ライフサイエンスコーパス: viral RNA

1 situ hybridization methods for detecting the viral RNA.

2 des a valuable tool for live cell imaging of viral RNA.

3 ells, antibody treatment decreased levels of viral RNA.

4 sid protein (CA) lattice, which encloses the viral RNA.

5 processing the polyproteins translated from viral RNA.

6 1, for an elimination of more than 99.97% of viral RNA.

7 loss of cellular mRNAs and the emergence of viral RNA.

8 eavage efficiency against in vitro-expressed viral RNA.

9 ntigen and specific loss of cells expressing viral RNA.

10 atform that uses Cas13 to detect and destroy viral RNA.

11 increased intracellular cholesterol and DENV viral RNA.

12 are functionally redundant binding sites in viral RNA.

13 he degradation/exit rates for long and short viral RNA.

14 s liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with viral RNA.

15 the establishment of IBs to the synthesis of viral RNA.

16 of immune evasion via m(6)A modification of viral RNAs.

17 the structural landscape of other well-known viral RNAs.

18 at MDA5 detects cellular RNAs in addition to viral RNAs.

19 5)C dysregulates the alternative splicing of viral RNAs.

20 (fM) range for synthetic targets as well as viral RNAs.

21 ovides a means for the specific packaging of viral RNAs.

22 Negative-sense viral RNA, a marker of active viral replication, is foun

23 a mRNA, and this did not appear to depend on viral RNA abundance within the same cell.

24 says and newer assays for cells that produce viral RNA after activation(6) may underestimate the rese

25 lowing viral rebound, and we compare rebound viral RNA after ART discontinuation with near full-lengt

26 Even if PBEpC expressed the same viral RNA amounts as NiV-infected HBEpC, the porcine cel

27 al mucosal IFN and chemokine response to the viral RNA analogue R848.

28 target cell killing and normal clearance of viral RNA and antigens.

29 in an increased interaction of hnRNP-C with viral RNA and attenuation of viral RNA processing.

30 aracterize the earliest interactions between viral RNA and cellular proteins.

31 , antibody increased levels of intracellular viral RNA and changed the primary location of genomic RN

32 nd ribosome-binding protein 1 directly bound viral RNA and each acted at distinct stages in the life

33 izing immunity, as evidenced by detection of viral RNA and induction of anti-nucleoprotein antibodies

34 utrophils, and fetal myeloid cells contained viral RNA and infectious virus, suggesting they may be i

35 RdRp), an important drug target, synthesizes viral RNA and is essential for viral replication.

36 Plasma viral RNA and splenic CD4(+) T cell viral DNA levels wer

37 a link between the biophysical properties of viral RNA and teratogenicity.

38 Interactions between viral RNA and the integrase enzyme are required for HIV-

39 tween the dimeric 5'-leader of the unspliced viral RNA and the nucleocapsid (NC) domains of a small n

40 interactions are affected by the presence of viral RNA and the processivity of the polymerase, giving

41 We sequence viral RNA and viral DNA in these animals prior to ART in

42 signs and endpoints include weight loss and viral RNA and/or infectious virus in swabs and organs (e

43 age sites associated with all polyadenylated viral RNAs and demonstrate that low level read-through t

44 arly during lytic reactivation that binds to viral RNAs and enhances RNA stability.

45 rize the roles of m(6)A on both cellular and viral RNAs and to describe future directions for uncover

46 bited improved clinical scores, lower plasma viral RNA, and improved markers of kidney function, live

47 ociates with the flavivirus replicase, binds viral RNA, and suppresses viral genome amplification.

48 on the detection of HEV-specific antibodies, viral RNA, and/or antigen (Ag).

49 ion and consequently impairing IN binding to viral RNA; and (iii) directly compromising IN-RNA intera

50 We have previously reported that hepatitis B viral RNAs are m(6)A-modified, displaying a dual functio

51 re and reaction time using purified cDNA and viral RNA as template.

52 tome-wide in PEL cells and identify host and viral RNAs as substrates.

53 sing a modified fluorescent hybridization of viral RNA assay.

