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1 ession states, namely the cells of the adult vertebrate.
2 led to behavioral phenotypic divergence in a vertebrate.
3 itch differently sensitive to JNK and p38 in vertebrates.
4 culate parasites and saliva into the skin of vertebrates.
5 molecular mechanism for mRNA localization in vertebrates.
6 , before the divergence of jawless and jawed vertebrates.
7 ng has revolutionized functional genomics in vertebrates.
8 lance is an evolutionarily basal trait among vertebrates.
9  sensory system evolution in birds and other vertebrates.
10 le is essential for early eye development in vertebrates.
11 e most diverse reproductive strategies among vertebrates.
12 rious hair cell-tuning mechanisms used among vertebrates.
13  dietary information from extant and extinct vertebrates.
14 ell cycle duration and embryo development in vertebrates.
15 n in chondrichthyan fishes and other aquatic vertebrates.
16 es in marmoset monkeys, songbirds, and other vertebrates.
17 enic context, which is limited in many other vertebrates.
18 sent the state-of-the-art for studying small vertebrates.
19  better serve the physiological needs of the vertebrates.
20 ed between animals as diverse as sponges and vertebrates.
21 signaling in Placozoa is greater to those in vertebrates.
22 roxymethylcytosine (5hmC) invertebrates from vertebrates.
23 al hallmark of the axonal initial segment in vertebrates.
24 ikely correspond to the Rohon-Beard cells of vertebrates.
25  regulates dimorphic sexual behaviors in all vertebrates.
26 e nervous system and skeletal muscle of many vertebrates.
27  the regulation of long-wavelength vision in vertebrates.
28 opmental proteins, as yet uncharacterized in vertebrates.
29 their largest genome sizes among terrestrial vertebrates.
30 ated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vertebrates.
31 arine vertebrates, to kidneys in terrestrial vertebrates.
32 nse to injury is a conserved function of all vertebrates.
33 gh variability of the sex-related pathway in vertebrates.
34 ell (SCC) systems detect chemical stimuli in vertebrates.
35 ature regarding flight performance in fossil vertebrates.
36 ely held view that it was not synthesized by vertebrates [1].
37  the most fundamental physiological needs in vertebrates(1,2).
38  with melanosomes found in other ectothermic vertebrates [11, 13-21], we find the melanosomes making
39 o hemispheric (brain) lateralization in some vertebrates [11-15], evidence of lateralized behaviors i
40 d endothelin receptors (Ednrs) are unique to vertebrates(3,5,6), and regulate multiple aspects of NCC
41 ions of As and Sb ever reported for a living vertebrate (3866.9 mg/kg; 315.0 mg/kg (dry weight), resp
42 multiple aspects of NCC development in jawed vertebrates(7-10).
43              Molecular players found only in vertebrates allow the modification of conserved mechanis
44 he bacteria must sense conditions within the vertebrate and arthropod and appropriately regulate expr
45                   CDK19 is conserved between vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms, but current
46 forests, driving changes in the abundance of vertebrate and invertebrate populations relative to undi
47 rates some conservation of mechanism between vertebrates and amphioxus.
48 containing tRNAThr are strictly conserved in vertebrates and are ubiquitously and abundantly expresse
49  silico approach, we turn to early and lower vertebrates and ask two fundamental questions.
50 n the brittle star between invertebrates and vertebrates and confirm the high diversity of N-glycosyl
51 ltipotent embryonic cells that are unique to vertebrates and form an array of clade-defining adult fe
52                             CTA is common to vertebrates and invertebrates and is an important surviv
53 egulating and shaping olfactory responses in vertebrates and invertebrates.
