to increase the processivity of unwinding in the presence of the replication fork, which

166 As and inhibits Brr2-mediated U4/U6 di-snRNA unwinding in vitro.

167 events that occur during RecBCD-induced DNA unwinding-including initiation, processive translocation

168 re-winding of the opened DNA strongly limits unwinding, independent of the 3'-tail.

169 r the 43S PIC requires an ATP-dependent, but unwinding-independent, activity of eIF4A.

170 cation of eIF4G that stimulates eIF4A duplex unwinding independently of eIF4E.

171 tip of the beta-hairpin eliminated PriA DNA unwinding, interaction with the primosome protein PriB,

172 DNA unwinding is a checkpoint before cleavage by Cas9, and w

173 exclusion process, or even a separation pin, unwinding is achieved via a "dam-and-diversion tunnel" m

174 DNA unwinding is an important cellular process involved in D

175 bination in vivo, whereas unregulated duplex unwinding is detrimental for recombination precision.

176 e of Brr2-mediated U4/U6 unwinding, but that unwinding is largely restored by a Brr2 cofactor, the C-

177 tivity is utilized chemo-mechanically in DNA unwinding is poorly understood.

178 Unwinding is stimulated by the U6 telestem, which transi

179 Unwinding is then completed by the partially displaced U

180 Duplex unwinding is then performed by the PcrA helicase, whose

181 engages with the telomere to promote t-loop unwinding is unclear.

182 at hDNA2 is a processive helicase capable of unwinding kilobases of dsDNA in length.

183 espective of the underlying architecture and unwinding kinetics of the helicase.

184 Coupled binding and unwinding manifests as a curved relationship between the

185 that, in addition to stimulating initial DNA unwinding, Mcm10 stabilizes Cdc45 and GINS association w

186 We elucidate the core unwinding mechanism in which the unwinding rate depends

187 ments, lead us to suggest a replication fork unwinding mechanism whereby the N-terminal and AAA+ tier

188 e ThM motif, revealing an unconventional DNA unwinding mechanism.

189 olution, a prerequisite to understanding the unwinding mechanism.

190 ains unclear whether they confer a conserved unwinding mechanism.

191 G4 unwinding mediated by Rep involves repetitive cycles of

192 sDNA) and stabilize the complex in a forward unwinding mode.

193 Current DNA unwinding models propose that motor translocation is tig

194 nces that differ for G4 disruption and dsDNA unwinding, most likely arising from differences in the r

195 hows that duplex DNA enters the helicase and unwinding occurs in the central channel.

196 es occurs endothermically due to concomitant unwinding of a weakly base-paired [UUUU]:[GGAG] helical

197 ment of alphaM4 and hypothesize that winding/unwinding of alphaM4 represents a trigger for high-affin

198 ated by the DnaA protein, which promotes the unwinding of DNA at oriC We demonstrate that the binding

199 demonstrate that this is caused by unlawful unwinding of DNA by BLM helicase at a specific centromer

200 s(3), their use in base editing requires the unwinding of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-for example by

201 Helicases catalyze the unwinding of double-stranded nucleic acids where structu

202 The unwinding of double-stranded RNA intermediates is critic

203 The unwinding of dsRNA intermediates is critical for the rep

204 In addition, unwinding of duplex siRNA bound to AGO1 requires passeng

205 However, Pif1 unwinding of duplexes occurs at a much faster rate than

206 kely resulting from enhanced eIF4A-dependent unwinding of G-quadruplexes in the 5' untranslated regio

207 RN involved in the binding and ATPase-driven unwinding of G4 DNA.

208 ned to quantitatively measure long-range DNA unwinding of individual DNA helicases from the archaeons

209 extended binding channel for eIF4A-mediated unwinding of mRNA and scanning.

