ライフサイエンスコーパス: vernalization

1 of low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization).

2 riod) or reductions in fall/winter chilling (vernalization).

3 is accessions show considerable variation in vernalization.

4 epressor of flowering under long days before vernalization.

5 tating analysis of these interconnections is vernalization.

6 many plant species through a process called vernalization.

7 uced, Polycomb-mediated silencing underlying vernalization.

8 lenced by prolonged cold in a process called vernalization.

9 dification, which gradually increases during vernalization.

10 Flowering Locus C (FLC), which occurs during vernalization.

11 by cold in leaves and remains high following vernalization.

12 ses to different photoperiods and lengths of vernalization.

13 of the FLC gene family during the course of vernalization.

14 WERING LOCUS C (FLC) leads to differences in vernalization.

15 RING LOCUS C (FLC) and its related genes, by vernalization.

16 longed period of cold (e.g. winter) known as vernalization.

17 ession dynamics to floral response following vernalization.

18 nd that of variation in flowering time given vernalization.

19 elevated global temperature via insufficient vernalization.

20 of FLC and rapid flowering in the absence of vernalization.

21 , encoded by the recessive allele for 6-week vernalization.

22 cold treatment, an epigenetic process called vernalization.

23 owth, they require a chilling phase known as vernalization.

24 sses contain different large-effect QTLs for vernalization.

25 nitor changes in nuclear organization during vernalization.

26 esent at VIN3 chromatin during the course of vernalization.

27 es FLC in a Polycomb-mediated process called vernalization.

28 cold for rapid flowering, a process known as vernalization.

29 s flowering repressors down-regulated during vernalization.

30 This process is known as vernalization.

31 methylation of FLC chromatin increase after vernalization.

32 low temperatures to flower, a process called vernalization.

33 lved in flowering promoted by gibberellin or vernalization.

34 nt of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization.

35 , and the flowering delay can be overcome by vernalization.

36 FLC expression and therefore do not require vernalization.

37 ing their spatio-temporal interaction during vernalization.

38 of warmth is essential for the completion of vernalization.

39 winter cold to initiate flowering, known as vernalization.

40 levels and is more sensitive to GA prior to vernalization.

41 ing until its mRNA levels are reduced during vernalization.

42 xperience high temperatures during and after vernalization.

43 ion of floral meristem identity genes during vernalization.

44 to reproductive growth via a pathway called vernalization.

45 fect of FOF2 in flowering can be overcome by vernalization.

46 ntragenic chromatin loop at the FLC locus by vernalization.

47 different life stages in response to rosette vernalization.

48 ment of the stable repressed state of FLC by vernalization.

49 ts with the nuclear protein RTV1 (related to vernalization 1).

50 0 propeller was shown in yeast cells to bind Vernalization 5 (VRN5), which contains several unconfirm

51 The requirement for vernalization, a need for prolonged cold to trigger flow

52 Vernalization accelerates flowering after prolonged wint

53 ambient temperature, short photoperiod, and vernalization, all increased petal number in C. hirsuta

54 ceae, only undergoes floral induction during vernalization, allowing definition of the role of GA spe

55 These features make vernalization an ideal experimental system to investigat

56 this study aims to separate photoperiod from vernalization and dormancy through a series of experimen

57 Vernalization and dormancy, two plant traits previously

58 presence of significant interactions between vernalization and FT allelic classes in both wheat and b

59 expressed at higher levels during and after vernalization and in the inflorescence.

60 Several novel complexes are involved in vernalization and pathogen defense, traits critical for

61 re, we characterize natural variation in the vernalization and photoperiod responses in Brachypodium

62 an important role in the integration of the vernalization and photoperiod seasonal signals, and prov

63 studied sugar beet sink-source dynamics upon vernalization and showed that before flowering, the tapr

64 velopmental reprogramming in plants, such as vernalization and transition to flowering.