54 he second duplication is found only in jawed vertebrates and occurred in the mid-late Ordovician by a
55               miR-451 is highly conserved in vertebrates and regulates erythrocyte maturation, where
56 ities between the SCCs in lampreys and other vertebrates and suggest that gill SCC function may be im
57 o more stark than between the earliest jawed vertebrates and their immediate relatives, the extinct j
58 lar heart rate responses to body position as vertebrates, and contrasting with the classic understand
59  to study the prolonged absence of NMDARs in vertebrates, and hence their role in nervous system deve
60 is, describe a biliverdin-binding protein in vertebrates, and introduce a function for a member of th
61  certain nonclassical class I genes in other vertebrates, and, unlike polymorpic classical class I, w
62                                           In vertebrate animals, motor and sensory efferent neurons c
63                                              Vertebrate appendage regeneration requires precisely coo
64                       Regeneration-competent vertebrates are considered to suppress inflammation fast
65 t shared a common ancestor with modern jawed vertebrates around 500 million years ago(12).
66            Humans and other highly cognitive vertebrates avoid collisions by perceiving the relations
67 ng in jawed vertebrates that dominate modern vertebrate biodiversity [1-8].
68 haps among the least studied cells in all of vertebrate biology.
69            The sexual characteristics of the vertebrate body change under the control of sex hormones
70                                          The vertebrate body plan is characterized by the presence of
71 s a central role in the establishment of the vertebrate body plan.
72 ntation as an ancestral feature of the jawed vertebrate body plan.
73       The spine is a defining feature of the vertebrate body plan.
74 yered epithelium, surrounds and protects the vertebrate body.
75 the neural crest and its contribution to the vertebrate body.
76             The evolutionary assembly of the vertebrate bodyplan has been characterized as a long-ter
77 ield clues about the evolutionary origins of vertebrate brain lateralization.
78  The forebrain is the first of three primary vertebrate brain subdivisions.
79 ain, but noninvasive optical access in adult vertebrate brains is limited.
80 n appears to be a conserved feature of adult vertebrate brains.
81 y are key in triggering sexual maturation in vertebrates but also regulate reproductive processes and
82 at PCGF5, a gene conserved in cnidarians and vertebrates but lost in all other studied groups, is exp
83 ll three species reproduce on the same small vertebrate carrion.
84 onditional knockout cells in a wide range of vertebrate cell lines.
85 dscape of internal chromosomal structures in vertebrate cells(3-7), but the identical sequence of sis
86 e of auxin to achieve effective depletion in vertebrate cells.
87 tively little is known about the capacity of vertebrate chemical signals to rapidly respond, either p
88 der hypoxia is a phenomenon conserved across vertebrate classes.
89              Developing lymphocytes of jawed vertebrates cleave and combine distinct gene segments to
90 which to explore astrocytes within the adult vertebrate CNS in vivo.
91 hocytes are some of the most motile cells of vertebrates, constantly navigating through various organ
92 y applying our framework to the most diverse vertebrate consumer group, we show that it can be applie
93  of dietary diversity (e.g. Dimorphodon as a vertebrate consumer; Austriadactylus as a consumer of 'h
94  formation deep inside the pharynx in extant vertebrates continues to require external epithelia has
95 ophages revealing many similarities to their vertebrate counterparts.
96  that zebrafish Crb1 has diverged from other vertebrate Crb proteins, representing a neofunctionaliza
97 ple, previous analyses have estimated a mean vertebrate decline of more than 50% since 1970 (Living P
98 l role for MondoA in the regulation of early vertebrate development, connecting glucose, cholesterol
99 paraxial mesoderm and is required for normal vertebrate development.
100                                        Thus, vertebrate diapause is a state of suspended life that is
101                                           In vertebrates, DNA methylation predominantly occurs at CG
102                                      In many vertebrates, double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate recomb
103                    An understudied aspect of vertebrate ecoimmunology has been the relative contribut
104 irected with studies that address impacts of vertebrate EDCs or using biomarkers specific to vertebra
105  brain and peripheral nervous system in this vertebrate embryo model.
106  lineage and limb skeleton in the developing vertebrate embryo.
