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1 2.00474 found in model system prepared with zein.
2 ritionally limited storage proteins known as zein.
3 at FL1 DUF593 interacts with the 22-kD alpha-zein.
4 e not observed in multiprotein networks with zein.
5 significantly exacerbated by ATIs and not by zein.
6 hem interacted strongly with the 10-kD delta-zein.
7 interaction of resveratrol with gliadin and zein.
8 her temperatures, which was not observed for zein.
9 lloidal particles prepared from food protein-zein.
10 y, and a soft, floury endosperm deficient in zeins.
11 indicating their hypostatic action to gamma-zeins.
12 ptides, the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-zeins.
13 pha- and delta-zeins and the beta- and gamma-zeins.
14 ughout the endosperm before alpha- and delta-zeins.
15 ining protein bodies, similar to other gamma-zeins.
17 biodegradable and low-cost material such as zein, a prolamin from maize, and in combination with gly
18 ovide data on ileal digestibility of WPI and zein AAs in healthy humans and, in contrast to WPI, zein
19 whole endosperm, thus indicating that delta-zein adheres to granule surfaces after disruption of the
21 trait locus and may suggest the 50-kD gamma-zein also contributes to this quantitative trait locus.
22 identified proteins, including a 50-kD gamma-zein, an 18-kD alpha-globulin, and a legumin-related pro
23 al mutant, opaque 2 (o2) causes reduction of zeins, an increase of nonzein proteins, and as a consequ
24 h this, all ESTs derived from several genes (zein and adh1) that are known to be exclusively expresse
26 proteases) and a few storage genes (an alpha-zein and caleosin), which are good candidates for develo
27 s was also explored with networks containing zein and either soy or pea protein isolates as supplemen
29 sco-elastic masses could be formed from both zein and kafirin preparations by coacervation from glaci
30 Stress-relaxation analysis of coacervated zein and kafirin visco-elastic masses showed they were i
32 facilitating the localization of 22-kD alpha-zein and that this is essential for the formation of vit
33 esting an important role for the 16-kD gamma-zein and the 15-kD beta-zein in the binding and assembly
34 e alpha- and delta-zeins and the 16-kD gamma-zein and the 15-kD beta-zein; however, the 50- and 27-kD
35 stribution of mRNAs encoding the 22-kD alpha-zein and the 27-kD gamma-zein proteins on cisternal and
38 ases are due to the reduction of lysine-poor zeins and a pleiotropic increase in the lysine-rich non-
40 ractions among the 50-, 27-, and 16-kD gamma-zeins and the 15-kD beta-zein, consistent with their col
41 s were detected between the alpha- and delta-zeins and the 16-kD gamma-zein and the 15-kD beta-zein;
44 soybean; TTMPLW, alpha-casein; VHLPP, alpha-zein) and the six alanine substitution peptides of PGTAV
45 s caused by o2, the 22-kDa alpha-zein, gamma-zein, and beta-zein RNAis were stacked, resulting in pro
47 delta-zeins, the 22-kD alpha-zein, the beta-zein, and the gamma-zein RNA interference (RNAi; designa
48 ked with the locus encoding the 16-kDa gamma-zein, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis confirmed
49 ll gene families encode the gamma- and delta-zeins, and members of these gene families, especially th
54 o2; gammaRNAi/+ genotype suggests that gamma-zeins are essential for restoring protein body density a
55 families, which provides evidence that gamma-zeins are synthesized throughout the endosperm before al
59 Here we attempt to review the literature on zein as a biopolymer for drug/vaccine/gene delivery and
62 ng the expression of a subset of 22-kD alpha-zeins, as well as additional endosperm gene functions.
65 me incremental gene amplification, the 19-kD zein branch exhibited a greater degree of far-distance g
66 to 3-fold higher levels of the 27-kDa gamma-zein, but the physiological significance of this increas
68 lations indicated that the interaction alpha-zein-Ca(2+) through C-ter was more favorable than Glu48.
69 In addition, the binding constant for the zein-calcium interaction was calculated indicating a hig
70 at manipulating non-covalent interactions in zein can alter and in some cases, completely disrupt the
73 s led to the identification of a 19-kD alpha-zein cDNA in which proline replaces serine at the 15th p
74 equence alignments with putative maize delta-zein cis-localization elements identified several candid
79 e encapsulation of hydrophobic bioactives in zein/CMCS nanoparticles is a promising approach to impro
80 application in tablet production, effects of zein coating on tablet properties are still not fully un
81 and is linked with a cluster of 22-kD alpha-zein coding sequences; the other quantitative trait locu
82 7-, and 16-kD gamma-zeins and the 15-kD beta-zein, consistent with their colocalization in developing
84 We showed that the 27-kilodalton (kD) gamma-zein controls protein body initiation but is not involve
85 ggests that the localized synthesis of gamma-zeins could initiate and target protein body formation a
90 beta-zein; however, the 50- and 27-kD gamma-zeins did not interact with the alpha- and delta-zein pr
96 rstand the effect of these factors on 22 kDa zein expression, we have cloned one of these and identif
100 lpha-zein families and the single-gene gamma-zein family are arranged in the central hydrophobic core
103 or at least 20 days at -20 degrees C, so the zein film can preserve and deliver both the enzyme and s
104 will benefit future prospects of the use of zein film in drug delivery and biomedical applications.
