ライフサイエンスコーパス: zeta potential

1 ntration of the electrolytes (and thus local zeta potential).

2 cle size (199-283nm), and slightly decreased zeta potential.

3 zed for their size, polydispersity index and zeta potential.

4 ies such as size, apparent surface area, and zeta potential.

5 asurements of interfacial tension, size, and zeta potential.

6 metric diameter (337-364 nm), and a negative zeta potential.

7 icating succinate as the main influence over zeta potential.

8 ic resonance, particle size distribution and Zeta potential.

9 (DSC), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and zeta potential.

10 , the nano-scaled particle size and positive zeta potential.

11 n the particle surface functionalization and zeta potential.

12 a moderate hydrophobic recovery to a stable zeta potential.

13 current monitoring experiments to determine zeta potential.

14 ll-surface parameters, such as roughness and zeta potential.

15 structure verified by the measurement of NP zeta potential.

16 on that was enhanced by the 16% reduction in zeta potential.

17 ies regarding particle size distribution and zeta potential.

18 form infrared spectroscopy and measuring the zeta potential.

19 lity (p<0.001), lipolysis, particle size and zeta potential.

20 le and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Zeta-potential.

21 ation statistics as well as by measuring the zeta-potential.

22 consistent with the decrease in ferrihydrite zeta-potential.

23 nd precise quantitative measurement of their zeta-potential.

24 er CaCO3 particles with a much more negative zeta-potential.

25 ial values that are consistent with measured zeta potentials.

26 terized regarding hydrodynamic diameters and zeta potentials.

27 the experimental conditions, using measured zeta potentials.

28 e plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra, size, and zeta potentials.

29 eractions even while having nearly identical zeta potentials.

30 Composite charge reversal (zeta potential -18 to 45 mV) increased the adsorption of

31 ticles (2Rh = 450 nm, PDI = 0.118 +/- 0.014, zeta-potential = 21 mV and T(g) = 8 +/- 1 degrees C) are

32 ulation efficiency in HSA particles (169 nm, zeta potential -31 mV).

33 cal entity with ~90 +/- 6 nm having negative zeta potential, -37.7 +/- 2 mV, and has an ability to lo

34 tes (WPH), produced with Everlase (WPH-Ever; zeta-potential, -39mV) and papain (WPH-Pap; zeta-potenti

35 Extended sonication time (8 min) lowered the zeta potential (-47.5 to -40.8), and particle size (74.2

36 ghest emulsion stability index (179.5 h) and zeta potential (-67.4 mV) when compared to those of othe

37 larger oil droplet sizes, stronger negative zeta potentials (-69.9 mv), narrower size distributions

38 zeta-potential, -39mV) and papain (WPH-Pap; zeta-potential, -7mV), during simulated digestion.

39 about 75 nm, polydispersive index<0.2, and a zeta potential about 14), which were associated with a h

40 r stability, which was consistent with a low zeta potential absolute value.

41 e surfaces is supported by neutralization of zeta potentials, an inverse correlation between the requ

42 ty measurement, dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential analyses.

43 Zeta potential analysis indicated that charge neutraliza

44 Zeta potential analysis supports that antibacterial acti

45 Based on zeta potential analysis, ASCs from skin and swim bladder

46 ence and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spec

47 on microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis.

48 genic MnO(2), surface complexation modeling, zeta-potential analysis, and molecular-scale characteriz

49 er transform-infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR), zeta-potential analysis, electrochemical impedance spect

50 Surface zeta potential and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies

51 incorporation as revealed by particle size, zeta potential and colour measurements.

52 raction, FTIR, thermal gravimetric analysis, Zeta potential and element analysis.

53 Size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the

54 pha-TOC) on mean size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE) was evalua

55 his effect causes significant changes to the zeta potential and flow velocity.

56 Zeta potential and hydration of casein micelles decrease

57 ed the colloidal stability by increasing the zeta potential and hydrophilicity of CeO2 NPs.