107 and mesoderm to reach targets throughout the vertebrate embryo.
108 e and mode of action during eye formation in vertebrate embryonic development is still unknown.
109 vealed an unexpected role of this pathway in vertebrate embryonic development.
110                                           In vertebrate embryos, Hedgehog (Hh) is expressed in some a
111 tebrate EDCs or using biomarkers specific to vertebrate endocrine disruption.
112                                    Canonical vertebrate epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) formed by alp
113                                           In vertebrates, epithelial permeability is regulated by the
114    How widespread these mechanisms are among vertebrates essentially remains unexplored, especially a
115 illion years ago, during a critical stage of vertebrate evolution when image-forming eyes first emerg
116 O-MALT became progressively organized during vertebrate evolution, and the TNF superfamily of genes h
117  a remarkable morphofunctional innovation in vertebrate evolution.
118 plexity of Hh-dependent neural patterning in vertebrates evolved in a step-wise manner.
119 es open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that drive oxyge
120 te to intraocular pressure regulation in the vertebrate eye.
121                                         Most vertebrate eyes have rods for dim-light vision and cones
122                                           In vertebrates, faster movements involve the orderly recrui
123 productivity on Earth's most diverse aquatic vertebrate fauna and highlights the importance of includ
124 considered habitat for 832 species of native vertebrate fauna.
125 cteristics that are sometimes reminiscent of vertebrate features.
126 gs suggest that, similar to humans and other vertebrates, flying bumblebees perceive the affordance o
127 organic chemistry of melanosomes from fossil vertebrates from nine biotas.
128 ce linking the origin and duplication of new vertebrate genes with the stepwise evolution of a defini
129 ich is to our knowledge the largest multiple vertebrate genome alignment created so far.
130                   For example, the number of vertebrate genome assemblies currently in the NCBI (Nati
131 es (ENCs) were frequently encountered during vertebrate genome evolution but only rarely observed in
132  activated in NCCs before duplication of the vertebrate genome.
133                                              Vertebrate genomes contain three alpha subunits encoded
134 mes and applied it to the recently completed Vertebrate Genomes Project assemblies, nearly doubling t
135                                              Vertebrate genomes replicate according to a precise temp
136 free alignment of tens to thousands of large vertebrate genomes while maintaining high alignment qual
137 proximately 5 Gb-is among the largest of the vertebrate genomes yet assembled.
138            Retrotransposons are populated in vertebrate genomes, and when active, are thought to caus
139 idered the ancestral condition for all jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes).
140                  However, at sites with high vertebrate grazing intensity or domestic livestock, herb
141 rcuits and behaviors in this important jawed vertebrate group, we studied the distribution of neurons
142 aticum), extant members of one of the oldest vertebrate groups, agnathans.
143 es and morphogenetic strategies occur across vertebrate groups, clouding the homology between their d
144  equivalent calculations for all terrestrial vertebrate groups.
145 ophysical assays to elucidate the origins of vertebrate haemoglobin, a heterotetramer of paralogous a
146                  The retinas of nonmammalian vertebrates have cone photoreceptor mosaics that are oft
147                                         Many vertebrates have distinctive blue-green bones and other
148 Gas1 and Boc/Cdon act as co-receptors in the vertebrate Hedgehog signalling pathway, but the nature o
149                                  HsmR senses vertebrate heme, leading to increased expression of the
150                      A unique feature of the vertebrate Hh pathway is that signal transduction requir
151                          Segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain leads to the formation of rhombomer
152  how different brain structures, such as the vertebrate hippocampus and the arthropod mushroom bodies
153 pathogens that cause invasive disease in the vertebrate host must adapt to host efforts to cripple th
154 e snail host and sexual proliferation in the vertebrate host, and motile free-living stages.
155 n as it transits between its tick vector and vertebrate host.