65 led to a long-held notion that hops require vernalization and/or dormancy for the meristem to change

66 cold temperatures accelerate flowering time (vernalization) and improve freezing tolerance (cold accl

67 Thus, SDG7 is a negative regulator of vernalization, and loss of SDG7 creates a partially vern

68 ole for VRN1 in regulating cold acclimation, vernalization, and morphological development in B. dista

69 VRN1 or FT flower rapidly in the absence of vernalization, and plants overexpressing VRN1 exhibit lo

70 the ability to use winter nonfreezing cold (vernalization) as a cue to ready them for spring floweri

71 ne Northern Swedish accession showed maximum vernalization at 8 degrees C, both at the level of flowe

72 both functional and confer a requirement for vernalization, but they show distinct expression dynamic

73 ndicated that, in vrn-H1 genotypes requiring vernalization, Cbf expression levels were dampened after

74 e detected across a range of photoperiod and vernalization conditions, suggesting that the genetic co

75 stachyon accession Bd21 was crossed with the vernalization-dependent accession ABR6.

76 In late-flowering vernalization-dependent ecotypes, VRN2 is only active ou

77 In Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization depends on the cold-induced epigenetic sil

78 RVR1 may be involved in processes other than vernalization despite a lack of any obvious pleiotropy i

79 mainly regulated by seasonal cues including vernalization (determined mainly by VRN1 and VRN2 genes)

80 ansient VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-mediated vernalization, differential growth rates or exposure to

81 ates to balance survival and, through a post-vernalization effect, reproductive output.

82 In two separate vernalization experiments we discover each set of crosse

83 Based on a wealth of vernalization experiments, typically carried out in the

84 To test whether genes in the vernalization flowering pathway also influence germinati

85 Genes in the vernalization flowering pathway also influenced seed ger

86 ls such as photoperiod or cold temperatures (vernalization), flowering time is also regulated by ligh

87 ering plants and late-flowering plants after vernalization for 3 weeks.

88 a screen for mutants that no longer require vernalization for rapid flowering, we identified a domin

89 arry deletions encompassing VRN-1, the major vernalization gene in temperate cereals.

90 in the lineage and that at least part of the vernalization gene network is conserved throughout the s

91 ss Pooideae and compared expression of wheat vernalization gene orthologs VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and V

92 The vernalization gene VRN-1 plays an important role in this

93 is study, we show that in these species, the vernalization gene VRN3 is linked completely to a gene s

94 All known vernalization genes are cloned according to qualitative

95 lization response is mainly regulated by the VERNALIZATION genes, VRN1 and VRN2 Here, we characterize

96 n depends on the integration of photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin and/or autonomous signaling p

97 Vernalization has been dissected in Arabidopsis thaliana

98 is of changes in nuclear organization during vernalization has revealed that disruption of a gene loo

99 This process, referred to as vernalization, has been extensively studied in Arabidops

100 Loss of SDG7 results in a vernalization-hypersensitive phenotype, as well as more

101 GA accelerates the floral transition during vernalization in A. alpina, the down-regulation of PEP1

102 Vernalization in Arabidopsis results in the suppression

103 tion of a wide range of natural variation in vernalization in Arabidopsis.

104 LOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during the process of vernalization in Arabidopsis.

105 d up-regulation of HvFT transcript levels by vernalization in barley winter plants (P = 0.002).

106 VERNALIZATION1 (RVR1), represses VRN1 before vernalization in Brachypodium distachyon That RVR1 is up

107 ed development, ensuring the requirement for vernalization in every generation.

108 pend on replication and temperature, such as vernalization in plants and position effect variegation

109 uch as anatomical development in mammals and vernalization in plants.

110 e requirement for a period of cold-chilling (vernalization) in 46 populations of annuals and perennia

111 nd to shared environmental cues, focusing on vernalization, in Arabidopsis thaliana plants.

112 te-flowering) parent was strongly induced by vernalization, in contrast to the Ku (early-flowering) p

113 (n = 384) F(2) populations with and without vernalization, in order to reveal both the genetic basis

114 Vernalization, in turn, leads to an epigenetic down-regu

115 Rosette vernalization increased seed germination in diverse ecot

116 y mapped narrow-leafed lupin loci conferring vernalization independence, anthracnose resistance, low

117 , FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) via an autonomous, vernalization-independent pathway.

118 ore differentially expressed genes than does vernalization, indicating that RVR1 may be involved in p

119 In addition, vernalization induced a stable accumulation of H3K27me3

120 ctor (TF), is the central regulator of wheat vernalization-induced flowering.