210 We propose that Mcm10 inhibits the unwinding of nascent strands to prevent fork regression

211 Moreover, the NER factor XPA activates unwinding of normal DNA by Core7, but inhibits the Core7

212 We show that the preferential unwinding of RNA:DNA hybrids is due to neither specific

213 rved rotational steps that correspond to the unwinding of single base pairs.

214 embrane domain (TMD), which leads to partial unwinding of the carboxyl terminus of transmembrane heli

215 Local unwinding of the collagen triple helix is a necessary st

216 plified by RNA-dependent ATPase activity and unwinding of the DNA-RNA duplex.

217 By measuring changes in torque upon unwinding of the double helix, we find that R-loop forma

218 cking of one of the template DNA strands and unwinding of the duplex prior to subsequent leading stra

219 he 3' vRNA in the active site and results in unwinding of the duplexed region of the promoter.

220 or sequence complementarity, and (2) further unwinding of the entire protospacer to form a full R-loo

221 The unwinding of the helical structure at the grid walls dri

222 ric structural transition, involving partial unwinding of the helix-X between heme a and a3, thereby

223 he level of inward-open SERT and may lead to unwinding of the TM5 helix to allow phosphorylation.

224 Brr2 catalyzes an ATP-dependent unwinding of the U4/U6 RNA duplex, which is a critical s

225 This has complicated the unwinding of their unique non-redundant roles.

226 hinge-like movement of TM1a and the partial unwinding of TM5, which together create a permeation pat

227 wound using DNA oligonucleotides by coupling unwinding of U4/U6 stem II with strand invasion of stem

228 ice site (5'SS) from U1 to U6 snRNA triggers unwinding of U6 snRNA from U4 snRNA.

229 ther, acting as a wedge with an external DNA unwinding point during translocation.

230 th strands enter the helicase and the duplex unwinding point is internal, followed by exclusion of th

231 induced fit mechanisms to catalyse collagen unwinding prior to cleavage of individual collagen chain

232 The unwinding processivity of RepDelta2B and wtRep is primar

233 he ssDNA break, significantly increasing its unwinding processivity.

234 cally important for sequence specificity and unwinding processivity.

235 antitative model of the factors that enhance unwinding processivity.

236 se activity of the complex is activated once unwinding progresses.

237 ions of RNA polymerase, trapping and locally unwinding proximal upstream DNA.

238 te the core unwinding mechanism in which the unwinding rate depends on the stability of the duplex DN

239 g and has a modest stimulatory effect on the unwinding rate of RecQ.

240 ngly, these mutations also increased the DNA unwinding rate, suggesting that electrostatic contacts w

241 se stimulates the helicase by increasing the unwinding rate-constant (kcat), consequently the combine

242 in a ~5-fold stimulation of the apparent DNA-unwinding rate.

243 stead of DNA also dramatically increased the unwinding rate.

244 from the excluded strand to regulate the DNA unwinding rate.

245 However, the origin of slow DNA unwinding rates by replicative helicases and the mechani

246 pattern of PriA before its ATP-catalyzed DNA-unwinding reaction.

247 ctively, these observations show that during unwinding, RecBCD binds to DNA in a dynamic mode that is

248 terminal) molecules are introduced into the unwinding region of two T7 promoters, and two DNA bubble

249 thin the Bacillus subtilis chromosome origin unwinding region.

250 randed DNA and how ATP hydrolysis drives DNA unwinding remain open questions.

251 onto HR intermediates to facilitate the DNA unwinding required for DNA repair synthesis.

252 the course of hours whereas steps involving unwinding-rewinding of the helix proceeded over the cour

253 y active form that is capable of immediately unwinding RNA duplexes without undergoing rate-limiting

254 Instead, Pif1 is capable of unwinding RNA:DNA heteroduplexes with moderately greater

255 ication and repair processes, preferentially unwinding RNA:DNA hybrids and resolving G-quadruplex str

256 s) regulate RNA processing and metabolism by unwinding short double-stranded (ds) RNAs.