156                                To survive in vertebrate hosts, Lyme borreliae require the ability to
157 arms race that shapes both ectoparasites and vertebrate hosts.
158 for basal ganglia development known in other vertebrates (i.e., the anterior entopeduncular area-basa
159    Perforin is a key effector protein in the vertebrate immune system and is secreted by cytotoxic T
160 een highly conserved during evolution of the vertebrate immune system and widely studied in contexts
161 nfluences the evolutionary trajectory of the vertebrate immune system, by comparing river with cave m
162 is central to understanding the expansion of vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems.
163 the most comprehensive database for tetrapod vertebrates in Uruguay (spanning 664 species) assembled
164 rs have been reported in a variety of extant vertebrates, including birds and reptiles [1-3] and non-
165 k identified BST-2 orthologs in nonmammalian vertebrates, including birds.
166 t lineages infect plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans.
167 re located in the respiratory system of many vertebrates, including papillae on lamprey gill pores.
168 ing transcription elements characteristic of vertebrate-infecting PVs.
169 induction of interferons, a key component in vertebrate innate immunity.
170 hat lead to their functional coordination in vertebrate innate immunity.
171 n interbreeding complex (triad), reported in vertebrates, insects, and plants.
172                                          The vertebrate invasion of land may have been an important s
173 dor map formation and odor processing in all vertebrates is based on the assumption that receptor neu
174 evidence of lateralized behaviors in extinct vertebrates is rare, primarily because of the difficulty
175 entral nervous system, termed neurulation in vertebrates, is a critical step in embryogenesis.
176 tores, a process common to invertebrates and vertebrates, is central to physiological calcium signall
177 pecialized form of parental investment among vertebrates, is the rejection of the nonself-embryo.
178 s evolved multiple times independently among vertebrates, knowledge of associated immune system adjus
179 n examples of self-fertilising species among vertebrates (Kryptolebias marmoratus and Kryptolebias he
180 analyses demonstrate that Palaeozoic jawless vertebrates, laden with heavy bony armour, were active,
181                                      In most vertebrates large, moving visual scenes induce an optoki
182  Cx43 and Cx50, that are highly expressed in vertebrate lens epithelial cells.
183 associations between migratory behaviour and vertebrate life histories.
184 -glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features.
185                                          The vertebrate limb continues to serve as an influential mod
186                    This was followed, in the vertebrate lineage, by additional changes to the downstr
187 the number of PRC1 complexes occurred in the vertebrate lineage.
188 mic history parallels the diversification of vertebrate lineages in the fossil record.
189  anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gi
190  mixture of a chemical signal in terrestrial vertebrates (lizard genus Sceloporus), synthesised one o
191 wered flight has evolved only three times in vertebrates, making it evolutionarily rare.
192 ns capable of augmenting fitness in pregnant vertebrates may not necessarily spread efficiently via m
193 evidence of lateralized behaviors in ancient vertebrates might yield clues about the evolutionary ori
194 n addition, truncations in TRIO GEFD1 in the vertebrate model X. tropicalis induce defects that are c
195                               U1 snRNP (U1), vertebrates' most abundant non-coding (spliceosomal) sma
196 genetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epit
197 ism for establishing recruitment order among vertebrate motor neurons.
198                                           In vertebrates, multiple crb genes have been identified, bu
199 ensive breaches approach the upper limits of vertebrate muscle performance, and the energetic cost of
200 s, and crystal cells, which are analogous to vertebrate myeloid cells, yet molecular underpinnings of
201                                       In the vertebrate nervous system, ions accumulate in diffusion-
202 ole of NMDAR in the development of the early vertebrate nervous system.
203 sight into the organization and evolution of vertebrate nervous systems.
204  neural circuit assembly, but their roles in vertebrate neural circuit function are still mostly unex
205                                In multipolar vertebrate neurons, action potentials (APs) initiate clo
206 asal side of an epithelium that may apply to vertebrate neurulation.
