ライフサイエンスコーパス: zoonotic

1 ransmitted by ticks wherever Lyme disease is zoonotic.

2 animal prion which has been recognized as a zoonotic agent so far.

3 Macacine herpesvirus or B Virus (BV) is a zoonotic agent that leads to high mortality rates in hum

4 al pathogen of swine and is also an emerging zoonotic agent that may be harmful to human health.

5 Furthermore, it is a zoonotic agent, and contact with horses is a known risk

6 to Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), zoonotic agents of fatal human disease.

7 Hantaviruses are zoonotic agents transmitted from small mammals, mainly r

8 Nature Medicine), the sequencing of proximal zoonotic ancestors to SARS-CoV-2 has aided in the identi

9 for investigation and aid in the control of zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases.

10 es the movement, spillover, and emergence of zoonotic and epizootic pathogens around the world.

11 kettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis are zoonotic and have been cited as the most common TBDs.

12 l variants may pose the greatest threats for zoonotic and pandemic emergence.IMPORTANCE Avian influen

13 of cases and contacts suggested both primary zoonotic and secondary human-to-human transmission.

14 ns and host preferences (that is, generalist zoonotic and specialist anthroponotic subtypes).

15 Zoonotic and vector-borne parasites are important preven

16 ent reservoirs for emerging IAV strains with zoonotic and, possibly, pre-pandemic potential.

17 Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, zoonotic, arboviral hemorrhagic fever threatening livest

18 pigs and supporting further investigation of zoonotic Ascaris transmission in the United States.

19 IAV pathogenesis and tropism.IMPORTANCE Many zoonotic avian influenza A viruses have successfully cro

20 ris should be added to the list of potential zoonotic bacteria following interactions with seals, as

21 -borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a neglected zoonotic bacterial disease known to occur on 5 continent

22 Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterial obligate intracellular parasite and t

23 eptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial pathogens of pigs, causing significan

24 emergence of host generalist lineages of the zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter.

25 from diphtheria, is caused by C. ulcerans, a zoonotic bacterium that can also produce diphtheria toxi

26 ns of primate and native host infection with zoonotic Brucella species.

27 ruses, including several isolated from human zoonotic cases, showing a preference for human-like rece

28 Zoonotic coronavirus (CoV) infections, such as those res

29 vel means to recover previously uncultivable zoonotic coronavirus strains and argue that other tissue

30 The 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is caused by a zoonotic coronavirus transmitted to humans, similar to e

31 spite these similarities, COVID-19 and other zoonotic coronavirus-mediated diseases do not induce cli

32 Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are substantial threats to

33 Zoonotic coronaviruses represent an ongoing threat, yet

34 ng the emergence potential and risk posed by zoonotic coronaviruses.

35 iloviruses, henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, and zoonotic coronaviruses.

36 primary barrier to infection for a subset of zoonotic coronaviruses.

37 a means to recover previously unrecoverable zoonotic CoV strains.IMPORTANCE Overall, our studies dem

38 t additional barriers limit the emergence of zoonotic CoV.

39 respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV are epidemic zoonotic CoVs that emerged at the beginning of the 21st

40 A One Health approach to tackle zoonotic cryptosporidiosis looking at new advances in ve

41 y of ZIKV spillback from an urban cycle to a zoonotic cycle outside Africa, and we review hypotheses

42 ely contributes to the paucity of detectable zoonotic cynomolgi malaria.

43 llular Gram-negative bacteria that cause the zoonotic disease brucellosis, one of the most common glo

44 datid disease (CHD) is a worldwide neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus.

45 Background Babesiosis, a tickborne zoonotic disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of

46 Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis.

47 Human toxocariasis (HT) is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease caused by the migration of the larval s

48 se change is predicted to act as a driver of zoonotic disease emergence through human exposure to nov

49 ars, the accelerating tempo of epizootic and zoonotic disease events has made it seem as if disease i

50 erium and tier 1 biothreat, causes the fatal zoonotic disease glanders.

51 nized to influence the risk and emergence of zoonotic disease in humans(1,2).

52 r and wildlife reservoir habitats determines zoonotic disease risks; however, few data are available

53 ral areas from human incursion should reduce zoonotic disease spillover.

54 help target bat-CoV discovery for proactive zoonotic disease surveillance.

55 Fascioliasis is a neglected zoonotic disease that infects humans and ruminant specie

56 Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic disease that is deadly if left untreated.

57 urnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease that threatens both human and animal he

58 s through axons.IMPORTANCE Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease with a nearly 100% case fatality rate.