257 A with tight affinity are incapable of fully unwinding short duplex RNAs.

258 The initiation of substrate unwinding showed some sequence dependency, while DNA bin

259 ould have implications for understanding the unwinding specificity of pNS3h, which is active only on

260 rminal domain is shown to play a role in DNA unwinding, strand annealing, and Holliday junction (HJ)

261 and that its activation is favored by slower unwinding, strategic pausing between but not before key

262 atalyze strand-exchange reaction between the unwinding substrate and a homologous single-stranded DNA

263 TFAM inhibits Twinkle unwinding, suggesting other replisome proteins may be re

264 zing this interaction accelerates RNA duplex unwinding, suggesting that it is present in solution and

265 ons as an inhibitor of Dbp2-dependent duplex unwinding, suggestive of a cycle of unwinding and inhibi

266 g, and the time between RepC nicking and DNA unwinding, suggests that RepC and PcrA form a protein co

267 Because the basal DNA unwinding system characterized here appears to be conser

268 ove beyond the site of DNA synthesis, likely unwinding template DNA.

269 ontributions with the excluded strand during unwinding, termed steric exclusion and wrapping (SEW).

270 oms exhibits visible-light-driven reversible unwinding, that is, a cholesteric-nematic phase transiti

271 Cas9 recognizes its target site by unwinding the DNA double helix and hybridizing a 20-nucl

272 ilitate replication by licensing origins and unwinding the DNA double strand.

273 helicase activity, which is responsible for unwinding the DNA while it is being transported to a rec

274 ial to form stable secondary structures upon unwinding the double helix during DNA replication.

275 hestrates replication restart in bacteria by unwinding the lagging-strand arm of abandoned DNA replic

276 sruption to chromatin structure generated by unwinding the parental DNA strands.

277 the target recognition, while another helps unwinding the target secondary structure.

278 Due to helical unwinding, the RNA triple helix spans an average of 12 b

279 hUPF1 must bind a ssNA segments to initiate unwinding they also raise the possibility that hUPF1 has

280 on, initiating directional target DNA strand unwinding to allow segmented base-pairing with crRNA.

281 of the traditional steric exclusion model of unwinding to also include significant contributions with

282 vere DNA bending, leading to spontaneous DNA unwinding to form a seed-bubble.

283 (Cas) protein Cas9 begin with RNA-guided DNA unwinding to form an RNA-DNA hybrid and a displaced DNA

284 the existing SE model of hexameric helicase unwinding to include contributions from the excluded str

285 he PriA pin element and coupling of PriA DNA unwinding to its interaction with PriB.

286 viral replication and increase the helicase-unwinding turnover rates by 1.7- and 3.5-fold, respectiv

287 p that we assign to nonspecific deformation (unwinding/"twisting") of DNA by Rad4.

288 The differing responses of the unwinding velocity and processivity to force have lacked

289 We show that in contrast to the unwinding velocity, the processivity exhibits a universa

290 e ATP hydrolysis to nucleic acid binding and unwinding via molecular mechanisms that remain poorly de

291 Furthermore, no DNA unwinding was observed for pyriplatin, in which the phen

292 Brr2-mediated U4/U6 unwinding was strongly inhibited by mutations in U4/U6 d

293 iochemical assays for RNA binding and duplex unwinding, we show that JFH-1 NS3 binds RNA much more ra

294 s unclear how bound proteins influence U4/U6 unwinding, which regions of the U4/U6 duplex the helicas

295 echnique that can simultaneously monitor DNA unwinding with base-pair resolution and binding of fluor

296 e replisome, must efficiently coordinate DNA unwinding with priming and synthesis to complete duplica

297 The mechanism for coupling DNA unwinding with synthesis is starting to be elucidated, h

298 under replication stress by coordinating DNA unwinding with synthesis of both strands.

299 ere mutated and shown to generally lower DNA unwinding without negatively affecting the ATP hydrolysi

300 the specific effect of K111 mutations on DNA unwinding (Y.