54 cterized how a novel IRES at the 5'-UTR of a viral RNA assembles a functional initiation complex via

55 To better understand changes in viral RNA associated with immune-mediated clearance we d

56 1 (LARP1), two of the most strongly enriched viral RNA binders, restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication in in

57 f SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting not only viral RNA but antigens and antibodies.

58 bly identify capsid binding sites in genomic viral RNA by detecting crosslink-specific uridine to cyt

59 ibit RIG-I-transduced signaling activated by viral RNAs by occupying m(6)A-modified RNAs and inhibiti

60 ic; thus, once-infected neurons survive, and viral RNAs can be detected long after apparent viral con

61 on to its well-characterized function as the viral RNA-capping enzyme.IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses are sign

62 Both cellular and viral RNA cleavage products of RNase L bind pattern reco

63 cribe the purification of the nsp1beta:PCBP2:viral RNA complex on a scale sufficient for structural a

64 Viral RNAs contain features that set them apart from hos

65 The antiviral protein ZAP binds viral RNA containing CpGs and prevents the virus from mu

66 ger antiviral protein (ZAP) binds regions of viral RNA containing CpGs and targets them for degradati

67 Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a ran

68 NP-Ct deletions are significantly reduced in viral RNA content.

69 LAMP assay, has a sensitivity of at least 50 viral RNA copies per microliter in a sample.

70 sets can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 at 500 viral RNA copies per reaction.

71 the coverage of the HTNV genome based on the viral RNA copy number, which is quantified by real-time

72 nes with that of FeLV-A 61E by measuring the viral RNA copy numbers.

73 assay, brings the sensitivity to at least 1 viral RNA copy per microliter in a sample.

74 ngs as the major site of infection, although viral RNA could also be found in the eye, heart, and bra

75 HLA upregulation in response to aberrant viral RNAs could be prevented by the Janus kinase (JAK)

76 RS-CoV-2 transmission hinges on antibody and viral RNA data that inform exposure and shedding, but ex

77 of the coterminous USA, with negative strand viral RNA demonstrating active replication in liver tiss

78 enome replication, which is performed by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).

79 Influenza viruses encode a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (FluPol), which is re

80 The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a promising

81 RDV targets the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of severe acut

82 The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) resides within

83 Replication of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is the

84 codon sites in the L gene-which encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).

85 For NSVs, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) must gain acc

86 The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) of MuV consis

87 otably, we found that METTL3 interacted with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D and induced enhanc

88 l defense program by sensing the products of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.

89 ets, most attention is focused on either the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or the main viral pro

90 ources of mutations in virus-derived siRNAs: viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases responsible for viru

91 osphoramidate prodrug and is known to target viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.

92 antiviral nucleotide when misincorporated by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.

93 The viral RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RdRp) is a promising

94 , which is transcribed and replicated by the viral-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (FluPol(A)) composed

95 myocarditis was observed in one patient with viral RNA detected in the tissue.

96 efficacy outcome was area under the curve of viral RNA detection over time.

97 mple heat and detergent method that extracts viral RNA directly off the particle, allowing a sample p

98 Viral RNA/DNA ratios were elevated in rectal CD4(+) T ce

99 p1beta and PCBP2 both interact directly with viral RNA during formation of the complex to coordinate

100 nd a requirement for multiple Gag binding on viral RNA during HIV-1 genome encapsidation.IMPORTANCE H

101 to trigger the degradation of both host and viral RNA during the type VI CRISPR-Cas antiviral respon

102 es, HIV-2 packages two copies of full-length viral RNA during virus assembly and efficient genome enc

103 of the structures and mechanisms of diverse viral RNA elements that alter or regulate translation, t

104 ng its expression both at the mRNA level via viral RNA endonuclease PA-X and at the polypeptide level

105 leotide mutation of m(6)A consensus motif of viral RNAs enhances RIG-I sensing activity.

106 mic and negative-sense replicative, template viral RNA; essential viral replication proteins; and cel

107 The viral RNA evolved from wMelPop-C6/36 cells contained low

108 Metabolic labeling of newly synthesized viral RNA followed by quantitative electron microscopy (

109 t the N protein of SARS-CoV-2, together with viral RNA, forms biomolecular condensates.