58 Changes in zeta potential and INP size, measured by dynamic light s

59 in molecular protonation are measured using zeta potential and modeled using DFT.

60 ds (VOCs), particle size, size distribution, zeta potential and morphology of the liposomes.

61 the maximisation of loading with DNA, of the Zeta potential and of the dimensional stability, and the

62 ning with HCl had a negligible impact on the zeta potential and performance of all membranes evaluate

63 The inflection point of the zeta potential and pH plot occurred at the first pKa of

64 tability was evaluated using liposomes size, zeta potential and polydispersity index.

65 shifts induced reversible changes in capsid zeta potential and secondary structure and irreversible

66 On the other hand, the absolute values of zeta potential and surface hydrophobicity decreased as a

67 PHs were evaluated for their particle sizes, zeta potential and surface hydrophobicity.

68 electrophoresis, which we attribute to their zeta potential and the suspension properties.

69 Zeta potential and turbidity measurements were employed

70 To elucidate the mechanisms, zeta potential and water contact angle measurements were

71 The particle sizes, zeta potentials and encapsulation efficiencies for the p

72 We further show that the measured zeta potentials and suspension properties are in excelle

73 noparticles of similar size, polydispersity, zeta-potential and antibody valency, and its lung accumu

74 With this method, we modulate the zeta-potential and colloidal stability of MoS2 sheets th

75 rge densities of functional groups, produced zeta-potential and networking potential were dominating

76 However, the low zeta-potential and the high creaming rate at this pH, ma

77 constants (pKa) as the main contributors to zeta-potentials and thus material aqueous stability.

78 pectroscopy, streaming current measurements (Zeta potential) and cyclic voltammetry.

79 posomes, as determined by electrical charge (zeta-potential) and FTIR analysis.

80 ized on the AgNPs, reducing surface charges (zeta-potential) and hence electrostatic repulsion betwee

81 characteristics (including counts, size and zeta-potential), and a limited number of differentially

82 nductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, zeta potential, and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier

83 owed very small variations in particle size, zeta potential, and colloidal stability, even in the pre

84 erized by means of dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrome

85 chemical properties (surface hydrophilicity, zeta potential, and morphology), membrane performance, a

86 erized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and quantitative UV-vis spectroscopy mea

87 ime-resolved dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and real-time quartz crystal microbalanc

88 owever, NOM inhibited Fe hydrolysis, reduced zeta potential, and suppressed the formation of filterab

89 c light scattering, extinction spectroscopy, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy pri

90 hotoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, zeta potentials, and elemental analysis.

91 ical measurements (dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential, and differential centrifugal sedimentati

92 rmined using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM),

93 mical properties such as size, distribution, zeta-potential, and siRNA condensation efficiency.

94 ease in particle size and a reduction of the zeta-potential, and the coating layer could be compresse

95 for the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, apparent viscosity, pH, color parameters

96 te to a limited extent but retain a positive zeta-potential apparently due to nonuniform adsorption o

97 ented droplet diameter lower than 200 nm and zeta-potential approaching -30 mV until the end of stora

98 changes on the nanoparticles surface charge (zeta potential approximately -10 mV) nor hydrodynamic di

99 loidal stability of biogenic Se suspensions (zeta-potential approximately -30 mV), whereas dissolved

100 The characterization methods for zeta-potential are limited.

101 sing hydrophobicity and a decreasing surface zeta potential as the membranes fouled.

102 ipoplexes (determined by cryo-TEM) and their zeta potentials as a function of oxidation state.

103 aller, more uniform and homogenious size and zeta-potential as well as higher encapsulation efficienc

104 hemical properties such as particle size and zeta potential, as well as cellular uptake and transfect

105 uring turbidity, particle size distribution, zeta-potential, as well as surface hydrophobicity of cas

106 The polarity of the zeta potential at both interfaces must be determined whe

107 ing CSW is strongly correlated to changes in zeta potential at both the mineral-water and oil-water i

108 Studies of zeta potential at the bacterial cell membrane suggested

109 esults also show for the first time that the zeta potential at the oil-water interface may be positiv

110 0.202 +/- 0.034 PDI and 81 +/- 4 mV zeta-potential at pH 6) using an emulsion-diffusion meth

111 ised in terms of particle size distribution, zeta potential, bixin content and encapsulation efficien

112 pe, pore structure, colloidal stability, and zeta potential, but differ in surface chemistry, viz.