105 s related to the behaviors and properties of zein films are also summarized and analyzed based on pub
110 ropic effects caused by o2, the 22-kDa alpha-zein, gamma-zein, and beta-zein RNAis were stacked, resu
112 rence (RNAi) constructs derived from a 22-kD zein gene could produce a dominant opaque phenotype.
113 und that only 27-kDa gamma- and 22-kDa alpha-zein gene expression were affected, whereas the level of
116 expression of the alpha-, gamma-, and delta-zein gene families, which provides evidence that gamma-z
117 Previously, 41-48 gene copies of the alpha zein gene family that spread over six loci spanning betw
118 et of clones containing members of the 19-kD zein gene family, which previously had been estimated to
120 pplied this system for the enrichment of the zein gene from maize in eight cereal product samples.
122 ated that only cereal samples containing the zein gene from maize yielded positive results, indicatin
124 mEmBP-1 binds to the O2 box from the 22 kDa zein gene promoter as a homodimer, it is unable to heter
126 MON 810 maize event specific and endogenous zein gene sequences in 1:1 ratio in tandem was construct
127 only 20bp upstream of the alpha-class 22-kDa zein gene-specific cis element, the O2-box, which is rec
130 n inverse relationship between the number of zein genes and the relative amount of specific mRNAs.
134 r long sequence of a cluster of 22-kDa alpha zein genes in the maize inbred BSSS53 was determined.
135 eletion encompassing the 27- and 50-kD gamma-zein genes on chromosome 7 and a deletion of at least 23
136 ve clones containing the entire set of 19-kD zein genes were chosen from each region and sequenced.
137 nse RNA also reduced the expression of 22-kD zein genes, but failed to give an opaque phenotype.
138 provide the linear organization of 25 19-kD zein genes, one-half the number previously estimated.
139 30 mutation maps in a cluster of 19-kD alpha-zein genes, we characterized cDNA clones encoding these
142 alterations, indicating that beta- and gamma-zeins have redundant and unique functions in the stabili
144 and the 16-kD gamma-zein and the 15-kD beta-zein; however, the 50- and 27-kD gamma-zeins did not int
147 g quercetin (water insoluble polyphenol) and zein (hydrophobic protein), simultaneously, by adding th
148 the absence of null mutants of each type of zein (i.e. alpha, beta, gamma, and delta), the molecular
149 estibility of whey protein isolate (WPI) and zein in healthy volunteers by use of the naso-ileal intu
150 for the 16-kD gamma-zein and the 15-kD beta-zein in the binding and assembly of alpha-zeins within t
152 ins, the homologues of the maize 22-kD alpha-zeins in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), in the beta/gammaRNA
153 in bodies ectopically accumulate 22-kD alpha-zeins in the gamma-zein-rich periphery and center of the
156 rticles with a layer of hydrophobic protein (zein) increased stability and further decreased the reac
157 e the wild-type protein, the Mc 16-kDa gamma-zein interacted only weakly with the 22-kDa alpha-zein w
158 ibre content, the calcium-starch and calcium-zein interactions, as well as the presence of amylose-li
159 roper deposition of storage proteins, called zeins, into specialized organelles in the endosperm, cal
162 rophobic interactions while the binding with zein is predominantly mediated through hydrogen bonds.