110 Detection of viral RNA from a patient's secretions is not confirmativ

111 Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect viral RNA from a throat+nose self-swab.

112 eps in the viral life cycle, IBs protect new viral RNA from innate immune attack and contain specific

113 Viral RNA from nasal wash samples was amplified and the

114 The shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms.

115 Donor and recipient HIV proviral DNA, and viral RNA from the viraemic timepoint were sequenced usi

116 g infection can improve our understanding of viral RNA functions and the host innate immune response.

117 ) protein forms a conical lattice around the viral RNA genome and the associated viral enzymes and pr

118 on involves the reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into DNA, which is subsequently integra

119 tep of HIV-1 reverse transcription, in which viral RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA,

120 How nsp1beta and PCBP associate with the viral RNA genome remains unclear.

121 lement) in the 3' untranslated region of the viral RNA genome that allows the virus to usurp a host t

122 rus polymerase, the molecule that copies the viral RNA genome, hijacks cellular proteins to support i

123 ex represents a replication platform for the viral RNA genome, in which one of the FluPol molecules a

124 e nucleocapsid protein (NP) encapsulates the viral RNA genome.

125 eplicase and, thus, the amplification of the viral RNA genome.

126 The primary interactions between incoming viral RNA genomes and host proteins are crucial to infec

127 ies have identified specific sites along the viral RNA genomic template in which reverse transcriptas

128 a drug which reduces the replication rate of viral RNA greatly decreases the total tissue damage and

129 postulated, and using sensitive techniques, viral RNA has been detected in multiple organs in the bo

130 Viral RNA has been identified in tears and conjunctival

131 n living cells is well developed, imaging of viral RNAs has been challenging.

132 All known PRRs for viral RNA have extranuclear localization.

133 -phase Purification) to identify the primary viral RNA-host protein interactions.

134 nfirmed that only iPSCs failed to respond to viral RNA, IFN-I, or viral infection.

135 recluding the formation of IN complexes with viral RNA; (ii) adversely affecting functional IN multim

136 ntestinal tract, as revealed by detection of viral RNA in fecal swabs, with sequence analysis documen

137 tive PCR (RT-qPCR) confirmed the presence of viral RNA in formalin-fixed tissues from the wild salmon

138 2(E627K) mutation enables the replication of viral RNA in mammalian hosts.

139 regulation of the host response to cytosolic viral RNA in myeloid cells.

140 Viral RNA in semen persisted for a maximum of 40 months.

141 ion real-time RT-PCR assays for detection of viral RNA in stool specimens and compared performance.

142 receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensors that detect viral RNA in the cytosol and induce an IFN-I response.

143 RIG-I senses viral RNA in the cytosol and initiates host innate immun

144 culation, the real-world studies that detect viral RNA in the environment report very low levels, and

145 The capsid-free viral RNA in the exosome lumen, but not the endosomal un

146 hat iciHHV-6 results in the transcription of viral RNA in the human placenta and predisposes the moth

147 hese diseases correlate with the presence of viral RNA in the lung.

148 e this restriction and efficiently replicate viral RNA in the presence of human ANP32 proteins.

149 gastrointestinal symptoms and high levels of viral RNA in the stool suggest active severe acute respi

150 The RT-PCR did not detect viral RNA in the wall of small intestine, appendix, gall

151 demonstrated the presence of double-stranded viral RNA in tonsillar cells.

152 rvived fixation and allowed visualization of viral RNAs in differentiated neurons and mouse brain, as

153 even that of HCV, one of the most structured viral RNAs in nature.

