ライフサイエンスコーパス: (are|were|) difficult to

1 well accepted, while more favorable triggers are difficult to abstract from electronic health record

2 However, many tissue types are difficult to access and are not collected in every G

3 ferentiated 1,2,3-trisubstituted arenes that are difficult to access by other catalytic routes.

4 d to estimate attributes of populations that are difficult to access using standard survey tools.

5 esent, processed data from these experiments are difficult to access without computational expertise.

6 cellular level or occur in occluded tissues are difficult to access, let alone image and analyze.

7 lass of C-3-functionalized quinolines, which are difficult to access.

8 d stereoselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations are difficult to achieve by classical chemical means, pa

9 sion of HNCs into novel heteromaterials that are difficult to achieve through conventional synthetic

10 ale societies for which reliable age records are difficult to acquire.

11 he equilibrium and nonequilibrium mechanisms are difficult to acquire.

12 Substrate classes that are difficult to activate with precious metal catalysts

13 neous liquid mercury or metallic electrodes, are difficult to adapt to the spatially heterogeneous na

14 as the neuronal mechanisms underlying them, are difficult to address in humans, animal models have b

15 affinity complexes with polysaccharides that are difficult to address with experimental techniques du

16 Current drugs for HAT are difficult to administer and have severe side effects

17 logies but the long and noisy reads from TGS are difficult to align using existing algorithms.

18 ve survey of a broad range of polar OAs that are difficult to analyze by chromatographic techniques.

19 rmation for biomolecules within samples that are difficult to analyze using conventional analytical t

20 l context, that is, asymmetric histone PTMs, are difficult to analyze.

21 films form winding pairs when they meet that are difficult to annihilate with field, confirming that

22 magnitude of future disturbance interactions are difficult to anticipate because underlying mechanism

23 Many computational experiments are difficult to apply exhaustively in network analysis

24 ich environmental controls on high Rs values are difficult to ascertain due to limited field data.

25 However, short reads are difficult to assemble and often lead to highly fragm

26 some critical clinical phenomena are subtle, difficult to assess, and experienced in widely varying

27 s the rate and drivers of population decline are difficult to assess accurately: species' surveys are

28 selection in promoting massive introgression are difficult to assess and an important matter of debat

29 However, effects of RBCs on thrombosis are difficult to assess because humans and mice with ele

30 Temporal changes are difficult to assess in Australia and South Korea due

31 ons and collective dynamics during transport are difficult to assess in vivo.

32 Suprahyoid neck lesions are difficult to assess only by means of clinical inspec

33 rable recurrence rates when melanoma margins are difficult to assess, and recurrence rates are high w

34 IBD and control groups were not as large and were difficult to assess because of large amounts of int

35 ates, yielding highly congested spectra that are difficult to assign.

36 metal complex ions such as [Cr(H2O)4Cl2](+), difficult to be observed by gas-phase spectroscopy, are

37 t features, the most discriminative features are difficult to be identified in a single step.

38 ation of large oligomeric side-products that are difficult to break down into the desired squares.

39 ational effort on chromosomal segments which are difficult to call, by dynamically and adaptively rec

40 The early stages of fibril formation are difficult to capture in solution.

41 he temporal dynamics that characterize sleep are difficult to capture outside the sleep laboratory.

42 Whereas efficient innate chain reactions are difficult to catalyze because individual steps are f

43 eaked whales are deep diving elusive animals, difficult to census with conventional visual surveys.

44 ies and speciation of the halamines in water are difficult to characterize experimentally.

45 s is that even weak nanoscale defects, which are difficult to characterize in generic microfluidic ex

46 definition transient species, and therefore are difficult to characterize using current experimental

47 elatively small volume in the subsurface and are difficult to collect within and near structures.

48 types are collected, and for phenotypes that are difficult to collect, the sample size might be insuf

49 brought challenges, as these large data sets are difficult to compare across species, limiting their

50 calculated from different perspectives, and are difficult to compare.

51 leading to the generation of datasets which are difficult to compare.

52 es in experimental measurement and treatment, difficult-to-compare mathematical models of underlying

53 group next to the protein-solvent interface are difficult to compensate by interactions with the pro

54 in clinical practice where complete datasets are difficult to compile with the continuous evolution o

55 y measured because the available instruments are difficult to complete in critically ill patients.

56 most existing methods is limited since they are difficult to compute and rely on a large number of h

57 atory drugs (NSAIDs) when used for arthritis are difficult to conduct and even more challenging to in

58 ransitions and implement quantum gates, they are difficult to confine spatially to the level of a sin

59 AVMs are difficult to control; they often re-expand after emb

60 Despite good adherence, difficult-to-control asthma showed little improvement i

61 Over time, difficult-to-control asthma was characterized by high e

62 ese neoplasms, large epidemiological studies are difficult to coordinate.

63 accessible resources, such as resources that are difficult to crush (e.g. hard-shelled organisms) and

64 ce for the study of membrane proteins, which are difficult to crystallise and largely ignored in stru

65 Naked RNAs are difficult to crystallize and NMR spectroscopy is gen

66 ave been challenging to develop, because ECs are difficult to culture and little is known about how t

67 d accurate diagnosis even for organisms that are difficult to culture by conventional methods.

68 although their functions in humoral immunity are difficult to decipher as a result of redundancy betw

69 by complex, multi-cellular interactions that are difficult to decouple.

70 s and their associated physiological changes are difficult to deduce from genome sequences or gene re

71 d species and subspecies of Artemisia, which are difficult to define using molecular markers or morph

72 chanisms of assembly and solution structures are difficult to define.

73 acromolecules, and even nanoparticles, which are difficult to deploy in harsh reservoir conditions an

74 rrent solutions are costly, not versatile or are difficult to deploy.

75 y of the properties of unstructured proteins are difficult to describe with the established concepts

76 distance-abundance relationships may be rare, difficult to detect, or are an oversimplification of th

77 diversion, and other exposures to blood and are difficult to detect and investigate.

78 Complex DNA sequences are difficult to detect and profile, but are important c

79 Infected cells are difficult to detect because they are scarce and foca

80 These chemicals are difficult to detect directly using chromatographic t

81 f multiple comparisons, wherein true signals are difficult to detect on the background of all associa

82 l/chemical properties; however, many of them are difficult to detect with high sensitivity.

83 These isolates are difficult to detect with standard ciprofloxacin disk

84 able if small tumors need to be removed that are difficult to detect with the naked eye.

85 localized ion suppression, steroid hormones are difficult to detect.

86 , because rare and highly threatened species are difficult to detect.

87 -based drugs; however, low-abundance species are difficult to detect.

88 t the complex details of their specificities are difficult to determine and describe.

89 useful in problem-solving complex cases that are difficult to determine based on conventional CT appe

90 se proteins' functions; but their structures are difficult to determine.

91 Live attenuated RSV strains in particular are difficult to develop due to their poor growth and ph

92 fficult to scale up; and assays for efficacy are difficult to develop.

93 molecule inhibitors of transcription factors are difficult to develop.

94 ic gain in suspected chronic infections that are difficult to diagnose by other imaging modalities.

95 Vestibular disorders are difficult to diagnose early due to the lack of a sys

96 omplications are potentially devastating and are difficult to diagnose early.

97 s are associated with rare infections, which are difficult to diagnosis with standard microbiological

98 es that can be isolated from bovine milk and are difficult to differentiate.

99 systems generating fictitious harmonics that are difficult to discern from pure nonlinear elastic eff

100 s which affect their biological function but are difficult to discern in bulk studies.

101 approach, and identified rare subtypes that are difficult to discern through clinical observations,

102 tative understanding of viral processes that are difficult to discern through strictly experimental a

103 patial features of population structure that are difficult to discern using existing methods for summ

104 tiple ecological and biological factors that are difficult to disentangle.

105 uction of more recalcitrant wastewaters that are difficult to dispose or recycle on-site.

106 Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and

107 related upper airway commensal bacteria that are difficult to distinguish phenotypically.

108 entiation, but the steps taken along the way are difficult to distinguish, limiting our understanding

109 istinct but share so many features that they are difficult to distinguish, particularly under conditi

110 relied on a variety of motional models that were difficult to distinguish and sometimes gave contrad

111 fects are not always very good, because they are difficult to effectively accumulate in tumor and ent

112 owever, mechanistic studies of these systems are difficult to elucidate by means of electrochemical m

113 ortant to RNA-protein interactions, but they are difficult to elucidate.

114 es, such as back-focal-plane interferometry, are difficult to employ in this geometry due to back-sca

115 low-mappability regions of the human genome are difficult to encode in variant call files and have b

116 tion of the entanglement of the quantum-bits are difficult to engineer.

117 and temporal linkages with mining activities are difficult to establish given restricted access to th

118 Novel therapies, which are frequently toxic, are difficult to establish in this patient population wh

119 DNA demethylation and transcriptional output are difficult to establish owing to challenges in distin

120 ause harm, their effects on individual women are difficult to estimate and vary widely.

121 changes within the neuromuscular system that are difficult to evaluate simultaneously in humans.

122 r, several observations in patients with HAE are difficult to explain from a pathogenic model claimin

123 These patterns of atypical development are difficult to explain with existing models that empha

124 These regions are difficult to explore experimentally as their spatial

125 vestigating ligand binding for proteins that are difficult to express heterologously.

126 TAS2Rs are difficult to express in heterologous systems, with m

127 n techniques commonly used to fabricate DQDs are difficult to extend to the atomic scale.

128 However, because cell wall proteins are difficult to extract and analyze, they are generally

129 It is, however, difficult to find substrate sequences that are truly se

130 It pinpoints cancer drivers that are difficult to find with other approaches, thus comple

131 o magnetize non-magnetic materials, but they are difficult to focus.

132 pit will form and what cargo it will contain are difficult to foresee.

133 nosides and d-1',2'-trans-furanosides, which are difficult to generate using the standard approach fo

134 O-substituted tertiary organolithium species are difficult to generate, and the alpha-S-substituted a

135 iously reported triboelectric fiber and yarn are difficult to have stretchable property.

136 h individual subdivisions of the hippocampus are difficult to homologize between these two patterns,

137 een challenging, as Ag-specific GC Tfh cells are difficult to identify by conventional intracellular

138 ic screening to discover cancer drivers that are difficult to identify by other approaches to cancer

139 , such as bound biexcitons, are possible but are difficult to identify unambiguously using linear opt

140 in repetitive regions of the genome and thus are difficult to identify with short reads.

141 However, because causal variants are difficult to identify, and cis-eQTLs occur frequentl

142 l long terminal repeat retrotransposons that are difficult to identify.

143 on and that global peptide-S/N relationships are difficult to identify.

144 However, current options are obtrusive, difficult to implement, and limited in their scope of u

145 However, they are difficult to implement.

146 lenging because transcription factors, which are difficult to inhibit, are often involved.

147 ant, and that once formed, these impressions are difficult to inhibit.

148 immunoinformatics tools, on the other hand, are difficult to integrate with other tools, which is ty

149 Western blots are also complex, difficult to interpret, and relatively expensive.

150 gnosis of ARSACS when SACS molecular results are difficult to interpret (ie, missense variants and he

151 However, these studies are difficult to interpret as they include migrants of v

152 high performance, their prediction decisions are difficult to interpret because of the large number o

153 uires choosing between in vivo models, which are difficult to interpret due in part to the hemodynami

154 Scores on performance assessments are difficult to interpret in the absence of established

155 icated to use and create visualizations that are difficult to interpret.

156 Deaths from anaphylaxis are difficult to investigate because of miscoding.

157 interactions and simulating the effects that are difficult to investigate experimentally.

158 the circumstances under which this may occur are difficult to investigate in a controlled manner in d

159 s as to the metabolic state of the cells but are difficult to investigate with conventional histologi

160 MENT Dendritic spines, small structures that are difficult to investigate, are important elements in

161 Many NP-attached ligands, however, are difficult to ionize by LDI, making it impossible to

162 of transiently occurring intermediates that are difficult to isolate and characterize.

163 s 'transcription factories.' These complexes are difficult to isolate because they are embedded in th

164 phenomenological properties of these states are difficult to isolate experimentally from other, more

165 ) have been linked to cancer progression but are difficult to isolate, as they are very rare and hete

166 t as involuntary fluctuations in our motions are difficult to keep under control.

167 eins are often essential for infectivity but are difficult to locate within the virion.

168 ring previous views that RNA editing systems are difficult to maintain in genomes with high mutation

169 rticular when links to physiological effects are difficult to make.

170 Chronic non-specific respiratory symptoms are difficult to manage.

171 However, these properties are difficult to measure and investigating their relatio

172 However, panicle phenotypes are difficult to measure and susceptible to confounding

173 y are poorly understood, partly because they are difficult to measure directly and model accurately.

174 l nature and rapid reactivity, these species are difficult to measure directly with high accuracy and

175 r large marine predators, as predation rates are difficult to measure directly.

176 proteins are expressed at low abundance and are difficult to measure in single cells.

177 Such structural changes are difficult to measure within the context of a native

178 n the gender earnings gap, but these factors are difficult to measure.

179 The pathways to poor adult oral health are difficult to model and describe, especially due to a

180 changes during the long growing season that are difficult to model.

181 d to elucidate the history of conflicts that are difficult to observe directly.

182 gma-alkane complexes, such transient species are difficult to observe due to their instability in sol

183 Complex social networks and behaviors are difficult to observe for free-living marine species,

184 rray of enantiomerically pure compounds that are difficult to obtain by other asymmetric procedures.

185 enzyme structure-function relationships that are difficult to obtain by other methods.

186 In this way, functional patterns that are difficult to obtain by other procedures (e.g., asymm

187 new avenues for determining structures that are difficult to obtain by traditional means.

188 l processes, particularly in cell types that are difficult to obtain from living donors.

189 thmogenic cardiomyopathy but cardiac samples are difficult to obtain from probands and especially fro

190 cribe morbidity and mortality from pertussis are difficult to obtain in any setting, as is the case i

191 le nitrogen-containing building blocks which are difficult to obtain with alternative methods.

192 , because pure and tightly sealed phagosomes are difficult to obtain, direct evidence for peptide tra

193 ation-based estimates of its global strength are difficult to obtain.

194 igh cost and the uninsured-and why solutions are difficult to obtain.

195 The heart's needs for energy are difficult to overestimate.

196 because experiments with regular-sized pigs are difficult to perform.

197 rowth factors, and niche organization, which are difficult to physiologically recapitulate in culture

198 iffusionless transitions, but these kinetics are difficult to predict and observe.

199 Postoperative readmissions are difficult to predict at the time of discharge, and o

200 The effects of climate change are difficult to predict for many marine species because

201 alone, indicating that temperature responses are difficult to predict from simply describing soil mic

202 Such critical transitions are difficult to predict, because the state of the syste

203 plant responses to elevated CO2 and warming are difficult to predict, however, because of the many m

204 the magnitude and direction of such changes are difficult to predict.

205 involve a complex interplay of forces which are difficult to predict.

206 Ls whose boundaries and precise gene content are difficult to predict.

207 causes, whereas younger patient readmissions were difficult to predict or prevent (AUC 0.65).

208 However, such states are difficult to prepare in an integrated photonic circu

209 igh regioselectivity (N vs F), many of which are difficult to prepare using known methods.

210 covery and stabilization of 2D nitrides that are difficult to prepare via traditional synthesis.

211 On the other hand, alpha-sulfinyl chlorides are difficult to prepare with high levels of enantiopuri

212 r, proceeds with low yields, and derivatives are difficult to prepare.

213 atients develop intestinal strictures, which are difficult to prevent and treat.

214 r, these enzymatic and heterogeneous systems are difficult to probe mechanistically.

215 curs in complex spatiotemporal patterns that are difficult to probe using standard pharmacological an

216 nanostructures of various compositions that are difficult to produce by conventional wet chemical or

217 inistration of Ag-specific Treg cells, which are difficult to produce in conditions that can be trans

218 of most available pharmaceuticals, but they are difficult to produce recombinantly, like many other

219 tory to structure determination because they are difficult to propagate in vitro.

220 gen receptor (ER) signaling, but the results are difficult to put into biological context because of

221 romolar to millimolar dissociation constants) difficult to quantify under biologically relevant condi

222 ly, but incidence rates in the United States are difficult to quantify because BCCs are not reportabl

223 Mantle carbon concentrations are difficult to quantify because most magmas are strong

224 e pathogenesis, but changes in Treg function are difficult to quantify because of the lack of Treg-ex

225 In addition, abundant analytes are difficult to quantify under catalytic conditions due

226 media are driven by complex processes which are difficult to quantify.

227 s with X-linked intellectual disability that are difficult to range as Lujan, Opitz-Kaveggia or Ohdo

228 e, cell and protein interaction studies, but are difficult to rapidly and accurately measure in most

229 It is, however, difficult to reach satisfactory sensitivity, specificit

230 uch molecules in minute quantities in unique, difficult-to-reach, and often fleeting environments, pe

231 eous assays of many non-glucose targets that are difficult to recognize by DNAzymes, aptamers, or ant

232 Hence, these findings are difficult to reconcile with many alternative hypothe

233 n models and genetic ancestral patterns that are difficult to reconcile with modern DNA alone.

234 ons based on homogeneous polarization models are difficult to reconcile with the expected strong tend

235 complex sequence of enzymatic reactions that are difficult to reconstitute in a minimal system.

236 particular, many crop species such as cotton are difficult to regenerate.

237 tical and evolutionary analysis results that are difficult to relate to one another.

238 Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are difficult to remove by conventional hemodialysis; a

239 lly obvious notions of strangling or pushing are difficult to render in mechanically precise terms.

240 The cleaved ends are difficult to repair in vivo, which may indicate thei

241 t that deal with DSBs in distinct sites that are difficult to repair, including other repeated sequen

242 These measurements are tedious to perform, difficult to replicate, and typically yield only a smal

243 cation forks stalled at genomic regions that are difficult to replicate or contain endogenous DNA les

244 drive long-term reshaping of cell phenotypes are difficult to resolve because of complex feedback net

245 Highly heterogeneous samples that are difficult to resolve chromatographically arise in ma

246 ontacts in these protein-ligand interactions are difficult to resolve.

247 ate signaling fluctuations, but these models are difficult to rigorously test.

248 re only applicable to certain substrates and are difficult to scale up and implement on curved surfac

249 cer cells; protocols used to isolate the EVs are difficult to scale up; and assays for efficacy are d

250 f anti-epileptic drugs on individual neurons are difficult to separate from their network-level actio

251 es in species with female heterogamety (ZW), are difficult to sequence and assemble.

252 This suggests that such GC-rich sequences are difficult to sequence and therefore substantial regi

253 anual curation and depend on approaches that are difficult to share between labs.

254 ere chosen as representative structures that are difficult to solve by conventional MS/MS approaches.

255 all size, heterogeneity and flexibility that are difficult to solve by the conventional defocus appro

256 on of macromolecular crystal structures that are difficult to solve using current synchrotron sources

257 erate within console terminals and therefore are difficult to streamline or integrate in scripts.

258 as well as liver-restricted disorders which are difficult to study by germline manipulation.

259 because environmental effects on development are difficult to study by laboratory approaches.

260 to other protein/small molecule systems that are difficult to study by traditional means.

261 major sink of many elements in the ocean but are difficult to study directly due to dilution by detri

262 lectronic structures of the metal ion, which are difficult to study due to spectroscopically active a

263 Such transient species are difficult to study experimentally, but it has proven

264 nolignol oxidation and lignin polymerization are difficult to study in intact trees.

265 duced liver injury (DILI) and liver diseases are difficult to study using current in vitro models suc

266 tional role of these intracellular hydrogels are difficult to study, primarily due to technical chall

267 As specific chloroplastic ROS signals are difficult to study, rapid systemic signaling experim

268 height-relevant tissues (e.g. growth plates) are difficult to study.

269 ause they reside in repeat-rich regions that are difficult to study.

270 charides and S-linked glycoconjugates, which are difficult to synthesize by classical methods.

271 lic esters are useful building blocks, which are difficult to synthesize in enantiopure form using ot

272 , as all other protein-protein interactions, are difficult to target by small molecules.

273 ose that can access regions of proteins that are difficult to target through binding affinity alone.

274 Such theories are difficult to test empirically because of the time re

275 cost of carbon (SCC) is either undocumented, difficult to trace, or based on a small number of dated

276 but their femtosecond excited-state dynamics are difficult to track.

277 ation of antibodies can occur in infants but are difficult to track.

278 wide range of plausible cellular states that are difficult to track.

279 ntaneous urticaria (CSU) can be debilitating, difficult to treat, and frustrating for patients and ph

280 makes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) difficult to treat, especially the squamous/epithelial-

281 orders associated with mitochondrial disease are difficult to treat and can lead to considerable disa

282 severe lung and bloodstream infections that are difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance.

283 the absence of obvious threatening cues and are difficult to treat owing to a lack of understanding

284 Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections are difficult to treat with antibiotic therapy in part b

285 he management of these common disorders that are difficult to treat with existing methods.

286 roendocrine (NE)/small-cell prostate cancers are difficult to treat, and account for up to 30% of pro

287 litis optica (NMO) attacks often are severe, are difficult to treat, and leave residual deficits.

288 Chronic viral infections are difficult to treat, and new approaches are needed, p

289 both mitral stenosis and regurgitation which are difficult to treat.

290 cteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are difficult to treat.

291 (ARB) are prone to systemic infections that are difficult to treat.

292 eases in LIC in this heavily iron-overloaded, difficult-to-treat population.

293 beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are difficult-to-treat pathogens likely to cause ventila

294 es can exhibit structure sensitivities which are difficult to uncover.

295 were perceived as challenging to communicate, difficult to understand, unrealistic in terms of timeli

296 unique functions of caspase-1 and caspase-11 are difficult to unravel without additional genetic tool

297 r supercapacitors are expensive to fabricate, difficult to upscale, or non-stretchable, which limits

298 While efficacious, they are difficult to use due to interpatient dose-response v

299 ed to automate a specific analysis, and thus are difficult to use for exploratory analyses requiring

300 ncertainty due to the use of parameters that are difficult to validate.