121 uations, average temperature, day length and vernalization influence the flowering time of 59 genotyp

122 The slow, winter-long upregulation of VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3)(5-7), a PHD protein t

123 the vernalization pathway, VIL1, along with VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), is necessary for the

124 ding a unique, cold-specific PRC2 component, vernalization insensitive 3 (VIN3), which is necessary f

125 his acceleration was not caused by transient VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-mediated vernalization, diff

126 In Arabidopsis thaliana, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) and its related plant

127 VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) induction by vernaliza

128 VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) is induced by winter c

129 The expression of AGL19, FT, and VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 was associated with altitude,

130 Vernalization involves the epigenetic silencing of the f

131 Vernalization is a prerequisite for the floral induction

132 Since the quantitative nature of vernalization is a reflection of a bistable cell autonom

133 Vernalization is a response to winter cold to initiate f

134 Vernalization is an environmentally induced epigenetic s

135 Vernalization is an environmentally-induced epigenetic s

136 Vernalization is an example of temperature influencing t

137 In the Brassicaceae, the requirement for vernalization is conferred by high expression of ortholo

138 say, we show that the quantitative nature of vernalization is generated by H3K27me3-mediated FLC sile

139 The mechanism for TaVRN1 induction during vernalization is not well understood.

140 RNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3) induction by vernalization is one of the earliest events in the verna

141 Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promo

142 Vernalization is the process by which sensing a prolonge

143 Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accele

144 rly origin hypothesis are that a response to vernalization is widespread within the subfamily and tha

145 cally silence FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) during vernalization, is central to plants interpreting winter

146 As a result of vernalization, levels of lysine-9 and lysine-27 trimethy

147 omb-mediated epigenetic silencing induced by vernalization, little is known about the mechanism invol

148 s earlier than, and is independent of, other vernalization markers and coincides with a reduction in

149 sical clustering of FLC loci are part of the vernalization mechanism.

150 NONCODING RNA (COLDAIR)] is required for the vernalization-mediated epigenetic repression of FLC.

151 for epigenetic silencing of FLC and for the vernalization-mediated histone modifications characteris

152 Our results indicate that vernalization-mediated Polycomb silencing is coordinated

153 without some of the components required for vernalization-mediated repression.

154 However, the mechanism responsible for vernalization-mediated VIN3 induction is poorly understo

155 eaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring

156 t2 and TaVrn1 are flowering promoters in the vernalization pathway and interact physically in vitro,

157 e measured the expression of 12 genes of the vernalization pathway and its downstream targets.

158 ght into the photoperiodic regulation of the vernalization pathway in barley.

159 so functions as a flowering repressor in the vernalization pathway of Brachypodium and likely other t

160 The vernalization pathway promotes flowering in response to

161 FLC and other genes of the vernalization pathway vary extensively among natural pop

162 ontrast to our detailed understanding of the vernalization pathway, little is known about how floweri

163 ined by the expression and regulation of the vernalization pathway, most notably by AGAMOUS LIKE19 (A

164 In the vernalization pathway, VIL1, along with VERNALIZATION IN

165 regulated by several pathways, including the vernalization pathway.

166 ying candidate genes that are members of the vernalization pathway.

167 ed that appear to be novel components of the vernalization pathway.

168 The major target of these vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thali

169 1), participates in both the photoperiod and vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by regula

170 dings demonstrate that the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways interact to control flowering tim

171 ny plant species through the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, respectively.

172 We first tested whether effects of rosette vernalization persisted to influence seed germination.

173 ciations, as for the Arabidopsis response to vernalization phenotype.

174 In wheat, vernalization predominantly involves the cold upregulati

175 criptomic and epigenomic dynamics during the vernalization process in Arabidopsis thaliana.

176 flowering at the shoot apical meristem; the vernalization process in which exposure to prolonged col

177 We find for many phases of the vernalization process that H3K36me3 and H3K27me3 show op

178 , H3K4me3, and H3K4me2 at FLC throughout the vernalization process were compared to H3K27me3, which a

179 r proper timing of VIN3 induction and of the vernalization process.

180 Vernalization promotes flowering via epigenetic repressi

181 We then examined critical photoperiod and vernalization QTLs in growth chambers using F(2) progeny

182 nding on the regulatory mechanism underlying vernalization-reduced flowering.

183 s demonstrated that BdODDSOC2 functions as a vernalization-regulated flowering repressor.

184 on-GTs; a germin-like protein (TaGLP); and a vernalization related protein (TaVER2).