59 SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic disease, but little is known about variations i

60 spite being one of the most important global zoonotic disease, data related to the ecology and pathog

61 people, livestock and wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic disease.

62 Zoonotic diseases are a major cause of morbidity, and pr

63 inococcosis are among the priority neglected zoonotic diseases for which WHO advocates control.

64 ppropriate scales might prevent wildlife and zoonotic diseases from increasing in prevalence or becom

65 . are etiological agents of life-threatening zoonotic diseases in dogs worldwide.

66 . maniculatus are key reservoirs for several zoonotic diseases in North America.

67 For many zoonotic diseases it is difficult to attribute human cas

68 to a high risk of transmission of infectious zoonotic diseases.

69 t they are a significant driver in spreading zoonotic diseases.

70 g of factors influencing the transmission of zoonotic diseases.

71 ns designed to reduce epidemic risk for many zoonotic diseases.

72 dlife conflict, and their role as vectors of zoonotic diseases; and two species, the grey-headed flyi

73 ccounting for reporting effort, we show that zoonotic EID risk is elevated in forested tropical regio

74 -scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence.

75 These zoonotic events are enabled by the specific interaction

76 encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus that causes encephalitis and reprodu

77 ST283 is a zoonotic GBS clone associated with farmed freshwater fis

78 th significance of genotype groups and major zoonotic genotypes, with the goal of improving our under

79 This study investigated the N9 NA from a zoonotic H7N9 virus strain in order to determine its pos

80 Zoonotic helminth exposure in Norway was less frequent i

81 The zoonotic Hendra virus (HeV), a member of the family Para

82 gion homologous to the fusion protein of the zoonotic Hendra virus reduced protein expression and fus

83 Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are zoonotic henipaviruses (HNVs) responsible for outbreaks

84 Zoonotic HEV cases have been increasingly described in E

85 e has global and systematic effects on local zoonotic host communities.

86 strongest for rodent, bat and passerine bird zoonotic host species, which may be one factor that unde

87 s at risk of infection due to spillover from zoonotic hosts or vectors, identifying where index cases

88 h mitigation strategies to ultimately reduce zoonotic IAV transmission and risk of pandemic IAV emerg

89 ved understanding of evolutionary origins of zoonotic IAV, we can inform public health mitigation str

90 ted internal gene segments to other emerging zoonotic IAVs.

91 Plague is a rare and severe zoonotic illness with limited empiric evidence to suppor

92 e test our "drifted" viruses to assess their zoonotic infection characteristics and transmissibility

93 ronic systemic infection in farm animals and zoonotic infection in humans.

94 ding monkeypox virus and cowpox virus, cause zoonotic infection in humans.

95 Lyme disease is the most common reportable zoonotic infection in the United States.

96 aremia caused by Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic infection of the Northern Hemisphere that mainl

97 bles straightforward attribution of cases of zoonotic infection to putative sources of infection.

98 likely to be important in protection against zoonotic infection with FeLV.IMPORTANCE Domestic exposur

99 human-swine interfaces to reduce the risk of zoonotic infections and to inform pandemic planning.IMPO

100 deforestation may be particularly exposed to zoonotic infections because of the higher likelihood for

101 tions, the ability of these viruses to cause zoonotic infections further increases the public health

102 swine and is associated with the majority of zoonotic infections in 2018.

103 of viruses that have the potential to cause zoonotic infections in humans.

104 Coronaviruses have caused several zoonotic infections in the past two decades, leading to

105 Zoonotic infections should be considered in periprosthet

106 n swine, resulting in over 450 lab-confirmed zoonotic infections since 2010.

107 ologically appropriate serological tests for zoonotic infections, including that for F. tularensis.

108 Asia is as a principal hotspot for emerging zoonotic infections.

109 on.IMPORTANCE Human monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic infectious disease caused by Monkeypox virus (M

110 ration that our current approach to emerging zoonotic infectious disease is ineffective.

111 tive approach to surveillance and control of zoonotic infectious diseases.

112 ection in domesticated livestock and poses a zoonotic infectious risk to humans.

113 nfluenza virus, in 1958, 16 different novel, zoonotic influenza A virus subtype groups in 29 countrie

114 Zoonotic influenza A viruses of avian origin can cause s

115 ics can arise from the transmission of novel zoonotic influenza A viruses to humans(1,2).