113 rticles will lose the PEG layer and increase zeta potential by responding to tumor acidity, which sig

114 By visualizing the particle dynamics, both zeta potentials can be determined independently.

115 dispersity index (PDI<0.5); furthermore, the zeta-potential changed from +3.9mV in uncoated liposomes

116 The size and zeta-potential changes in the nanoemulsions were investi

117 The high-resolution single particle size and zeta potential characterisation will provide a better un

118 Protein solubility, zeta potential, circular dichroism and gel strength of t

119 owed that alkalization induced more negative zeta-potential compared to MPI control, reducing it from

120 Zeta potential data indicated that mixed hemi/ad-micelle

121 Zeta-potential data suggested the formation of LAE-lecit

122 osing with FeCl3 increased Fe hydrolysis and zeta potential, decreased the fraction of colloidal Fe,

123 e without the addition of gums; however, the zeta-potential decreases from 2.92 mV to -2.51 mV as pH

124 The liposome zeta-potential depended on peptide molecular weight, sug

125 nd pass number increased (p < 0.05), whereas zeta potential did not change (p > 0.05).

126 PNDDS having positive zeta-potential displayed strong adsorption onto silica s

127 repared and characterized regarding size and zeta-potential distribution, polidispersity index, entra

128 Zeta potential, disulfide-sulfhydryl groups, surface hyd

129 B-CDDSs were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficacy, PB release

130 These functionalized GNPs were analyzed by Zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, electron micro

131 e particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and morpho

132 y droplet size, polydispersitiy index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), in vitro per

133 However, at pH 9 the zeta potential falls from 0 to -50 mV as the salt concen

134 The repulsive zeta potential for the rock and the oil in low-salinity

135 /- 2.21 nm to 88.64 +/- 1.25 nm and reversed zeta potential from -20.38 +/- 0.39 mV to 22.51 +/- 0.34

136 sh liposomes ranged from 75.7 to 81.0 nm and zeta potential from -64.6 to -88.2mV.

137 solution ionic strength and characterized by zeta potential, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and thermal gra

138 of surface exposure of charged molecules vs zeta potential in otherwise physicochemically matched MS

139 e, Ru(bpy)3Cl2, that changes the sign of the zeta potential in part of the channel from negative to p

140 es to DNP hydrodynamic diameter and apparent zeta-potential in a concentration-dependent manner.

141 hat higher positive charges (measured trough zeta potential) in the gelatin solution tended to result

142 The study of particle charge properties (zeta-potential) in 1 mM KCl salt solution showed that ap

143 c acid) hydrogels with various magnitudes of zeta-potential, including that similar to hippocampal br

144 Zeta potential increase and formation of aggregates were

145 LS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrom

146 lly characterized in terms of their acidity, zeta potential, interfacial tension, microdispersion pro

147 While the zeta potential is a convenient and commonly used measure

148 The zeta potential is an electric potential in the Debye scr

149 Thus, characterizing the zeta potential is essential for many applications, but a

150 The results indicated that zeta potential is strongly influenced by pneumococcal ca

151 vis-a-vis the average surface charge (zeta (zeta) potential) is incompletely understood.

152 nes for the mixed hemi/ad-micelle formation, zeta-potential isotherms were investigated.

153 mpared for their size, polydispersity index, Zeta potential, loading rate, encapsulation efficiency a

154 t SEBS exhibits a stable and relatively high zeta potential magnitude compared to similar polymers.