185 vidence for the involvement of cold-induced, vernalization-related genes and repressors of endodorman

186 In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization renders plants competent to flower by epig

187 nses contribute to determining the length of vernalization required for flowering and reproduction.

188 Vernalization required temperatures above 0 degrees C an

189 fying major flowering time loci that control vernalization requirement (VRN-H1 and VRN-H2) have faile

190 s paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined

191 ling quantitative variation for more or less vernalization requirement among winter wheat cultivars r

192 FT]) have been identified that influence the vernalization requirement and are thought to form a regu

193 Since vernalization requirement and photoperiod sensitivity ar

194 ir ability to respond to prolonged cold (the vernalization requirement and response pathways) has ela

195 oth ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 genes are able to confer vernalization requirement and that different ZCCT genes

196 order to reveal both the genetic basis of a vernalization requirement and that of variation in flowe

197 how these multiple FLC paralogues determine vernalization requirement as a system.

198 cloned according to qualitative variation in vernalization requirement between spring and winter whea

199 Here we show that in some genotypes this vernalization requirement can be replaced by interruptin

200 The positional cloning of the gene for vernalization requirement duration demonstrated that thi

201 We report here that the gene for the vernalization requirement duration in winter wheat was c

202 med by a dominant mutation (Ku) that removed vernalization requirement for flowering.

203 Studies of natural genetic variation for the vernalization requirement in Arabidopsis have revealed t

204 e two genes result in the elimination of the vernalization requirement in diploid wheat (Triticum mon

205 We discover a novel type of vernalization requirement in perennial populations that

206 DS-box TFs that repress flowering and confer vernalization requirement in the Brassicaceae species Ar

207 in the CCT domain of VRN2 that eliminate the vernalization requirement in winter wheat also reduce th

208 set the level of FLC expression to create a vernalization requirement in winter-annual accessions.

209 ferences at the VRN-A1 locus revealed that a vernalization requirement maintained a higher level of c

210 ove useful in breeding efforts to refine the vernalization requirement of temperate cereals and adapt

211 responsible for natural allelic variation in vernalization requirement, providing additional sources

212 map four important agronomic traits, namely, vernalization requirement, seed alkaloid content, and re

213 in regions, are rapid cycling, have lost the vernalization requirement, show prolific flowering, and

214 rabidopsis accessions and establishment of a vernalization requirement.

215 a repressor of flowering, and thus confers a vernalization requirement.

216 co-segregates with VRN-1, which affects the vernalization requirement.

217 ING LOCUS C (FLC), whose activities impose a vernalization requirement.

218 , we find that it is a good predictor of the vernalization requirement.

219 ll season, which is necessary to establish a vernalization requirement.

220 NG LOCUS C (FLC) quantitatively controls the vernalization requirement.

221 iour in response to cold and a wide range of vernalization requirements in B. napus.

222 ermore, the full extent of VIN3 induction by vernalization requires activating complex components, in

223 LOCUS C (FLC), that are determinants of the vernalization-requiring, winter-annual habit.

224 scriptome and epigenome profiling during the vernalization response has not been conducted.

225 er region, which was perfectly predictive of vernalization response in 216 wild and domesticated acce

226 s induced by winter cold and is essential to vernalization response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thali

227 n of VIN3 plays a role in mediating a proper vernalization response in Arabidopsis.

228 Extensive natural variation in vernalization response is associated with A. thaliana ac

229 By contrast, in cereals, the vernalization response is mainly regulated by the VERNAL

230 ization is one of the earliest events in the vernalization response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thali

231 The vernalization response of the different accessions was m

232 ence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important trait

233 on in Brassica oleracea is from variation in vernalization response through allelic variation at FLOW

234 ing the course of evolution to ensure proper vernalization response through epigenetic changes.

235 Variation in flowering and alignment of vernalization response with winter length are central to

236 Here, we have used an extreme vernalization response, identified through studying ambi

237 he course of vernalization to mediate proper vernalization response.

238 nown to be involved in the regulation of the vernalization response.

239 esting that this deletion caused the loss of vernalization response.