116 need for continuous surveillance of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses inclusive of mammalian specie

117 Babesia microti, a zoonotic intraerythrocytic parasite, is the primary etio

118 Zoonotic introduction of novel coronaviruses may encount

119 , while related, originated from independent zoonotic introductions.

120 In Malaysia, where both species are common, zoonotic knowlesi malaria has recently become dominant,

121 an and environmental factors associated with zoonotic knowlesi malaria risk.

122 been associated with increasing incidence of zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi; however,

123 ve decreased substantially, the incidence of zoonotic malaria from Plasmodium knowlesi continues to i

124 ionally identified 2 monoinfections with the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium cynomolgi, both in individua

125 tive to land cover to assess exposure to the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo

126 pneumonia and meningitis in pigs as well as zoonotic meningitis.

127 The transmission routes and risk factors for zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (M

128 Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne flavivirus, distributed across

129 SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic origin and was transmitted to humans via an und

130 s OC43 and HKU1 are respiratory pathogens of zoonotic origin that have gained worldwide distribution.

131 merging infectious diseases in humans are of zoonotic origin.

132 pecies and that rubella virus probably has a zoonotic origin.

133 While some reverse zoonotic-origin viruses adapt and become enzootic in swi

134 ceptible to infections by smallpox and other zoonotic Orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox.

135 ses are rodent-borne viruses causing serious zoonotic outbreaks worldwide for which no treatment is a

136 t traits that determine the risk of sourcing zoonotic outbreaks.

137 easonal epidemics, infrequent pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks.

138 us, SARS-CoV-1 or MERS-CoV, despite previous zoonotic outbreaks.

139 f all Plasmodium species in Sabah, including zoonotic P. knowlesi, during 2015-2017.

140 us (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late

141 Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes deadly illness in hor

142 Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis an

143 Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that utilizes a trimeric fusion (

144 .IMPORTANCE Hendra virus and Nipah virus are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that cause lethal infections in

145 Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease in bo

146 inue to represent an important reservoir for zoonotic parasites.

147 Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen and is one of the leading causes of hu

148 liver or brain, of animals infected with the zoonotic pathogen Borrelia hermsii.

149 the presence of noncoding RNAs in the major zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni; however, few hav

150 syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen endemic to the Arabian Peninsula.

151 The highly infectious and zoonotic pathogen Francisella tularensis is the etiologi

152 iological agent of COVID-19, is considered a zoonotic pathogen mainly transmitted human to human.

153 r results supported the possibility that the zoonotic pathogen MERS-CoV, which also cocirculates in t

154 body termed mAb P-4G2, which neutralizes the zoonotic pathogen Puumala virus (PUUV), we provide a mol

155 disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel zoonotic pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coro

156 UK Equine Hospital, identifying an emerging zoonotic pathogen so far only sporadically recorded in t

157 mnant regulator of NAD(+) homeostasis in the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis.

158 Nipah virus is a highly virulent zoonotic pathogen that can be transmitted between humans

159 Nipah virus (NiV) is a bat-borne zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe respiratory dist

160 roducing Escherchia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes numerous food and waterbor

161 syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in

162 Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen, and a hypervirulent clone, named clon

163 covery of antiviral drugs for this important zoonotic pathogen.

164 Rabies virus is an important zoonotic pathogen.

165 ions and experimental data, now considered a zoonotic pathogen.

166 oan parasite that causes Chagas disease as a zoonotic pathogen.

167 , and chicken colonization in this important zoonotic pathogen.

168 Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp.; a zoonotic pathogen: Campylobacter jejuni) and antimicrobi

169 t that vector-borne, generalist wildlife and zoonotic pathogens are the types of parasites most likel

170 crobiota, potentially increasing the risk of zoonotic pathogens being transmitted to humans, but the

171 Bat-borne zoonotic pathogens belonging to the family Paramxyovirid

172 the family Arenaviridae includes a number of zoonotic pathogens capable of causing fatal hemorrhagic

173 a (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) viruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Henipavirus genus causing outb

174 ia spp. are increasingly being recognized as zoonotic pathogens of humans.

175 uses (CoVs), several of which are related to zoonotic pathogens that cause severe disease in humans.

176 s genus, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens that cause yearly outbreaks.

