ライフサイエンスコーパス: viral load

1 o their partners, independently from seminal viral load.

2 mokines were elevated in patients with lower viral load.

3 after reactivation and correlated with local viral load.

4 ifferent contexts for people with detectable viral load.

5 0 vs 8 days; P = .024) than those with lower viral load.

6 ontributing to the exponential growth of the viral load.

7 oV-2 viruses and thus increases the integral viral load.

8 a had frozen plasma samples tested for HIV-1 viral load.

9 gnificantly associated with a reduced plasma viral load.

10 HMGB1 translocation and release, and lowered viral load.

11 ated with antiviral antibodies, but not with viral load.

12 sms was inversely correlated with the plasma viral load.

13 Age did not affect the mean baseline viral load.

14 r the point-of-care quantitative analysis of viral load.

15 sease 2019 (Covid-19) may be related to high viral loads.

16 d HIV-specific T-cell responses and post-ART viral loads.

17 umulation of T590S, concurrent with drops in viral loads.

18 th median CD4 count 75 cells/uL and high HIV viral loads.

19 d thymus were the organs bearing the highest viral loads.

20 8/111) had detectable CMV DNA (median plasma viral load 498 IU/mL, interquartile range [IQR] 259-2390

21 HIV+ with three-fourths having undetectable viral load; 64 (86%) were black; mean age was 49 +/- 8 y

22 esulting in 12,325 person-years spent with a viral load above 1,000 copies/mL.

23 average 0.2 log10 decrease in concurrent CMV viral load after infection (P = .001; adjusted for study

24 We analyzed if the last viral load after VLVL was low, compared cirrhosis and mo

25 nse gene expression across infection status, viral load, age, and sex among shotgun RNA sequencing pr

26 onoclonal antibodies are predicted to reduce viral load, ameliorate symptoms, and prevent hospitaliza

27 We observed profound differences in viral load and CD4(+) T cell activation from the earlies

28 direct correlation between tumorigenesis and viral load and consequently no evidence for a functional

29 , a dried blood spot sample was obtained for viral load and genotypic resistance testing.

30 ost responses to SARS-CoV-2 are dependent on viral load and infection time course, with observed diff

31 istered prophylactically at 15 mg/kg reduced viral load and lung pathology after pandemic H1N1 influe

32 s experienced higher rates of detectable HIV viral load and mortality compared to more adherent patie

33 9688 induced a >5 log(10) reduction in serum viral load and reduced WHV surface antigen (WHsAg) level

34 The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and risk of disease progression remains large

35 g and collaborators describe the kinetics of viral load and the antibody responses of 23 individuals

36 body, has been associated with a decrease in viral load and the frequency of hospitalizations or emer

37 The association of age with viral load and viral clearance was examined by determini

38 severity, but 614G is associated with higher viral load and younger age of patients.

39 atients with high, medium, and low admission viral loads and assessed whether viral load was independ

40 ated animals developed viraemia, high tissue viral loads and CCHF-induced disease, the NP + GPC vacci

41 Although ART significantly reduced viral loads and increased CD4+ T cell counts in blood an

42 skin at the inoculation site, where highest viral loads and initial engagement of antiviral defenses

43 rrelations of prevalent rectal bacteria with viral loads and potentially protective immune responses

44 y, remdesivir-treated animals had lower lung viral loads and reduced lung damage.

45 V improve pulmonary function and reduce lung viral loads and severe lung pathology.

46 -lambda levels (>90th percentile) had higher viral loads and were more likely to have respiratory sic

47 ween preinfection anti-DENV antibody titers, viral load, and disease severity among 133 dengue cases

48 preinfection anti-DENV antibody titer, serum viral load, and disease severity, and provides evidence

49 gression; participant demographics, baseline viral load, and PDC were explanatory variables.

50 r MLKL attenuated these pathologies, lowered viral load, and prevented type 2 inflammation and airway

51 to determine the influenza virus (sub-)type, viral load, and resistance mutations.

52 of baseline BMI, HAART initiation, baseline viral load, and the number of sexual partners were signi

53 ase, CMV-specific T-cell reconstitution, CMV viral load, and the potential drug resistance detected a

54 sured time-varying confounding by CD4 count, viral load, and visit frequency.