154 ting protein expression; producing noncoding viral RNAs (including microRNAs) to suppress lytic gene

155 After sensing and binding to viral RNA, including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), RIG-I

156 ibosomal frameshifting during translation of viral RNA, indicating that mechanical forces may play a

157 g dendritic cells in response to a synthetic viral RNA induces barrier damage, causing susceptibility

158 vian influenza A viruses (FluPolA) replicate viral RNA inefficiently in human cells because of specie

159 anscriptase (RT) catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into DNA, initiating the chain of events leadi

160 Transfection of viral RNA into primary human cardiomyocytes demonstrated

161 Previously, we showed that viral RNA is associated with multivesicular bodies (MVBs

162 The structure of viral RNA is believed to play a role in assembling the d

163 ed Internal Ribosomal Entry Sites (IRES), in viral RNAs is a widespread strategy for the exploitation

164 IFNgamma decreased viral RNA levels only in dAP7 cells and synergized with

165 Upon infection with similar virus doses, viral RNA load and IFN expression were substantially hig

166 Study outcomes were the reduction of viral RNA load in nasopharyngeal swabs up to 7 days afte

167 High viral RNA loads in nasal and pharyngeal specimens were a

168 udy period, which correlated with increasing viral RNA loads on admission.

169 f the KoRV genome and the proviral (DNA) and viral (RNA) loads of 71 northern and 97 southern koalas.

170 (>10,000 copies/mL plasma) or low burdens of viral RNA (<10,000 copies/mL plasma).

171 o avoid detection by innate immunity and (2) viral RNA m(6)A can serve as a target to attenuate HMPV

172 However, the biological roles of viral RNA m(6)A remain elusive.

173 racterizing the interactions that SARS-CoV-2 viral RNAs make with host cell proteins during infection

174 infectious disease, the abundant presence of viral RNAs may play an immunomodulatory role in the deve

175 Earlier testing for viral RNA might facilitate increased screening, but sens

176 Our data show the utility of viral RNA monitoring in municipal wastewater for SARS-Co

177 lly deleted viral RNAs (vRNAs) known as mini viral RNAs (mvRNAs) and defective interfering RNAs (DI R

178 Our results provide a mechanism to clear the viral RNA of ribosomes in order to promote efficient rep

179 gle-stranded RNA viruses.IMPORTANCE Uncapped viral RNAs often rely on their 5' leader sequences to in

180 ound that polyamine depletion did not impact viral RNA or protein accumulation, despite significant d

181 eal-time reverse transcription PCR to detect viral RNA or rapid diagnostic tests based on immunoassay

182 of Zika, chikungunya, or dengue infection by viral RNA or specific IgM antibodies in serum or CSF.

183 cal and biochemical methods, we identify the viral RNA-packaging motif of a segmented dsRNA virus for

184 enhanced by dsRNAs, including the influenza viral RNA panhandle duplex and HIV-1-1 ribosomal framesh

185 The 5' cap methylation of viral RNA plays important roles in RNA stability, effici

186 come was SARS-CoV-2 infection, determined by viral RNA polymerase chain reaction testing.

187 e in vitro and in cell-based assays that the viral RNA polymerase, NS5, inhibits translation of the v

188 appears to regulate its accessibility to the viral RNA polymerase, thus placing constraints on codon

189 -didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP), which inhibits some viral RNA polymerases.

190 Although m(6)A directly regulates many viral RNA processes, its effects on cellular RNAs and pa

191 lacking E1B55K or E4orf6 display defects in viral RNA processing and protein production, but previou

192 f RALY and hnRNP-C relieves a restriction on viral RNA processing and reveal an unexpected role for n

193 of hnRNP-C with viral RNA and attenuation of viral RNA processing.

194 ydrolysis may contribute to the reduction in viral RNA production characteristic of the flavivirus re

195 antiviral activity is through inhibition of viral RNA production.

196 a critical innate immune sensor of not only viral RNA products but also endogenous nucleic acid liga

197 -CoV-2) exhibited similar plaque morphology, viral RNA profile, and replication kinetics.

198 Mechanistic characterization through viral RNA profiling and in vitro MeV polymerase assays i

199 ral RNase L activity, through a mechanism of viral RNA protection that is not mimicked during infecti

200 llowing facile insertion of Favipiravir into viral RNA, provoking C-to-U and G-to-A transitions in th

201 of HTLV-1 gene expression acting via binding viral RNA, rather than DNA.

202 y, we show that RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), viral RNA receptors with helicase domains, interact with

203 (METTL3 and METTL14) leads to an increase in viral RNA recognition by retinoic acid-inducible gene I

204 A of variable length, providing diversity in viral RNA recognition.

205 ertants (L420V and L420I) restored efficient viral RNA recombination, confirming that ribavirin-induc

206 , the mechanism underlying IL-1beta-mediated viral RNA reduction remains incompletely understood.

207 erization, were required for MCPIP1-mediated viral RNA reduction.

208 The m(6)A modification of viral RNAs renders RIG-I signaling less effective, where

209 protein of SARS-CoV, which is essential for viral RNA replication and packaging into new virions.

210 Oleic acid supplementation rescues viral RNA replication and production of infectious parti

211 NA helicase activities that are required for viral RNA replication and transcription.

212 d endosomal neutralization not only prevents viral RNA replication but also affects the maturation of

213 IKV nsP2 not only has enzymatic functions in viral RNA replication but also is a critical inhibitor o

214 h occurs at poorly understood membrane-bound viral RNA replication complexes.

215 Viral RNA replication from an endogenous transgene repli

216 G3BP and the P4 residue of the 1/2 site for viral RNA replication of Old World alphaviruses.

217 crown" complex that contains multifunctional viral RNA replication protein A.

218 We confirm that both bRSV and human RSV viral RNA replication takes place in these inclusion bod

219 h viral inclusion bodies (IBs), the site for viral RNA replication.

220 the viral replicase complexes, which perform viral RNA replication.

221 merase cyclophilin A (CypA) is essential for viral RNA replication.

222 Type III CRISPR systems detect viral RNA, resulting in the activation of two regions of

223 Upon sensing cytosolic viral RNA, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors

224 dy to compare the diagnostic values of the 2 viral RNA sampling methods.

225 utations to test the functional relevance of viral RNA secondary structures.

226 IAV genome consists of eight single-stranded viral RNA segments contained in separate viral ribonucle

227 Specific RNA sequences within the viral RNA segments serve as signals that are necessary f

228 een found to regulate host responses such as viral RNA sensing, cytokine responses, and immune cell f

229 Thus, SAFA functions as a nuclear viral RNA sensor and trans-activator to bridge innate se

230 The identical viral RNA sequences did not change over time and did not

231 In 4 of the donors, viral RNA sequences obtained from plasma matched those s

232 Children aged 1-5 years had prolonged viral RNA shedding (+/-1-2 days) compared with older chi

233 9, A/H3N2 or influenza B virus had prolonged viral RNA shedding (+/-1-2 days) compared with older chi

234 Viral RNA shedding and IFN-stimulated gene expression we

235 Baboons had prolonged viral RNA shedding and substantially more lung inflammat

236 by determining the area under the curve for viral RNA shedding using logistic regression and Kaplan-

237 down of RALY and hnRNP-C increased levels of viral RNA splicing, protein abundance and progeny produc

238 AT10 inhibited HIV-1 replication by reducing viral RNA stability.

239 tructural protein 2A (NS2A protein) recruits viral RNA, structural proteins, and protease to the site

240 e proteins within vRNPs, characterization of viral RNA structure using conventional structural method

241 e indirect contact ferrets were positive for viral RNA, suggesting airborne transmission.

242 al tools are emphasized for the detection of viral RNAs, surface antigens, whole viral particles, ant

243 learly establish DMVs as the central hub for viral RNA synthesis and a potential drug target in CoV i

244 tion, these substitutions result in aberrant viral RNA synthesis and correlate with patient outcome.

245 ctively, we establish a spatial link between viral RNA synthesis and diverse host factors of unpreced

246 scopy (EM) autoradiography revealed abundant viral RNA synthesis associated with DMVs in cells infect

247 ditionally, due to the error-prone nature of viral RNA synthesis in an individual patient, the EBOV g

248 the synthesis of nonstructural proteins, or viral RNA synthesis in differentiated neurons.

249 may provide a tailored microenvironment for viral RNA synthesis in the infected cell.