177 e capability to effectively monitor emerging zoonotic pathogens that constitute a major and evolving

178 However, microbial strain typing allows zoonotic pathogens to be categorised, and the relative f

179 s how genomic plasticity can allow important zoonotic pathogens to exploit altered niches in the face

180 Most efforts to predict novel reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens use information about host exposure a

181 Zoonotic pathogens were more climate sensitive than huma

182 ory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoVs) are zoonotic pathogens with high fatality rates and pandemic

183 virus encompass 2 highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic pathogens, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (

184 e of DNA signatures of potentially dangerous zoonotic pathogens, including those from the genus Bacil

185 omma anatolicum, which is a known vector for zoonotic pathogens, such as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fe

186 TANCE Bats are reservoirs for several severe zoonotic pathogens.

187 but can have secondary effects on important zoonotic pathogens.

188 ern that simarteriviruses may be preemergent zoonotic pathogens.

189 quencing of animal strains in the studies of zoonotic pathogens.

190 fluenza virus (SwIV) is one of the important zoonotic pathogens.

191 could be used as an early detection tool of zoonotic pathogens.

192 munoadhesins and can be used to combat other zoonotic pathogens.

193 family, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens.

194 Tackling relapsing Plasmodium vivax and zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi infections is critical to r

195 The zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi parasite is the most common

196 is a major emerging infectious disease with zoonotic potential and has reservoirs in dromedary camel

197 form of prion disease, and, importantly, the zoonotic potential and the risk that AS might represent

198 nd sialic acid is needed to anticipate their zoonotic potential and to generate effective vaccines an

199 gnify the emergence of viruses with enhanced zoonotic potential as well as improving understanding of

200 The zoonotic potential of CWD is unknown, as well as the mec

201 Europe, and highlight the need to assess the zoonotic potential of the new CWD strains detected in Eu

202 ce, and the diversity, host specificity, and zoonotic potential of their ape counterparts.

203 A virus haemagglutinin means the tropism and zoonotic potential of these viruses has not been fully d

204 its pathogenesis, epidemiology and possible zoonotic potential of this emerging virus.

205 in humans have raised concerns regarding the zoonotic potential of this virus.

206 investigated the working hypothesis that the zoonotic potential varies among S. equi subsp. zooepidem

207 s in mammals (including ~10,000 viruses with zoonotic potential), a reduction of two orders of magnit

208 ds are the natural reservoir of viruses with zoonotic potential, as well as contributing to the evolu

209 r viral traits are significant predictors of zoonotic potential, providing a novel framework to asses

210 ncerns about food safety, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential, questions that are still unanswered.

211 cross the host species barrier and present a zoonotic potential, whereas other strains exhibit host s

212 ould be considered a livestock pathogen with zoonotic potential.

213 seudotypes, suggesting that H17N10 possesses zoonotic potential.

214 ll that determine pH stability may influence zoonotic potential.

215 e important human pathogens with significant zoonotic potential.

216 olution and the emergence of novel CoVs with zoonotic potential.

217 nal emergence of novel strains with enhanced zoonotic potential.

218 ad host range including wild ruminants and a zoonotic potential.

219 ns and are therefore considered viruses with zoonotic potential.

220 mergence of influenza viruses with increased zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCE As of 2020, over 60 infect

221 ndance of two parasitic nematode genera with zoonotic potential: Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova sp

222 mal-adapting mutations that may increase its zoonotic potential; however, the wild-type and mutant vi

223 usceptible to poxvirus infections, including zoonotic poxvirus transmission.

224 differences in the life history features of zoonotic reservoir hosts into pathogen transmission mode

225 rks to address this gap and to better inform zoonotic reservoir prediction.

226 ult of its highly pathogenic variants, large zoonotic reservoir, and pandemic potential.

227 virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged, likely from a zoonotic reservoir.

228 Animal orders of established importance as zoonotic reservoirs including bats and rodents were unex

229 The newly reassorted IAV subtypes from zoonotic reservoirs respond poorly to current vaccines a

230 rpins the global importance of these taxa as zoonotic reservoirs.

231 ized the genomics of vaccine-preventable and zoonotic respiratory viruses associated with clusters of

232 sly uninhabited areas, the likelihood of new zoonotic retroviral exposures increases.

233 The method was validated using the zoonotic Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Schmallenber

234 y, pathogen diversity, transmissibility, and zoonotic risk, and critical data gaps currently limit ou

235 oirs is of primary importance to control the zoonotic risk.

236 property considered consistent with a higher zoonotic risk.

237 forts to minimize conflict-related costs and zoonotic-risk.

238 nogen is an important virulence mechanism of zoonotic S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates.

239 the specter of potential future outbreaks of zoonotic SARS-CoV-like disease in humans, which largely

240 Zoonotic simian foamy viruses (SFVs) establish persisten

241 thogenic respiratory virus that emerged from zoonotic sources in 2012.