55 luding radiological resolution, reduction in viral loads, and improved survival.

56 mice had significantly reduced splenomegaly, viral loads, and infection of multiple target cell types

57 Periods of stable viral loads are followed by rapid elimination, which cou

58 ir resistance had significantly higher nasal viral load area under the curve relative to those withou

59 One case was asymptomatic, with similar viral load as that of a symptomatic case.

60 rom a NiV-infected African green monkey with viral loads as low as 52 genome copies/mg.

61 replicate testing using a standard clinical viral load assay was evaluated as a high-throughput alte

62 nd the design of diagnostic, resistance, and viral load assays.

63 A moderate genomic heritability of viral load at 4 weeks (0.15-0.21) and a high positive co

64 f appointment non-attendance or unsuppressed viral load at any given observation.

65 The mean age was 41.6 years (SD 12.6), mean viral load at baseline was 7.90 (SD 1.82) Log10 copies/m

66 ving with HIV and not on ART with detectable viral load at baseline were randomly assigned; 666 (51%)

67 had not yet been initiated or who had a high viral load at baseline.

68 outcome was the change from baseline in the viral load at day 11.

69 ferences were found in the mean reduction of viral load at day 3 (-1.41 vs. -1.41 Log10 copies/mL in

70 Viral load at presentation and the odds of severe diseas

71 increased the time to rejection and reduced viral loads at rejection.

72 Of 72 persons with a viral load available after VLVL, 14% had a VLVL and 17%

73 The primary efficacy outcome was plasma HIV viral load below 200 copies per mL at (or near) delivery

74 t detected by the Accula test and showed low viral load burden, with a median cycle threshold value o

75 y-one achieved SVR(12) , 10 had undetectable viral loads but are not eligible for SVR(12) , and 7 rem

76 nts during natural infection and that lowers viral loads but increases vector yields.

77 Undetectable viral load by cobas CMV at end of treatment was associat

78 rology were analyzed by enzyme-immunoassays; viral load by PCR.

79 Reducing the viral load by RSV antivirals might provide substantial b

80 d animals, CPT31 monotherapy rapidly reduced viral load by ~2 logs before rebound occurred due to the

81 Viral loads by day since symptom onset were predicted us

82 h hematologic malignancies had higher median viral loads (C(T) = 25.0) than patients without cancer (

83 Donor samples were assessed for HIV RNA viral load, CD4 cell count, and antiretroviral drug-resi

84 ober, 2018), which evaluated POC testing for viral load, CD4 count, and creatinine, with task shiftin

85 Median RSV viral load change from baseline in JNJ-8678 vs placebo b

86 sitivity was low did not have detectable HCV viral load/core antigen.

87 CMV viral load could be decreased and cleared subsequently i

88 ed into 2 groups: higher (Ct < 27) and lower viral load (Ct >= 27).

89 ral load (Ct<25; n=220), 17.6% with a medium viral load (Ct 25-30; n=216), and 6.2% with a low viral

90 load (Ct 25-30; n=216), and 6.2% with a low viral load (Ct>30; n=242; P<0.001).

91 In-hospital mortality was 35.0% with a high viral load (Ct<25; n=220), 17.6% with a medium viral loa

92 = .07) and decreased CMV infection by PCR at viral load cutoffs of >=1000 and >=10 000 IU/mL in the C

93 ), and geographic variation in HCV community viral load (CVL) and its association with HCV incidence.

94 We fit our model to human viral load data (RV217).

95 y were the small number of clusters, lack of viral load data, and relatively short follow-up period.

96 IV-1 dynamics to compare the kinetics of the viral load decline (DeltaVL) in infected animals given a

97 Viral load declined from baseline with all GSK2838232 do

98 Undetectable viral load decreases the sensitivities of HIV diagnostic

99 n viral rebound occurs early relative to the viral load doubling time, a model with multiple successf

100 Our findings support the concept that viral load drives the severity of RSV disease in childre

101 , the lack of neutrophils did not change the viral load during RSV infection.

102 SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, especially plasma viremia, are associated w

103 The complete veSEQ-HIV pipeline provides viral load estimates and quantitative summaries of drug

104 nths when human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral loads exceed 1,000 copies/mL.

105 nated within 24 hours of detection even when viral load exceeded 1 x 107 HSV DNA copies, and surges i

106 to age; sex; comorbidity; antiviral therapy; viral load, expressed as cycle threshold values; length

107 The NTS viral loads fall faster in asymptomatic individuals, but

108 Xpert HCV Viral Load Fingerstick assay (Xpert HCV VL FS) is a poin

109 fidence interval [CI], 9% to 19%) decline in viral load for each additional year in duration suppress

110 dy titer on disease severity was mediated by viral load for each of 3 dengue severity outcomes.

111 included the time-weighted average change in viral load from baseline (day 1) through day 7 and the p

112 roup) in the time-weighted average change in viral load from day 1 through day 7 was -0.56 log(10) co

113 To assess antiviral effects, RSV RNA viral load from nasal swabs was quantified over time usi

114 Here, we quantify SARS-CoV-2 viral load from participants with a diverse range of COV

115 response, mice lacking DUSP11 display lower viral loads, greater sensitivity to triphosphorylated RN

116 tiation on the rate of recrudescence and the viral load growth rate after treatment interruption.

117 Only 5.4% of the HIV+ adolescents had HIV viral load >10 000 copies/mL at baseline.

118 We fit Weibull regression models for time to viral load >1000 copies/mL (treatment failure), and simu

119 , and; 2) for those with VS at Index, having viral load >200 copies/mL on at least one measurement.

120 .001); DBS samples with corresponding plasma viral load >250 copies/ml had a success rate of 86.8%.

121 ts with a composite poor outcome (defined as viral load >50 copies per mL, or for participants with a

122 A baseline viral load >=100'000 cps/mL (multivariable Hazard Ratio

123 2%) of 786 patients had virological failure (viral load >=1000 copies per mL).

124 in care with non-suppressed viral load [NVL; viral load >=1000 copies per mL], and loss to follow-up

125 is episodes, <=6% of men at each visit had a viral load >=400 copies/mL in the semen while maintainin

126 ll, 91% (32/35) of CrAg-positive persons had viral load >=5000 copies/mL compared with 64% (735/1151)

127 rmed virological failure (VF) (2 consecutive viral loads >1000 copies/mL), and viral rebound were com

128 revalence was 4.2% (32/768) among those with viral loads >=5000 copies/mL and 0.7% (3/419) among thos

129 idered in persons failing ART in Uganda with viral loads >=5000 copies/mL.

130 The risk of an elevated viral load (>=400 copies/mL) was independently lower amo

131 ontraceptives may increase genital tract HIV viral load (gVL) and sexual transmission risk to male pa

132 sodes of RSV infection, children with higher viral load had significantly longer median durations of

133 and female controls exhibited similar acute viral loads; however, vaccinated females, but not males,

134 in plasma/CSF or in cell-associated DNA/RNA viral load in anatomical tissues.

135 n with a leaky vaccine substantially reduces viral load in both vaccinated individuals and unvaccinat

136 patients with COVID-19 correlated with lower viral load in bronchial aspirates and faster viral clear

137 ng integrase inhibitors rapidly suppress HIV viral load in non-pregnant adults, few published data fr

138 benefit was that the treatment also reduced viral load in peripheral tissues.

139 HIV-1 viral load in plasma remained undetectable in the London

140 ptomatic patients, although the overall mean viral load in saliva was lower.

141 The viral load in semen was undetectable in both plasma (low

142 We observed a significantly reduced viral load in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lower

143 For the full range of viral load in the clinical samples, the fluorescence rea

144 No certain data exist about viral load in the different body compartments and fluids

145 coded version of 2-12C reduced pathology and viral load in the lungs but not viral shedding in nasal

146 osed partners with no report of CD4 count or viral load in the preceding 12 months were presumed not

147 tive test results for individuals with a low viral load in the sampled region at the time of the test

148 ARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by peak viral load in the upper airway prior to or at the time o

149 PDC was modified to account for time to last viral load in the year postimplementation, and stratifie

150 n (<200 copies per mL) was based on the last viral load in the year preceding elicitation, and viraem

151 ted mutations was associated with the plasma viral load in vivo.

152 -2 and showed 5 log(10) reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa c

153 n >3.1 and >3.7 log(10) reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa,

154 his T590S mutation was associated with lower viral loads in infected patients.

155 s-reactive responses, did not correlate with viral loads in recipients who became infected, cross-rea

156 nasal mucosa, respectively, as compared with viral loads in sham controls.

157 We detected high viral loads in swabs from the nose and throat of all of

158 nfection and observed that macaques had high viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, hu

159 evidence showing that the mutation enhances viral loads in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 p

160 ad trajectory analyses (ie, had at least two viral loads in the year after end of pregnancy).

161 c persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 have high viral loads in their nasal secretions, they can silently

162 and positively with time to ART initiation, viral load, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, LPS,

163 Viral load is a major contributor to outcome in patients

164 r prevalence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load is associated with worse respiratory disease

165 Rapid reduction of HIV viral load is paramount to prevent peripartum transmissi

166 s per mL, or for participants with a missing viral load, lack of retention in care in the on-site ART

167 on in care with viral load suppression [VLS; viral load <1000 copies per mL], retention in care with

168 Of 51 patients with pretreatment viral load <2000 IU/mL, clinical relapse occurred in 10

169 combination antiretroviral therapy (last HIV viral load <50 copies/mL) is able to improve survival of

170 patient visits if aged 55-70 years, with HIV viral load <50 copies/mL, and lymphocyte T-CD4 level >=2

171 ong PHIVs, the mean CD4 % was 34%, 93% had a viral load <=20 copies/mL, and 79% were on a nonnucleosi

172 copies/mL and 0.7% (3/419) among those with viral loads <5000 copies/mL.

173 Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 viral loads may aid in the risk stratification of patien

174 efficacy analysis included all women with a viral load measurement at (or near) delivery who had vir

175 tely predict measured discrepancies in serum viral load measurements by different qPCR assays.

176 Adaptive schemes using previous viral load measurements to inform future monitoring sign

177 ushr can be applied to longitudinal data of viral load measurements, and provides processing tools t

178 toring scheme resulted in a 67% reduction in viral load measurements, while increasing the months of

179 yte cellularity, cytokine concentration, and viral load.Measurements and Main Results: Patients with

180 in this study may be related to low pre-ART viral loads (median, <10(5) copies/ml) and low preinterv

181 e part of integrated strategies that rely on viral load monitoring and immune responses.

182 ffective ZIKV rapid quantification assay for viral load monitoring at point-of-care settings.

183 novel, accurate and cost-effective tools for viral load monitoring become crucial to allow specific d

184 ssed whether South African facilities follow viral load monitoring guidelines and whether guidelines

185 antiretroviral therapy (ART), routine annual viral load monitoring has been adopted by most countries

186 by most countries, but reduced frequency of viral load monitoring may offer cost savings in resource

187 Sciences Program performed routine, biannual viral load monitoring on 2489 people living with human i

188 -stage simulation model to compare different viral load monitoring schemes.

189 mprehensive metabolic panels and chronic HIV viral load monitoring.

190 r mL], retention in care with non-suppressed viral load [NVL; viral load >=1000 copies per mL], and l

191 es were recovered from 91% of samples with a viral load of >1,000 copies/ml.

192 Restricting to PLHIV, viral load of >=1000 copies/mL was associated with highe

193 ipants in the DTG + FTC arm had an HIV-1 RNA viral load of <50 copies/ml compared to 86/94 (91.5%) pa

194 continuous ART suppression) showed a median viral load of 0.54 cp/ml (interquartile range [IQR], 0.2

195 g elicitation, and viraemia was defined as a viral load of 200 copies per mL or more.

196 Viral load of a sample was determined using cycle thresh

197 Viral load of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases is comp

198 portion of adolescents who had died or had a viral load of at least 1000 copies per muL after 96 week

199 adolescents in the control group had an HIV viral load of at least 1000 copies per muL or had died (

200 were female, 81% were orphans, and 47% had a viral load of at least 1000 copies per muL.

201 ad measurement at (or near) delivery who had viral load of at least 200 copies per mL before treatmen

202 The primary efficacy outcome was a viral load of less than 50 copies per mL at the first po

203 the idea that oral rinsing might reduce the viral load of saliva and could thus lower the transmissi

204 statistically significant difference in the viral load of symptomatic versus asymptomatic infections

205 The majority (67%) of patients with viral loads of >1,000 copies/mL did not receive repeat t

206 Patients with viral loads of >1,000 copies/mL who actually received re

207 QR: 483 to 741) at enrollment and HIV plasma viral loads of <40 copies/ml.

208 Colony loss is due, in part, to the high viral loads of Deformed wing virus (DWV), transmitted by

209 The proviral and viral loads of the northern population were significantl

210 stitutions did not significantly affect peak viral load or clinical manifestations of RSV disease.

211 TNF deficiency did not affect viral load or leukocyte recruitment but caused severe lu

212 robiome diversity and CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, or HIV-associated chronic lung disease.

213 ppeared to accelerate the natural decline in viral load over time, whereas the other doses had not by

214 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral loads overall were 0.29 log IU/mL higher with coba

215 d from 24 blood centers and confirmed as HIV viral load positive or serologically reactive in Nationa

216 V-1 transmission primarily by increasing the viral load present in semen.

217 gress more slowly to AIDS and maintain lower viral loads, presumably due to increased breadth of pept

218 nd human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) plasma viral load (PVL) on high-grade cervical intraepithelial

219 urrent CD4 cell count, last HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load (pVL), and causes of death were compared betw

220 portion of patients with undetectable plasma viral load (pVL, threshold 60 copies/mL) at week (W) 48.

221 iminate between uncontrolled disease (plasma viral load [pVL] >50,000 RNA copies/ml; CD4 counts 283 c

222 rially diluted into 25-ml samples to nominal viral loads ranging from 39 to <0.5 copies (cp)/ml.

223 Among the 41% of participants with viral load results available, suppression was 90% in the

224 SARS-CoV-2 viral load results may offer vital prognostic informatio

225 llowing RSV infection and characterizing the viral load, RSV whole-genome sequencing, host immune res

226 precise quantification of plasma SARS-CoV-2 viral load (SARS-CoV-2 RNAaemia) in hospitalized COVID-1

227 Here we examined sex differences in viral loads, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titres, plasma

228 To detect differences in the HIV set point viral load (SPVL), linear regression was used; the frequ

229 egression to generate covariates of care and viral load status and their marginal effects.

230 ents would likely improve trends in salivary viral load status.

231 Time to suppression was shorter in lower viral load strata (mHR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.8) and in dol

232 the influence of baseline CD4+ T-cell count, viral load, study type, previous time on combined antire

233 performance is stable across a wide range of viral load, suggesting utility in mitigating false posit

234 g 12 months were presumed not to be in care, viral load suppression (<200 copies per mL) was based on

235 ce 0.10; 95% CI: -1.56-1.75; p=0.91), or HIV viral load suppression (86.9% vs. 82.1%; AOR: 1.21; 95%

236 V treatment outcomes (retention in care with viral load suppression [VLS; viral load <1000 copies per

237 Despite success achieving viral load suppression during pregnancy, women living wi

238 py (ART) 90% of those diagnosed, and achieve viral load suppression in 90% of those on ART (90-90-90)

239 68.0% (60.9-75.2) to 93.1% (90.2-96.0), and viral load suppression of those on ART increased from 88

240 from 264 to 23 days and increased community viral load suppression rates to 86%.

241 s) who presented for their first routine HIV viral load test 6 months after ART initiation.

242 d nurses (intervention group), or laboratory viral load testing (standard-of-care group).

243 ion sequence to receive either point-of-care viral load testing at enrolment and after 6 months with

244 Point-of-care viral load testing combined with task shifting significa

245 =1000 copies/mL) using leftover plasma after viral load testing during September 2017-January 2018.

246 compare 5 monitoring schemes to the current viral load testing every 6 months and every 12 months.

247 adverse events related to point-of-care HIV viral load testing or task shifting.

248 are adequately addressed, the full impact of viral load testing regarding clinical management decisio

249 South African guidelines recommend repeat viral load testing within 6 months when human immunodefi

250 ocusing on patients with advanced HIV, rapid viral load testing, and routine access to drug resistanc

251 toring significantly decreased the number of viral load tests without markedly increasing the number

252 d failure but also had the highest number of viral load tests.

253 -log higher peak and 1.6-log higher setpoint viral loads than the parental SHIV-325c stock.

254 erval [CI], -0.98 to -0.08; P = 0.02), for a viral load that was lower by a factor of 3.4.

255 ncement of dengue is thought to be driven by viral load, this has not been conclusively shown.

256 estimating equations described trends in HIV viral load through 1 year post-pregnancy by pregnancy ou

257 of plasma cfDNA sequencing for quantitating viral loads through detection of fragments that would be

258 The vast majority of the viral load-time AUC lies within 10 days of symptom onset

259 sion potential evaluated by examination of a viral load-time curve.

260 tegrated immune function may be quantitative viral loads to assess the individual's ability to contro

261 hausted CAR T cells and concordantly lowered viral loads to undetectable levels.

262 We identified three distinct groups of viral load trajectories after 104 livebirths, classified

263 By comparison, the average viral load trajectory after 43 spontaneous or elective a

264 abortions) were eligible for post-pregnancy viral load trajectory analyses (ie, had at least two vir

265 group-based trajectory modelling to identify viral load trajectory groups in the first post-partum ye

266 as a hemorrhagic fever characterized by high viral load, uncontrolled inflammatory response, dysregul

267 We measured SARS-CoV-2 viral load using cycle threshold (C(T)) values from reve

268 vity and specificity and directly quantified viral load using enzyme kinetics.

269 We studied the effect of age, baseline viral load, vaccination status, antiviral therapy, and e

270 g use, we evaluated associations between HIV viral load (VL) and reduced use of illicit opioids, meth

271 Elevated viral load (VL) early after antiretroviral therapy (ART)

272 Our 2 registered primary endpoints were viral load (VL) monitoring (which is critical for elimin

273 The dynamics of viral load (VL) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome

274 to (1) identify proportions of antibody and viral load (VL) tested, linked-to-care, and treated, in

275 Among YLPHIV, mean log viral load (VL) was 4.83 copies/mL with 21.7% having a C

276 a lower LVEF, a higher NYHA class, a higher viral load (VL), and a lower CD4 count were associated w

277 whom had undetectable (<20 copies/mL) HIV-1 viral load (VL).

278 The distribution of upper respiratory viral loads (VL) in asymptomatic children infected with

279 Eighteen cases (49%) had HIV-1 viral loads (VLs) >100,000 copies/mL and 47% had CD4 cel

280 virus viremia was defined as >=2 consecutive viral loads (VLs) >=1000 copies/mL through D +100.

281 macaques, an earlier and sharper decline in viral load was consistently detected for the WT antibody

282 High viral load was independently associated with mortality (

283 w admission viral loads and assessed whether viral load was independently associated with risk of int

284 HIV viral load was measured 7 days and 28 days after antiret

285 Blood CMV viral load was negative in significantly more immunocomp

286 Viral load was quantified in acute-phase serum by real-t

287 Higher viral load was significantly associated with dengue seve

288 Plasma viral load was significantly correlated with genotyping

289 only variable significantly associated with viral load was time since onset of symptoms.

290 erring M2 mutations increased over time, and viral loads were higher in patients infected with viruse

291 itory concentration for dolutegravir and HIV viral loads were less than 40 copies per mL in all patie

292 Safety, immunological parameters, and viral loads were monitored during the study.

293 living with HIV (88% of 1321 with available viral load) were virally suppressed, and 673 HIV-negativ

294 , including ACE2, increased as a function of viral load, while transcripts for B cell-specific protei

295 Higher viral load, White race, younger age, and higher severity

296 The association of viral load with days since symptom onset was examined in

297 hese observations confirm the association of viral load with outcome of human H5N1 infections and sug

298 nsmission potential of COVID-19 by examining viral load with respect to time.

299 sis, the REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients whose immu

300 ed antiviral mouth rinses to reduce salivary viral load would contribute to reducing the COVID-19 pan