207 mpler organisms appear to be dispensable for vertebrate NMD.
208                       The insect homologs of vertebrate NmU are categorized as PRXamide family peptid
209 es with the stepwise evolution of a defining vertebrate novelty.
210 tructure based on multiple alignments across vertebrates of homologs of AD-associated-genes.
211 acent waters and is one of the most abundant vertebrates on earth.
212         Whereas the gill chambers of jawless vertebrates open directly into the environment, jawed ve
213 fects of upf1-deficiency in the context of a vertebrate organism.
214 small, transparent fry is unparalleled among vertebrate organisms.
215 orm of acoustic communication in terrestrial vertebrates, particularly birds and mammals, including h
216 ght-sensitive outer segment organelle of the vertebrate photoreceptor cell is a modified cilium fille
217 r results reveal that MCU is dispensable for vertebrate photoreceptor function, consistent with its l
218 netic repertoire necessary to form all major vertebrate PRC1 complexes emerged early in animal evolut
219                                           In vertebrates, predation risk activates the hypothalamic-p
220 tion to a role in defending against nonhuman vertebrate predators by male spiders, with their lethal
221 sts, herbivores, invertebrate predators, and vertebrate predators) in 75 grassland fields with a broa
222 merging doctrine in hearing research is that vertebrate primary auditory receptors are surprisingly r
223 rs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most social-living vertebrates produce large numbers of calls per day, and
224 s unclear whether well-studied taxa, such as vertebrates, reflect changes in wider biodiversity.
225  inhibin beta A (inhba), a known effector of vertebrate regeneration.
226 t that maintenance of O-MALT in nonmammalian vertebrates relies on expression of diverse genes with s
227      The adaptive immune system of all jawed vertebrates relies on the presence of B and T cell lymph
228 ical mechanisms behind temporal variation in vertebrate responses to tree diversity and their consequ
229                                          The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years a
230 anism that is hard-wired in the machinery of vertebrate retinal ganglion cell genesis.
231 otides are suppressed in the genomes of many vertebrate RNA viruses, including HIV-1.
232                                           In vertebrates, RTKs are mostly activated by polypeptides b
233 3 DPHK motif is likely to be associated with vertebrate's adaptations to aquatic environments and oth
234 of the absence of mammalian mesopredators on vertebrate scavenging dynamics by comparing the efficien
235 te formation is foundational to creating the vertebrate segmental body plan.
236                                   All extant vertebrates share the first duplication, which occurred
237 e function of different shell shapes against vertebrate shell-crushing predators.
238 ysis of genes described to be sex-related in vertebrates singled out an expected functional role for
239 aChs) and excitation-contraction coupling in vertebrate skeletal muscles.
240                   A leading model system for vertebrate skin patterning is the zebrafish; its alterna
241 ll ant cephalic integration-analogous to the vertebrate skull-triggered a pathway for an ancient adap
242 e broadly implicated in neural mechanisms of vertebrate social behavior including morph-specific acti
243            Testosterone is a key mediator of vertebrate social behaviour and can influence how indivi
244 te cooperative behavior and the formation of vertebrate societies over both ecological and evolutiona
245  of function is common characteristic across vertebrate species and is positively associated with fit
246 s and conservation efforts, 21.4% of China's vertebrate species are threatened by human activities.
247         Reliable molecular identification of vertebrate species from morphologically unidentifiable t
248 ial invertebrates also represented; however, vertebrate species were thought unlikely to establish in
249 te that, different from the hearing organ of vertebrate species, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor c
250           This illusion is shared by diverse vertebrate species, but theories proposed to explain thi
251 e modelled S-protein:ACE2 complexes from 215 vertebrate species, calculated changes in the energy of
252 Recent work identified BST-2 in nonmammalian vertebrate species, including birds.
253                           Eighty-nine marine vertebrate species, including cartilaginous and bony fis
254 ing and manipulation of these neurons across vertebrate species, including humans.
255 ishment of the homology of DA nuclei between vertebrate species.
256 es, which comprise nearly one-half of living vertebrate species.
257                         RAG2 extends a jawed vertebrate-specific loop to interact with target site DN
258 scription of pth2, the gene that encodes the vertebrate-specific neuropeptide Pth2.
259  biochemical and functional analyses of this vertebrate-specific protein unveil key aspects of negati
260                                              Vertebrate striated muscle thin filaments are thought to
261 netically old brain structure present in all vertebrates-takes part in the integration of limbic, sen
262 findings described here extend the number of vertebrate taxa where endogenous chitin production has b
263                                  Using other vertebrate taxa, such as birds, can contribute to a more
264                 Here, we combine the largest vertebrate testes mass dataset ever collected with phylo
265 are extant members of the agnathan (jawless) vertebrates that diverged ~500 million years ago, during
266 d predatory lifestyles, culminating in jawed vertebrates that dominate modern vertebrate biodiversity
267 es, or chondrichthyans, are the oldest jawed vertebrates that have an adaptive immune system based on
268 no other cell-surface or secreted domains in vertebrates that resemble the CC domain, a pattern that
269 otic signaling pathways, similar to those in vertebrates, the mechanisms leading to cell death are la
270 ontains an extracellular thread conserved in vertebrates, the Reissner fiber, which controls body axi
271                                           In vertebrates, the Tec kinase family has been studied exte
272                Here, we infer the history of vertebrates through genomic comparisons with a new chrom
273          However, forensic identification of vertebrate tissue relies on sequencing of the mitochondr
274 nderstanding of mineralization mechanisms in vertebrate tissues.
275 ial for the development and function of many vertebrate tissues.
276                        Pterosaurs, the first vertebrates to evolve active flight, lived between 210 a
277                    Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight(1) and comprised on
278 aining tRNAThr to emerge and be preserved in vertebrates to have alternative functions without compro
279 e in tissue expression from gills, in marine vertebrates, to kidneys in terrestrial vertebrates.
280 mentally alters the interpretation of global vertebrate trends and should be used to help to prioriti
281 t-induced activation and deactivation of the vertebrate TRPA1 channel with violet and green light, re
282 s bilaterally symmetric morphogenesis of the vertebrate trunk but predisposes the neural tube to conv
283    As chordates and the closest relatives of vertebrates, tunicates promise insight into the organiza
284     The dentitions of extant fishes and land vertebrates vary in both pattern and type of tooth repla
285                                              Vertebrates vary in their ability to regenerate, and the
286 od that simultaneously screens for all known vertebrate viruses, to investigate viruses in 33 patient
287    To build a truly general understanding of vertebrate vision and the retina's computational purpose
288                                              Vertebrate visual photopigments are housed within these
289 te ON and OFF pathways first appeared in the vertebrate visual system over 500 million years ago in t
290      To further examine the role of FOXC1 in vertebrates, we generated foxc1a and foxc1b single knock
291                 In this basal group of jawed vertebrates, we identified a third nonclassical MHC clas
292 od novelty, or an ancestral feature of jawed vertebrates, we tested the relationship between somites
293 g mosquitoes, their definitive hosts, and in vertebrates, which are intermediate hosts.
294  has revealed remarkable differences between vertebrates, which are of particular importance to cance
295 gh degree of immunological flexibility among vertebrates, which may advance our understanding of immu
296 ly elastic and tough IF cytoskeleton endowed vertebrates with robust tissues capable of not only resi
297 acids, the most phylogenetically basal jawed vertebrates with teeth, belonging to the genera Radotina
298 endent brain gene expression profiles across vertebrates, yet social status and reproductive state ar
299                                Non-mammalian vertebrates (zebrafish and salamanders) and invertebrate
300                         In contrast to other vertebrates, zebrafish carrying a homozygous, maternal z

 
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