155 xygen plasma treatment greatly increases the zeta potential magnitude immediately following treatment

156 small size, these nanoparticles have neutral zeta-potentials, making the presented polymer architectu

157 es, and exosome quantity, size-distribution, zeta-potential, marker-expression and RNA/protein qualit

158 Adjusting size and zeta potential may allow investigators to further fine-t

159 ntly nanoparticles of 8 nm diameter and with zeta potential mean value of -33 mV.

160 For the calculations, zeta-potentials measured in a microchannel with a half-d

161 Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area and zeta potential measurement.

162 Zeta potential measurements and X-ray photoelectron spec

163 semblies, while dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements are employed for macroscopic

164 oncentration and size determinations of EVs, zeta potential measurements for surface charge analysis,

165 otential of particles in suspension, whereas zeta potential measurements of a solid wall in solution

166 Zeta potential measurements showed QS imparted higher dr

167 n of SDS molecules on the surface of MIONPs, zeta potential measurements were performed in different

168 addition, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements were used to study the effec

169 oflavin T and Congo Red fluorescence assays, zeta potential measurements) and quantitative assays on

170 tatic force microscopy (EFM) image analysis, zeta potential measurements, and charged nanoparticle bi

171 urement, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential measurements, and Fourier-transform infra

172 ion of pH using batch adsorption experiment, zeta potential measurements, in situ P K-edge X-ray abso

173 Zeta potential measurements, sedimentation experiments,

174 attern analysis with adsorption isotherm and zeta potential measurements, we show that the suppressio

175 e lowest negative charge as confirmed by the zeta potential measurements.

176 e charge of copper species, as determined by zeta potential measurements.

177 imised by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements.

178 fter reducing the GSSG disulfide bond and by zeta potential measurements.

179 atively charged POPS lipids as determined by Zeta potential measurements.

180 , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and zeta potential measurements.

181 tools such as FESEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, DLS and zeta potential measurements.

182 (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, contact angle and zeta potential measurements.

183 in the outer leaflet only was quantified by zeta-potential measurements for octaethylene glycol dode

184 Turbidity and zeta-potential measurements indicated that pH 5 was the

185 e mixed hemi/ad-micelles of CTAB at Mag-NPs, zeta-potential measurements were performed.

186 ment of hair surface charge mainly relies on zeta-potential measurements which lack spatial resolutio

187 anionic and cationic nature was confirmed by zeta-potential measurements.

188 titration calorimetry (ITC), turbidity, and zeta-potential measurements.

189 persity index (PDI), conductivity and higher zeta potential, mobility, cellular uptake, colour intens

190 ns still further, however, does not make the zeta potential more negative.

191 haracterized for size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, loading rate (LR) and photo-

192 Then zeta-potential (mV), turbidity and coacervate yield (%)

193 entration, synthesis method, surface charge (zeta-potential), nor nominal size had any influence in t

194 ed an average particle size of 76.6nm with a zeta potential of +16.5mV.

195 exhibited a mean particle diameter of 73 nm, zeta potential of +3.5mV, anti-miR encapsulation efficie

196 E) values of 67.4 and 63.1%, 26.6 and 22.7%, zeta potential of - 18.0 and - 18.6 mv, respectively.

197 l shape, an average size of 205+/-4.24nm and zeta potential of -11.58+/-1.87mV.

198 was 47.5+/-7.3% and the nanoliposomes had a zeta potential of -16.2+/-5.5mV.

199 75%, a hydrodynamic diameter of 292nm, and a zeta potential of -17.37mV.

200 ncy of 59.09, 48.30, and 55.00% and negative zeta potential of -18.05, -21.5 and -18.05 mv, respectiv

201 y modified HA, have a mean size of 130 nm, a zeta potential of -20 mV, and exhibit high docetaxel enc

202 ge, and EDTA-loading efficiency (150-200 nm, zeta potential of -22.89--31.72 mV, loading efficiency f

203 eedle-shaped particle ultrastructure, with a zeta potential of -35.5mV determined by electrophoretic

204 ize of Ch-R5H5/DNA complexes was 180 nm with zeta potential of 23 mV, achieved at the N/P ratio of 30