240 FTc subclade gene has been implicated in the vernalization response.

241 DF induced unique cold acclimation and vernalization responses characterized by low VERNALIZATI

242 agricultural germplasm with more predictable vernalization responses that will be more resilient to v

243 Our results demonstrate that vernalization responsive Pooideae species are widespread

244 ptome analyses suggested a possible role for vernalization-responsive genes in the developmental resp

245 predictions, we determined and reconstructed vernalization responsiveness across Pooideae and compare

246 it loci (QTLs) revealed polygenic control of vernalization responsiveness and anthracnose resistance,

247 d that railway plants have sharply abrogated vernalization responsiveness and high constitutive expre

248 it is unknown how important the evolution of vernalization responsiveness has been for the colonizati

249 icum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic va

250 nt with the hypothesis that the evolution of vernalization responsiveness was important for the initi

251 ypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids.

252 on was facilitated by the early evolution of vernalization responsiveness.

253 In Arabidopsis, vernalization results from the epigenetic silencing of t

254 In temperate grasses, vernalization results in the up-regulation of VERNALIZAT

255 ime correlated with altitude under different vernalization scenarios.

256 Vernalization, sensing of prolonged cold, is important f

257 gene TaFT, which integrates photoperiod and vernalization signals promoting flowering, interacts wit

258 While vernalization silences a repressor (FLC, MADS-box transc

259 n observed after the VRN2 down-regulation by vernalization, suggesting the existence of a second VRN1

260 Vrn1 were significantly induced in leaves by vernalization, suggesting their spatio-temporal interact

261 The slow dynamics of vernalization, taking place over weeks in the cold, gene

262 The different accessions had characteristic vernalization temperature profiles.

263 The vernalization temperature range of 0-14 degrees C meant

264 Here, we analyse natural variation for vernalization temperature requirement in accessions, inc

265 ow that VRN1 is involved in processes beyond vernalization that are essential for Arabidopsis develop

266 r a large proportion of natural variation in vernalization that contributes to adaptation of A. thali

267 romotes flowering through a process known as vernalization that epigenetically represses FLC expressi

268 ensive variation in critical photoperiod and vernalization that may be a consequence of local adaptat

269 For example, vernalization (the promotion of flowering by cold temper

270 ow seasonal changes influence development is vernalization, the acceleration of flowering by prolonge

271 However, the loop is disrupted during vernalization, the cold-induced, Polycomb-dependent epig

272 nes known to enable flowering in response to vernalization, the most prominent is FLOWERING LOCUS C (

273 Vernalization, the perception and memory of winter in pl

274 A requirement for vernalization, the process by which prolonged cold expos

275 Vernalization, the promotion of flowering by cold, invol

276 Vernalization, the requirement of a period of low temper

277 We have exploited the process of vernalization, the slow quantitative epigenetic silencin

278 (FLC) is a major determinant of variation in vernalization--the acceleration of flowering by prolonge

279 dopsis thaliana, winter is registered during vernalization through the temperature-dependent repressi

280 ifferentially regulated during the course of vernalization to mediate proper vernalization response.

281 eties, which differ in their requirement for vernalization to promote subsequent flowering.

282 require a long exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) to become competent for flowering.

283 n1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, suc

284 In the vernalization treatment, all parents and F(2)s flowered,

285 -day photoperiods, with and without a 30-day vernalization treatment, and genotyped them for two comm

286 d earlier flowering upon gibberellic acid or vernalization treatment, which means that HAP3b is not i

287 nd short-day conditions and still respond to vernalization treatment.

288 atprmt5), that fails to flower rapidly after vernalization treatment.

289 florescence development in response to short vernalization treatments, but longer treatments overcome

290 Vernalization triggers the recruitment of chromatin-modi

291 the facultative growth habit (cold tolerant, vernalization unresponsive) is a result of deletion of t

292 The VERNALIZATION (VRN)-PRC2 complex contains VRN2 and SWING

293 ated positive feedback loop of TaVrn1 during vernalization was proposed, providing additional underst

294 a, encoded by the dominant allele for 3-week vernalization, was mutated to Val(180) in vrn-A1b, encod

295 plants across time courses with and without vernalization, we found that railway plants have sharply

296 A classic example is vernalization, where plants quantitatively sense long-te

297 to low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization), whereas spring varieties do not have thi

298 of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant o

299 ter is characterized by cold acclimation and vernalization, which respectively lead to freezing toler

300 identified three QTLs for flowering without vernalization, with much of the variation being attribut