242 ic threats are caused by viruses from either zoonotic sources or vector-borne sources.

243 t groups, one overlapping with the classical zoonotic species of domestic livestock that exclusively

244 EDP-inactivating mutations in all classical zoonotic species.

245 est to reduce disease-induced extinction and zoonotic spillover events.

246 ran Africa and is frequently associated with zoonotic spillover of dangerous pathogens.

247 structure differs markedly between the main zoonotic subtype (isolation-by-distance) and the anthrop

248 may help to prevent the spread of bovine and zoonotic TB.

249 age to poultry production systems and pose a zoonotic threat both in their own right and in the gener

250 at permit or prevent a virus from becoming a zoonotic threat is an ongoing area of investigation.

251 of severe human malaria, evolved following a zoonotic transfer of parasites from gorillas.

252 ct to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic transmission and pandemics.

253 an antiviral MxA protein, a prerequisite for zoonotic transmission and stable introduction into human

254 a model for characterizing the potential for zoonotic transmission associated with swine IAV, we perf

255 from previous years, suggesting independent zoonotic transmission events and thus allaying concerns

256 S-CoV-2 receptor usage likely shifted during zoonotic transmission from bats into people, possibly in

257 The risk of zoonotic transmission of CWD is as yet unclear but a hig

258 h swine, they provide a unique interface for zoonotic transmission of IAV.

259 during virus infection.IMPORTANCE Successful zoonotic transmission of influenza A virus into humans c

260 Zoonotic transmission of influenza A viruses can give ri

261 Our findings raise concerns about future zoonotic transmission of rubella-like viruses, but will

262 Rapid change and zoonotic transmission to humans have enhanced the virule

263 shedding in cattle after challenge and limit zoonotic transmission to humans, although the impact of

264 ribotype 078 raises questions about possible zoonotic transmission, and also the diversity of reservo

265 pically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by human-to-human transm

266 understanding potential natural reservoirs, zoonotic transmission, human-to-animal transmission, and

267 tes additional ephrin receptors in potential zoonotic transmission.

268 si and its implications for interspecies and zoonotic transmission.

269 ely few data are available for evaluation of zoonotic transmission.

270 mportant implications for downstream IAV and zoonotic transmission.

271 is particularly beneficial in the context of zoonotic transmissions, where pathogens must undergo ada

272 The burden of zoonotic tuberculosis in people needs important reassess

273 ystematic review and meta-analysis of global zoonotic tuberculosis showed that the same challenges an

274 cterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine/zoonotic tuberculosis, bTB) infection.

275 human cell lines to FeLV-B, the most likely zoonotic variant.

276 Lassa fever (LF) is a zoonotic viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus (

277 therapeutic or FDA approved vaccine for this zoonotic viral illness.

278 everely hampered efforts to predict the next zoonotic viral outbreak.

279 Nipah Virus (NiV) is a highly fatal emerging zoonotic virus and a potential threat to global health s

280 The drivers and patterns of zoonotic virus emergence in the human population are poo

281 many biological features with SARS-CoV, the zoonotic virus that caused the 2002 outbreak of severe a

282 Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fata

283 ty.IMPORTANCE MERS-CoV is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that is still circulating in the human po

284 esented an example of invasion dynamics of a zoonotic virus where stochastic fadeout have played a ma

285 A fatal zoonotic virus, European Bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2),

286 aramount to curb the pandemic spread of this zoonotic virus.

287 s required for the effective inactivation of zoonotic viruses belonging to the medically important fa

288 rol study for investigating the evolution of zoonotic viruses compared to single-host viruses, using

289 re presumed to host and transmit potentially zoonotic viruses globally.

290 ssion is limited, there is a risk that these zoonotic viruses may acquire adaptive mutations enabling

291 harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders.

292 he family Filoviridae, are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses that cause severe disease in humans.

293 Bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease.

294 eir own right and in the generation of novel zoonotic viruses, for example, H7N9.

295 Among mammals, bats are particularly rich in zoonotic viruses, including flaviviruses.

296 Bats host a large number of zoonotic viruses, including several viruses that are hig

297 Bats serve as a reservoir for various, often zoonotic viruses, including significant human pathogens

298 nized as natural reservoir hosts of emerging zoonotic viruses, little is known about how they control

299 ive species barrier that must be overcome by zoonotic viruses.

300 Bats are asymptomatic reservoirs for many zoonotic viruses.