205 Furthermore, the zeta potential of all the glasses were determined to est

206 eal that Ca(2+) as well as Mg(2+) reduce the zeta potential of liposomes to nearly background levels

207 The low sedimentation values, and the high zeta potential of mashua and melloco starches in cold di

208 NaOH affected the zeta potential of membranes with a greater concentration

209 After PEI coating, zeta potential of MNPs shifted from -7.9 +/- 2.0 to +39.

210 Existing methodologies for measuring zeta potential of nanoparticles using resistive pulse se

211 robust method to simultaneously measure the zeta potential of particles in suspension and solid wall

212 scattering is typically used to measure the zeta potential of particles in suspension, whereas zeta

213 The zeta potential of SEBS is stable when stored in air over

214 a after AgNP synthesis mainly depends on the zeta potential of the cell wall.

215 n experimentally validated by modulating the zeta potential of the detection probe by conjugating neg

216 aried from 5 to 30 nucleotides, altering the zeta potential of the detection probe from -9.3 +/- 0.8

217 ted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the zeta potential of the food-grade TiO2 suspension in deio

218 No significant change in the PV and zeta potential of the liposome formulations with alpha-t

219 hrough pnc-Si membranes by alteration of the zeta potential of the material.

220 Additionally, lipolysis, particle size, and zeta potential of the micellar fractions were investigat

221 ia coli in a manner similar to NETs when the zeta potential of the microwebs is positive.

222 The zeta potential of the nanoliposomes was decreased during

223 espectively, which are both sensitive to the zeta potential of the particle and the wall.

224 The vesicle size and zeta potential of the phosphatiosomes were 154 nm and -3

225 HA increases the zeta potential of these nanosystems, but does not disrup

226 confocal microscopy and measurements of the zeta potentials of lipoplexes suggested that these large

227 able sizes (170-350 nm), good stability with zeta-potential of -25 mV, and high vitamin encapsulation

228 a polydispersity index of 0.26+/-0.01, and a zeta-potential of -31.72+/-0.74mV.

229 opene NPs had a diameter of 152+/-32nm and a zeta-potential of 58.3+/-4.2mv as characterized with tra

230 As the zeta-potential of DDSNs increases with the doping level

231 e, robust, and precise method to measure the zeta-potential of different nano-objects using nanopores

232 Here, we quantify the dependence of zeta-potential of intrinsic Pu(IV) colloids on pH and th

233 ns gave a significant change in the size and zeta-potential of MFGs.

234 ion and density of HC together with size and zeta-potential of NP-HC complexes were tracked at each s

235 The zeta-potential of particles was opposite to the substrat

236 perties influenced the mean droplet size and zeta-potential of the fresh emulsions.

237 ming potential measurements confirm that the zeta-potential of the membrane surface is converted from

238 The zeta-potential of the nanoparticles produced from ultras

239 Therefore, the effect of the zeta-potential of the porous medium on ejections is exam

240 Of course, the zeta-potential of the tissue is defined by immobilized c

241 The zeta-potentials of these types of particles are not very

242 Here, we measured the surface charge (zeta potential) of laboratory-constructed strains that s

243 Tyrosinase did not have effect on zeta-potential or colloidal stability of either protein,

244 Zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index

245 roperties such as morphology, particle size, zeta potential, pGFP encapsulation efficiency and biolog

246 The zeta-potential/pH dependence of the Pu(IV) colloids is s

247 gravitational separation due to the negative zeta-potential preventing agglomeration.

248 The CCCs were correlated with material zeta-potentials (R(2) = 0.94-0.99), which were observed

249 ticles with sizes between 162 and 243 nm and zeta potentials ranging from -10 to -20 mV.

250 decreased after heat treatment, whereas the zeta-potential remained unchanged.

251 py (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, respectively.

252 blished by atomic force microscopy and zeta (zeta) potential, respectively.