165 cating that a sufficient amount of the 22-kD zeins is necessary for maintenance of a normal protein b
167 eletion had intermediate 27- and 50-kD gamma-zein levels and were semivitreous, indicating haploinsuf
168 zed delta-zein was probed by comparing delta-zein levels of starch granules obtained from homogenized
173 two progenitors of maize gained a new alpha zein locus, absent in the other lineage, to form a nondu
174 perties of visco-elastic materials made from zein, making them softer and more extensible, as did ure
175 maize plants expressing the Mc 16-kDa gamma-zein manifested an opaque kernel phenotype with enhanced
179 protein-free biscuits and a drink containing zein (n = 8), WPI (n = 7), or no protein (protein free,
181 lusion complex (IC) encapsulated electrospun zein nanofibrous webs (zein-THY/gamma-CD-IC-NF) were fab
182 icle pesticide delivery vehicle to soybeans, zein nanoparticle (ZNP) uptake by the roots and biodistr
183 etermination of the actual lutein content in zein nanoparticles using ultraviolet-visible spectroscop
186 ion was able to improve the functionality of zein networks for the purpose of food structuring, and a
187 estigates an alternative method of preparing zein networks through antisolvent precipitation, involvi
188 ysical properties of brittle, self-assembled zein networks through microbial transglutaminase crossli
189 rheological and structural properties of the zein networks were analyzed and determined that modifica
191 PI intake (P = 0.0319), whereas no effect of zein on aminoacidemia was observed, including plasma leu
193 in presenting clear demonstration that gamma-zeins play a mechanistic role in QPM, providing a previo
194 th earlier studies that suggested that gamma-zeins play an important role in prolamin protein body as
195 s of water or acetic acid treatment, all the zein preparations had similar FTIR spectra, with greater
198 ier demonstrated that the RNAs for the maize zeins ('prolamine' class) are localized to the spherical
199 nhibited regulated transcription of a 22 kDa zein promoter in a transient expression assay using cult
200 mechanism seems to apply to the 27-kDa gamma-zein promoter, which does not undergo methylation change
201 This gene was regulated by the 27-kD gamma-zein promoter, which restricted synthesis of the defecti
203 th the expression of endogenous 22-kDa alpha-zein promoters, a different mechanism seems to apply to
204 bind to the P-box from '22-kDa' and '19-kDa' zein promoters, but at a lower affinity than to the '27-
205 rom needle-like to spherical shape at higher zein proportions, as confirmed by transmission electron
208 have an opaque, starchy phenotype, malformed zein protein bodies, and highly increased levels of bind
209 rt the cloning of Fl1, which encodes a novel zein protein body membrane protein with three predicted
214 tation in the gene encoding the 16-kDa gamma-zein protein, leading to the unfolded protein response i
219 engineering, kernels with reduced levels of zein proteins have been shown to have increased levels o
220 ypothesis that a pleiotropic increase in non-zein proteins is contributing to an improved amino acid
221 ing the 22-kD alpha-zein and the 27-kD gamma-zein proteins on cisternal and protein body rough endopl
223 increase of more nutritionally balanced non-zein proteins, and therefore enhance the overall quality
235 sts contained markedly lower levels of delta-zein relative to granules prepared from whole endosperm,
237 ly accumulate 22-kD alpha-zeins in the gamma-zein-rich periphery and center of the core, rather than
239 -kD alpha-zein, the beta-zein, and the gamma-zein RNA interference (RNAi; designated as z1CRNAi, beta
240 s the PB-ER localization of the 10-kDa delta-zein RNA is maintained in developing rice seeds, we dete
241 by expressing GFP fusions containing various zein RNA sequences in transgenic rice and analyzing thei
243 the 22-kDa alpha-zein, gamma-zein, and beta-zein RNAis were stacked, resulting in protein bodies for
247 causes translational recoding of lysine into zeins, significantly enriching the lysine content of gra
249 mays) endosperm by reducing the synthesis of zein storage proteins and increasing the accumulation of
252 rin were found in addition to the endogenous zein storage proteins, demonstrating that the large exog
253 g a starchy endosperm with reduced levels of zein storage proteins, homozygous zmsmu2-1 mutants manif
254 ed RNA interference suppression of different zein subclasses to abolish vitreous endosperm formation
257 ased by the opaque-2 mutation, which reduces zein synthesis and increases accumulation of proteins th
258 mulates at a high level during the period of zein synthesis and protein body development and declines
263 We identified domains within the 22-kD alpha-zein that bound preferentially the alpha- and delta-zein
264 the N-terminal proline-rich domain of gamma-zein that is sufficient to induce the assembly of PB for
265 mutant for the delta-zeins, the 22-kD alpha-zein, the beta-zein, and the gamma-zein RNA interference
266 Here, a double null mutant for the delta-zeins, the 22-kD alpha-zein, the beta-zein, and the gamm
270 e time, confirming that aggregation of alpha-zein through calcium bridges is possible, expanding the
277 Therefore, much more THY was released from zein-THY/gamma-CD-IC-NF (2:1) than zein-THY-NF and zein-
280 apsulated electrospun zein nanofibrous webs (zein-THY/gamma-CD-IC-NF) were fabricated as a food packa
281 nd Na2SO4 negatively impacted the ability of zein to from a visco-elastic material and at higher conc
282 llic acid was successfully incorporated into zein ultra-fine fibres at different loading amount (5%,
283 and the interaction between gallic acid and zein was attested by attenuated total reflection-Fourier
284 from this cross, and a higher level of alpha-zein was found to cosegregate with high eEF1A content.
290 rticles or other fluorescent contaminants of zein were up taken by the roots and biodistributed withi
291 Interactions between the 19- and 22-kD alpha-zeins were relatively weak, although each of them intera
292 interacted only weakly with the 22-kDa alpha-zein when expressed in the yeast two-hybrid system.
293 thermolysin led to selective removal of the zeins, whereas granule-associated proteins of 32 kD or a
294 the accumulation of both 19- and 22-kD alpha-zeins, which resulted in higher lysine and tryptophan co
297 ormal Mendelian fashion and eliminates 22-kD zeins without affecting the accumulation of other zein p
299 The applicability of gallic acid loaded zein (Ze-GA) electrospun fibre mats towards potential ac
300 stem consisting of two natural biomaterials, zein (ZN) and chitosan (CS), to mediate oral DNA deliver