250 As viral RNA synthesis requires large amounts of ATP, we co

251 virus RNA synthesis, specific activities of viral RNA synthesis were correlated with the genomic RNA

252 viral polymerase VP1 mediates all stages of viral RNA synthesis, and it requires the core shell prot

253 this interaction is a positive regulator of viral RNA synthesis, and that the interfaces mediating i

254 ains unclear which RO element(s) accommodate viral RNA synthesis.

255 RNP assembly, viral polymerase activity, and viral RNA synthesis.

256 s not consider the unique mechanism of their viral RNA synthesis.

257 ' capped host mRNAs to be used as primers in viral RNA synthesis.

258 lacing constraints on codon usage to balance viral RNA synthesis.

259 winding activities and plays a vital role in viral RNA synthesis.

260 ins of SINV that have genomic and subgenomic viral RNAs tagged with the Broccoli RNA aptamer that bin

261 nt viral polymerase reinitiation on the same viral RNA template (deletion DI species) or the nascent

262 aves the 5'-polyuridines from negative-sense viral RNA, termed PUN RNA, which is the product of polyA

263 had 2.35 +/- 0.66 log(10) lower circulating viral RNA than WT.

264 e are helical nucleocapsids (NCs), formed by viral RNAs that are encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N

265 ntial to monitor the changing structure of a viral RNA through this assembly process.

266 as well as replication of the virus genome (viral RNA) through a complementary RNA intermediate.

267 of 10 and 5 of 12 patients demonstrated high viral RNA titers in the liver, kidney, or heart.

268 -specific "packaging signals" throughout the viral RNA to package their monopartite genomes.

269 fluenza A virus (IAV) is responsible for the viral RNA transcription and replication in the nucleus,

270 hosphoprotein, an essential component of the viral RNA transcription/replication machine and a compon

271 reduction, up to an ~750-fold reduction, in viral RNA transcripts occurred.

272 at DAP5 is required for the initial round of viral RNA translation by sustaining a basal level of CVB

273 hages and T cells that degrades cellular and viral RNA upon NF-kappaB signaling.

274 Direct detection of viral RNA using PCR allows faster detection but has trad

275 ost sensitive test involves the detection of viral RNA using RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcript

276 internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) in the viral RNAs, using different sets of host translation ini

277 portion of surface samples contaminated with viral RNA varied by item sampled and by clinical area.

278 (gRNA) from the bulk of cellular and spliced viral RNAs via its nucleocapsid (NC) domain and drives g

279 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) derived from viral RNA (virus-derived siRNAs) through gene silencing.

280 The viral RNA (vRNA) genome of influenza viruses is replicat

281 nscribing and replicating the negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) genome.

282 influenza A virus (IAV) from negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) requires the generation of positive-sen

283 f nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and viral RNA (vRNA), indicating that these structures are c

284 as a platform for intracellular transport of viral RNA (vRNA).

285 Aberrant internally deleted viral RNAs (vRNAs) known as mini viral RNAs (mvRNAs) and

286 Viral RNA was deep sequenced from participants infected

287 Viral RNA was detectable in pharyngeal, bronchial, and c

288 However, viral RNA was detected in lymph nodes, confirming some t

289 Compared to observations from other regions, viral RNA was detected more frequently in feces (80%) an

290 Viral RNA was detected on 114/218 (52.3%) of surfaces an

291 Viral RNA was detected on surfaces and in air in public

292 Although viral RNA was detected within spores, mature virions wer

293 Viral RNA was not detected by PCR in whole blood samples

294 By quantifying intracellular viral RNA, we identify molecular determinants of tropism

295 tween host RNA-binding proteins and incoming viral RNA, we show that EMC is required at or prior to v

296 r, deleted or full-length and mixed forms of viral RNA were capable of directing translation and prod

297 d in a greater than 10,000-fold reduction in viral RNA, which could be rescued by ectopic expression

298 id, premembrane, and envelope), packaging of viral RNA with C protein into nucleocapsid, and budding

299 obust, can consistently detect two copies of viral RNA, with a limit of detection of a single copy an

300 or PML significantly increased the level of viral RNAs without altering the level of cccDNA.