253 ormation were investigated by state diagram, zeta-potential, rheological, and phase composition analy

254 Particle size, zeta potential, span value, and pH of CSO-NP and oxidati

255 Zeta potential studies provided information regarding th

256 on using rheology, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, surface tension, and FTIR spectroscopic

257 hemical and functional properties, including zeta-potential, surface morphology, emulsifying activity

258 l of particles was opposite to the substrate zeta-potential that promoted their irreversible adsorpti

259 The protein zeta potential, the emulsifying capacity, the emulsion a

260 AE binding affects the polyplex diameter and zeta potential, the transfection efficacy, and its assoc

261 spensions, linking electrophoretic mobility (zeta-potential) to column settling behavior.

262 We show zeta potential trends for varying pH and counterion conc

263 mic diameter by dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential under conditions where n-PCM is "invisibl

264 The conjugate was characterized by zeta potential UV-vis spectroscopy and field emission sc

265 on transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), zeta potential, UV-visible absorption, and photoluminesc

266 ulations with minimum particle size and high zeta potential value were PW and BW+glycerol behenate sa

267 Neutralization had a relatively similar zeta-potential value as alkalized sample.

268 ive (16 kDa) formed stable polyplexes with a zeta-potential value of +34 mV and polyplex size of 61 n

269 equent enzymatic cross-linking increased the zeta-potential value.

270 -shift (by 10nm), in parallel with increased zeta potential values (by -10 mV), particle sizes (by 50

271 The zeta potential values of the CCNs and TNVs were 21.6+/-1

272 The zeta (zeta) potential values of all emulsions increased when r

273 Transglutaminase increased the absolute zeta-potential values and reduced the particle size of o

274 le size range of 200-300 nm and the absolute zeta potential varied between 8.4 and 10.6 mV.

275 composition, ranging from 100 to 200nm, and zeta potentials varied from 10 to 30mV.

276 had similar surface properties, as shown by zeta-potential versus pH profiles and isoelectric point

277 of nanoliposomes was found to be 150 nm and zeta potential was -34 mV.

278 tive with particle size of was 263 +/- 3 nm, zeta potential was 0.1 +/- 0.02 and entrapment efficienc

279 In addition, a more negative zeta potential was associated with higher carriage preva

280 ein nanoparticles were coated with CMCS, the zeta potential was decreased from around -10 to -20 mV,

281 However, zeta potential was higher in mayonnaises with DEs contai

282 The liposomes entrapment efficiency and zeta potential were 74.6+/-0.9% and -40.8+/-0.67mV, resp

283 Absorbance at 600 nm, particle size, and zeta potential were analyzed at pH 4.0.

284 rimary particle size, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential were characterized using transmission ele

285 ectronegativity lower than 1.55 and positive zeta-potential were more likely to cause lysosomal damag

286 tions differing in an average flake size and zeta-potential were prepared using centrifugation and co

287 Cell surface properties (e.g., zeta potential) were determined and the extended Derjagu

288 yl-3-trimethylammonium-propane, +25 to +44mV zeta potential) were studied.

289 conjugated particle size and a less negative zeta potential, which can be correlated to the E2 concen

290 allows measurement of both particle and wall zeta potentials, which suggests a cost-effective tool fo

291 ng Characterization (MBC) (TGA, ATR-FTIR and zeta Potential), while at the "macroscopic" scale, micro

292 cterized in terms of particle size and zeta (zeta) potential with average values of 148nm+/-39nm and

293 ace, as reflected in the decrease of surface zeta-potential with increasing pH.

294 horetic mobility (mu(EP)((1))), the particle zeta potential (zeta(P)), the E(EEC), and the electropho

295 M added with ZnSO(4,) compared with ZnCl(2.) Zeta potential (zeta) analysis suggested that the surfac

296 des clays, and SRHA, both caused the oocysts zeta potential (zeta) to become more negative, but cause

297 The significant increase in zeta potential (zeta) value of -57mV for the synthesized

298 Physicochemical (zeta potential (zeta), conductivity, surface hydrophobic

299 nd total fractions of PG were determined via zeta-potential (zeta) measurements after lipid exchange

300 ter (Z-ave), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP).