ライフサイエンスコーパス: -conducting

1 has been linked to mutations in the Ca(2)(+)-conducting TRP family member PKD2, the suppression of wh

2 cyclic GMP and a cyclic GMP-activated Ca(2+)-conducting channel in the Pep immune signaling pathway.

3 al cyclic GMP-activated cell membrane Ca(2+)-conducting channel.

4 s of physiology through its role as a Ca(2+)-conducting channel.

5 The Ca(2+)-conducting ion channel, CatSper, is expressed exclusivel

6 osterically triggers the opening of a Ca(2+)-conducting pore located ~100 angstrom away from the IP(3

7 iporter (MCU) is the pore-forming and Ca(2+)-conducting subunit of the uniporter holocomplex, but its

8 ta demonstrate that the NSP4 VPD is a Ca(2+)-conducting viroporin and establish the mechanism by whic

9 review recent studies on how the few Ca(2+)-conducting viroporins exploit host signaling pathways, i

10 Monocarboxylic acid-conducting AQPs thus employ a mechanism similar to the f

11 Mep2 mutants in residues lining the ammonia-conducting channel reveal separation of function alleles

12 romise as a new class of materials for anion-conducting applications.

13 est that TM6 is a key component of the anion-conducting pore, but previous cysteine-scanning studies

14 The anion-conducting transporter solute carrier family 26 member 9

15 6 causes opening of both the central calcium-conducting pore and the alternative cation permeation pa

16 A novel calcium-conducting channel called CALHM1 is genetically linked t

17 lular calcium concentration near the calcium-conducting pores of NMDAR and L-type Cav channels.

18 ing role of MICU1 and MICU2 with the calcium-conducting role of MCU.

19 for the architecture and action of the cargo-conducting part of the type-III secretion apparatus.

20 Here we describe a cation-conducting channelrhodopsin (VChR1) from Volvox carteri

21 e cation channels, these proteins are cation-conducting channelrhodopsins that carry out light-gated

22 The recently discovered cation-conducting channelrhodopsins in cryptophyte algae are fa

23 ily of ion channels and is a divalent cation-conducting ion channel fused with a functional kinase.

24 lass of channelrhodopsins (originally cation-conducting) converted into chloride-conducting anion cha

25 rritin fusion protein tethered to the cation-conducting transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRP

26 with this system that, in contrast to cation-conducting channelrhodopsins, opening of the channel occ

27 ase, demonstrates how BcsA forms a cellulose-conducting channel, and suggests a model for the couplin

28 y mutation of a gene that encodes a chloride-conducting transmembrane channel called the cystic fibro

29 l features of these next-generation chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins provide both chronic and ac

30 on; however, these first-generation chloride-conducting channels displayed small photocurrents and we

31 y cation-conducting) converted into chloride-conducting anion channels.

32 The structure-guided design of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins has illuminated mechanisms

33 The first generation of chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins, guided in part by developm

34 es the ion selectivity and produces chloride-conducting ChRs (ChloCs).

35 parison of natural ACRs and engineered Cl(-)-conducting mutants of cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs) sh

36 ding ClC-0, ClC-1 and ClC-2) function as Cl--conducting ion channels, whereas others act as Cl-/H+ant

37 , we evaluate how saturation of CR's current-conducting state influences the spatial resolution of fo

38 he energy of ligand binding leads to current-conducting receptors is poorly understood and may vary a

39 al oxides are no exception - protonic-defect-conducting oxides find use in solid oxide fuel cells (SO

40 Here we describe a class of electric-conducting polymers that conduct electrons via the side

41 s along the polymer backbone and 1D electron-conducting fullerene channels.

42 s a hybrid structure composed of an electron-conducting porous framework coated with redox-switchable

43 ectron conductivity without classic electron-conducting components.

44 ric properties of a highperformance electron-conducting polymer, (P(NDIOD-T2), extrinsically doped wi

45 pore size enables the inclusion of electron-conducting species such as [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid

46 ween the conductive polymer and the electron-conducting substrate (EC) has significant influence on t

47 ion-selective membranes (ISMs) with electron-conducting substrates to construct solid-contact ion-sel

48 l method for fabrication of enzyme entrapped-conducting polymer nanofibers that offer higher sensitiv

49 like other nociceptors, these HTMRs are fast-conducting Adelta-fibers with highly specialized circumf

50 fibers, while P2ry1 neurons are largely fast-conducting A fibers that contact pulmonary endocrine cel

51 ority of these as expressing markers of fast-conducting neurons, with about two-thirds containing noc

52 ble with monosynaptic transmission over fast-conducting pathways, was observed, as well as longer lat

53 nd in a much more concerted manner than fast-conducting ones.

54 otor movements to a greater degree than fast-conducting PTNs.

55 In contrast, the fast-conducting PTNs do not display such concerted changes to

56 We predict that patients with viable fast-conducting endocardial tissue or distal Purkinje network

57 at the receptive fields of neurons with fast-conducting axons contained an excitatory center and a su

58 al tract-projecting neurons (PTNs) with fast-conducting axons tended to fire at peak rates in the mid

59 ated frequency modulation compared with fast-conducting PTNs.

60 Magnocellular (M) cells (the faster-conducting and achromatic pathway) had after responses t

61 d for the channel to adopt an open, fluoride-conducting conformation.

62 three signature amino acids of the glycerol-conducting subfamily into the Escherichia coli water cha

63 h aquaporin-3 (AQP3), a plasma membrane H2O2-conducting channel.

64 C for 6 h with nitrogen, air or oil as heat-conducting media.

65 ar chains reduces the mean free path of heat-conducting phonons.

66 ls walls of wood treated with the other heat-conducting media.

67 light exposure, ChR2 transitions from a high-conducting open state (O1) to a low-conducting open stat

68 ed 1,2-disilaacenaphthenes readily form high-conducting junctions in which the two sulfide anchors bi

69 rtion of GluA2 is coupled to removal of high-conducting Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors from synapses

70 We propose that the higher-conducting states arise from in situ electrochemical con

71 these polymers as light-harvesting and hole-conducting materials are investigated in conjunction wit

72 nduced charge generation capability and hole-conducting property of the novel porphyrin-based PMO fil

73 s both deep blue emitters and efficient hole-conducting EBLs.

74 ed a proton-, oxygen-ion-, and electron-hole-conducting PCFC-compatible cathode material, BaCo(0.4)Fe

75 However, durable hydroxide-conducting polymer electrolytes in highly caustic media

76 A stable hydroxide-conducting membrane based on benzimidazolium hydroxide a

77 e sodium (Nav) channel is composed of an ion-conducting alpha subunit and associated beta subunits.

78 e FhuA and Cir plugs, thereby opening an ion-conducting pathway through these channels, and that this

79 angement that leads to the opening of an ion-conducting pore in the transmembrane domain and, in the

80 g of four voltage sensors controlling an ion-conducting pore, and a larger tail that forms an intrace

81 constitute native plugged channels in an ion-conducting state in lipid bilayer membranes have so far

82 itchable, one-dimensional waveguides and ion-conducting channels.

83 gonally functional H-bonding domains and ion-conducting domains to create a polymer electrolyte with

84 the toxic beta-amyloid channels that are ion-conducting, the PG-1 channels permeate anions.

85 he development of commercially available ion-conducting polymers (ionomers) that are employed as memb

86 Opening and closing of the central ion-conducting pore in voltage-dependent ion channels is gat

87 r voltage-gated ion channels the central ion-conducting pore is surrounded by four voltage sensing do

88 g site can be transmitted to the central ion-conducting pore of TRPC4.

89 four subunits arranged around a central ion-conducting pore.

90 jugated polyelectrolyte (CPE)-containing ion-conducting polyethylene oxide pendant (PF(PEO)CO(2)Na) a

91 as an attractive alternative to develop ion-conducting membranes.

92 he agonist-binding extracellular domain, ion-conducting transmembrane domain, and gating interface th

93 probe microscopy, we show that the fast ion-conducting channels are not exclusively restricted to th

94 ithium bulk mobility, by creating a fast ion-conducting surface phase through controlled off-stoichio

95 ysiological data indicate that they form ion-conducting channels.

96 ment of a voltage-gated ion channel form ion-conducting pathways through the voltage-sensing domain,

97 on from the regulatory module results in ion-conducting pore collapse and subsequent channel desensit

98 its C terminus (CT), independent of its ion-conducting function.

99 ted SecYEG channel opens to form a large ion-conducting channel, which has the conductivity of the pl

100 rst time, to our knowledge, a 3D lithium-ion-conducting ceramic network based on garnet-type Li6.4La3

101 Composed of lithium-ion-conducting inorganic nanoparticles within a flexible pol

102 Lithium-ion-conducting solid electrolytes hold promise for enabling

103 A novel ion-conducting supramolecular hydrogel with reversible photo

104 The number of ion-conducting channels inserted into the planar bilayer per

105 heds new light on the rational design of ion-conducting perovskite electrolytes.

106 The performance of ion-conducting polymer membranes is complicated by an intric

107 ween the gating of Hv1 and the gating of ion-conducting pores recently discovered in the VSDs of muta

108 s either present in air, human breath or ion-conducting membranes(9), or generated from labile nitrog

109 eria) in the anodes of SOFCs with oxygen-ion-conducting electrolytes significantly lowers the activat

110 n, W1531G created a second non-selective ion-conducting pore, bypassing the outer vestibule but proba

111 a compliant, nonflammable, hybrid single ion-conducting electrolyte comprising inorganic sulfide glas

112 These results provide an all solid ion-conducting membrane that can be applied to flexible LIBs

113 junction due to self-polarization in the ion-conducting Bi(46)V(8)O(89) constituent.

114 2X4.1 receptor directly reveals that the ion-conducting pathway is formed by three transmembrane doma

115 ectivity filter, physically blocking the ion-conducting pathway.

116 ium channels by physically occluding the ion-conducting pathway.

117 e distances between CaM residues and the ion-conducting pathway.

118 d define residues that contribute to the ion-conducting pore and affect apoptosis, cell adhesion, and

119 the S6 helices of NaV channels line the ion-conducting pore and participate in channel activation, t

120 ges are crucial for the formation of the ion-conducting pore and the selectivity for protons versus c

121 Specific residues in the HD regulate the ion-conducting pore formed by SARS-CoV E in artificial bilay

122 he controlled opening and closing of the ion-conducting pore in pentameric ligand-gated ion channels.

123 We further demonstrate that the ion-conducting pore of TMEM16A is constituted of two functio

124 ered by Kvbeta subunits, which block the ion-conducting pore to induce a rapid ('N-type') inactivatio

125 It also reveals a closed gate in the ion-conducting pore, formed by hydrophobic amino acid side c

126 conformational change was coupled to the ion-conducting pore, suggesting that parallel to voltage gat

127 site of action believed to be within the ion-conducting pore.

128 ew mutations that increase access to the ion-conducting states are enough to convert an ATP-binding c

129 subunits, CNGA3 and CNGB3; CNGA3 is the ion-conducting subunit, whereas CNGB3 is a modulatory subuni

130 igand-gated ion channels that open their ion-conducting pores in response to the binding of agonist g

131 ls that are largely independent of their ion-conducting roles.

132 FGK2 must therefore stay away from these ion-conducting conformations to preserve the membrane barrie

133 ndividual particles as they pass through ion-conducting channels or pores.

134 eal a gating mechanism that involves two ion-conducting pathways.

135 eus Ktr system uniquely comprised of two ion-conducting proteins (KtrB and KtrD) and only one regulat

136 the known channelrhodopsins and a unique ion-conducting pathway.

137 development of functional and high-value ion-conducting vitrimers that take inspiration from poly(ion

138 A potassium-sulfur battery using K(+) -conducting beta-alumina as the electrolyte to separate a

139 ws that it is a highly selective, Na(+)/K(+)-conducting channel and, in contrast to known cation chan

140 g, these results show that the vacuolar K(+)-conducting TPC1 and TPK1/TPK3 channels act in concert to

141 Li(+) -conducting oxides are considered better ceramic fillers

142 ith a metallic lithium anode to form a Li(+)-conducting passivation layer (solid-electrolyte interpha

143 anion packing and ionic transport in fast Li-conducting materials and expose the desirable structural

144 angement is present in several known fast Li-conducting materials and other fast ion conductors.

145 m a high-conducting open state (O1) to a low-conducting open state (O2) with differing ion selectivit

146 = 5/2) solid-state NMR spectra of the mixed-conducting solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode material

147 vity from the conducting 'on' state to a non-conducting 'off' state.

148 Using a mouse strain expressing a non-conducting mutant form of Ca(v)1.4, we report that the C

149 voltage, and detect ferromagnetism in a non-conducting p-type sample.

150 )Te(3) n- or p-type micrograins within a non-conducting polymer as a binder) followed by compression

151 (E235C/Y389C) switches the channel to a non-conducting state.

152 ibute to stabilizing the inner pore in a non-conducting state.

153 is observed between conducting (ON) and non-conducting (OFF) states in the devices.

154 g closed state and a low-pH proton-bound non-conducting state.

155 connects are isolated from each other by non-conducting (dielectric) layers.

156 th dust accumulation are more severe for non-conducting surfaces and have been the focus of this work

157 f carbon-nanotube tips with an imprinted non-conducting polymer coating can recognize proteins with s

158 hanism for lowering dust accumulation on non-conducting polymeric surfaces.

159 uberculosis represents a closed-state or non-conducting conformation.

160 that most available structures represent non-conducting states.

161 ar dynamics studies of the closed-state, non-conducting C1C2 structure and protonation states.

162 example, we use this method to probe the non-conducting configurations of a double quantum dot, allow

163 Transfection of a truncated, non-conducting mutant of TRPC2 evoked similar results.

164 water-filled proton channels, and an oxygen-conducting pathway.

165 tients suggested arrhythmia origin in the PF-conducting system.

166 etal substrates consist of a surface plasmon-conducting metal substrate with a thin amorphous carbon

167 Two surface plasmon-conducting metals, gold and silver, were utilized in the

168 um (ER) is mediated by a dynamic polypeptide-conducting channel, the heterotrimeric Sec61 complex.

169 lex and for dynamic gating of its preprotein-conducting channel.

170 investigated if Oxa1 could act as a protein-conducting channel for precursor transport.

171 chain, is unfolded and targeted to a protein-conducting channel for retrotranslocation to the cytosol

172 s target secretory polypeptides to a protein-conducting channel formed by a heterotrimeric membrane p

173 of the cytoplasmic SecA ATPase and a protein-conducting channel formed by the SecY complex.

174 of the cytoplasmic ATPase SecA and a protein-conducting channel formed by the SecY complex.

175 usion of secreted proteins through a protein-conducting channel in the cytoplasmic membrane of eubact

176 membrane proteins transit through a protein-conducting channel in the membrane, the Sec translocon,

177 o mitochondria by the TOM complex, a protein-conducting channel in the mitochondrial outer membrane.

178 re targeted by signal sequences to a protein-conducting channel, formed by prokaryotic SecY or eukary

179 ranslationally targets proteins to a protein-conducting channel, the bacterial SecYEG or eukaryotic S

180 tial fashion into the membrane via a protein-conducting channel, the Sec translocon.

181 In addition to forming a protein-conducting channel, the Sec61 complex also functions to

182 direct, but rather is catalyzed by a protein-conducting channel, the translocon.

183 but it is unclear whether it forms a protein-conducting channel.

184 ing components, a molecular motor, a protein-conducting membrane pore, and accessory membrane protein

185 mmalian host cells, where PA forms a protein-conducting translocase channel.

186 re translocons--often referred to as protein-conducting channels--for proper insertion into their tar

187 translocon, a universally conserved protein-conducting channel in the ER-membrane.

188 ecY channel, a universally conserved protein-conducting channel, translocates proteins across and int

189 em consists of the membrane-embedded protein-conducting channel SecYEG, the motor ATPase SecA, and th

190 The ER protein-conducting channel is permeable to small molecules, prov

191 at SecYEG functions as the essential protein-conducting channel through which precursors cross the me

192 st that Hrd1 forms a ubiquitin-gated protein-conducting channel.

193 leaves the SNAREs; a central helical protein-conducting channel, which chaperones the protease across

194 resulting in the formation of an LC protein-conducting TD channel.

195 gate are reminiscent of features of protein-conducting conduits that facilitate polypeptide movement

196 on channel and the cation-preferring protein-conducting channels Tom40, Sam50, and Mdm10.

197 the translocon, assisting the Sec61 protein-conducting channel by regulating signal sequence and tra

198 Because the Sec61 protein-conducting channel has been isolated in multiple membran

199 The Sec61 protein-conducting channel mediates transport of many proteins,

200 ilitated diffusion through the Sec61 protein-conducting channel, while oxidized Bip (Kar2) inhibits t

201 into the lipid bilayer by the Sec61 protein-conducting channel.

202 The conserved SecYEG protein-conducting channel and the accessory proteins SecDF-YajC

203 is pathway is composed of the SecYEG protein-conducting channel and the SecA ATPase.

204 ross the membrane through the SecYEG protein-conducting channel using the ATPase SecA, which binds to

205 ecedented dual mode of action on the protein-conducting channel acting as a cargo-dependent inhibitor

206 independent protein substrate to the protein-conducting channel and in assembly of the post-transloco

207 e-protein complex is composed of the protein-conducting channel and the tetrameric Sec62/63 complex.

208 tion and lies at the entrance to the protein-conducting channel in the recently determined SecA-SecYE

209 3 in preprotein translocation to the protein-conducting channel of the mitochondrial inner membrane.

210 interaction with SRP receptor to the protein-conducting channel on endoplasmic reticulum membrane in

211 SecA associates with the protein-conducting channel, the heterotrimeric SecYEG complex, i

212 cating that SecA is able to form the protein-conducting channels.

213 cation step and is thought to be the protein-conducting component.

214 gether support the proposal that the protein-conducting conduit is formed primarily, and possibly ent

215 TatA protein are thought to form the protein-conducting element of the Tat pathway.

216 Tha4 is thought to serve as the protein-conducting element, and the topology it adopts during tr

217 roteins must translocate through the protein-conducting Sec61 channel in the eukaryotic endoplasmic r

218 forms a functional complex with the protein-conducting SecY channel to translocate polypeptides acro

219 interplay of the SecA ATPase and the protein-conducting SecY channel.

220 ain size that is thought to form the protein-conducting structure.

221 Similar to protein-conducting channels that facilitate movement of transmem

222 Proton-conducting materials play a central role in many renewab

223 Additionally, a proton-conducting cell has been developed to characterize the o

224 3)PO(4), the MOF thin film exhibits a proton-conducting property.

225 s access to both thermoresponsive and proton-conducting brush layers.

226 precursors by the use of an anhydrous proton-conducting membrane, the solid acid CsHSO4, at 165 degre

227 The anhydrous proton-conducting nature of the prepared NPs allowed us to make

228 larger than that of state-of-the-art proton-conducting perovskites or oxide ion conductors at this t

229 atural biomolecules have potential as proton-conducting materials, in which the hydrogen-bond network

230 -atom-thick crystals could be used as proton-conducting membranes.

231 the next generation of biocompatible proton-conducting materials and protonic devices.

232 The present strategy of a crystalline proton-conducting 2D-polymer will lead to the development of ne

233 A facile proton-conducting membrane plays a pivotal role to boost the ef

234 vestigated as possible candidates for proton-conducting applications.

235 ductivity inside the infamous gap for proton-conducting materials(3), which extends from ~100 degrees

236 w of the research progresses made for proton-conducting SOECs, summarizing the past work and finding

237 has been expended to develop improved proton-conducting materials, such as ceramic oxides, solid acid

238 could help close the materials gap in proton-conducting applications.

239 utations likely enhance the intrinsic proton-conducting activity of Ant, which excessively uncouples

240 ess this issue, we have studied novel proton-conducting materials formed via a chemical reaction of l

241 uggest that nanoscale organization of proton-conducting functionalities is a key consideration in obt

242 technologies that rely on the use of proton-conducting polyelectrolyte membranes is the lack of cont

243 The use of proton-conducting protein mats opens new possibilities for bioe

244 g the problems for the development of proton-conducting SOECs, as well as pointing out potential deve

245 mote-controllable chemical sensors or proton-conducting field-effect transistors.

246 ed morphologies that show outstanding proton-conducting properties, directly related to the state and

247 h affords solid materials with potent proton-conducting properties at moderate temperatures, which is

248 H-bonding residues to form potential proton-conducting channels, and Asp51 exhibits conformational f

249 To avoid these problems, proton-conducting oxides are proposed as electrolyte materials

250 drogen conversion technology requires proton-conducting materials with high conductivity at intermedi

251 influenza B (BM2) forms a tetrameric proton-conducting channel that is important for the virus lifec

252 We report that proton-conducting systems derived from facially amphiphilic pol

253 differences in the structures of the proton-conducting channels, place critical constraints on model

254 PCFC researchers is to formulate the proton-conducting electrolyte with conductivity above 0.1 sieme

255 t is thought to form or contribute to proton-conducting hemichannels that allow protons to gain acces

256 nel show the mutual impact of the two proton-conducting channels to be protonation state-dependent.

257 roperties, electrolyte membranes with proton-conducting 2D channels and nacre-inspired architecture a

258 em tracheary elements (TEs) form hollow, sap-conducting tubes kept open by thickened ribs of secondar

259 onic devices, valleytronic schemes, and semi-conducting to metallic phase engineering.

260 ike) and nitrogen and phosphorus-doped (semi-conducting) diamond and hydrogen-terminated undoped diam

261 ctrochemical platform using electrospun semi-conducting Manganese (III) Oxide (Mn2O3) nanofibers for

262 ed organic-inorganic hybrid materials), semi-conducting (metal oxides), or conducting (metals, carbon

263 semblies with predominantly metallic or semi-conducting concentrations.

264 acts (this work), diffusive metallic or semi-conducting films, graphene, carbon nanotubes and even mo

265 GHz, the conductivity of predominantly semi-conducting assemblies grew to 400% its DC value at an in

266 us, and now liquid-phase, precursors to semi-conducting films; furthermore, these species have been s

267 s performed at the narrowest accessible slow-conducting critical isthmuses.

268 Fast- and slow-conducting PTNs are known to have distinct biophysical p

269 RFs on the distal limb (wrist/paw) and slow-conducting PTNs typically showed peak firing at the tran

270 dy we compare the activity of fast- and slow-conducting pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) of the motor c

271 heterogeneities in tissue excitability, slow-conducting channels, and obstacles that are increasingly

272 As a group, slow-conducting PTNs increase discharge rate, especially duri

273 tion to accurate stepping on the ladder slow-conducting PTNs more profoundly increase the magnitude o

274 ion to accurate stepping on the ladder, slow-conducting PTNs respond in a much more concerted manner

275 Npy2r neurons are largely slow-conducting C fibers, while P2ry1 neurons are largely fas

276 oplastic AV node, with specific loss of slow-conducting cells expressing connexin-30.2 (Cx30.2) and a

277 ntricular ischemic scar for evidence of slow-conducting channels that may act as ventricular tachycar

278 lycogen did not benefit the function of slow-conducting, small-diameter unmyelinated axons (C fibers)

279 ep layers with the transverse-oriented, slow-conducting molecular layer, thereby permitting complex t

280 We suggest that slow-conducting PTNs are involved in control of accuracy of l

281 Fourth, reentry through slow-conducting channels may terminate if ablation closes the

282 In contrast, neurons with slow-conducting axons used two center components-an early wid

283 tration, suggesting the presence of a sodium-conducting osmotically sensitive ion channel.

284 We also find evidence that a sodium-conducting osmotically sensitive mechanism contributes t

285 threshold of the modified channel and a sub-conducting state in the absence of applied tension.

286 uctive expanded state and at least three sub-conducting states.

287 3T cells, Nir2 colocalized with cell-surface-conducting and -nonconducting Kv2.1 isoforms.

288 ial resistance arising from an insulating-to-conducting phase transition driven by Joule heating.

289 ulted in an efficient H(+)/O(2-)/e(-) triple-conducting electrode BaCo(0.4)Fe(0.4)Zr(0.1)Y(0.1)O(3-de

290 M helix tilting results in an expanded water-conducting channel of an outer dimension similar to the

291 ylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) in water-conducting and nutrient-use related traits was identifie

292 We propose that the observed water-conducting states likely represent a universal phenomeno

293 structural advances in vascular plant water-conducting systems, promoting P transport that enhances

294 liverworts and mosses with specialized water-conducting cells.

295 The rise of such water-conducting states during the large-scale structural tran

296 bon starvation or deterioration of the water-conducting pathways from soil to leaf trigger tree morta

297 The physical dimensions of these water-conducting specialized cells have played a critical role

298 eal spontaneous formation of transient water-conducting (channel-like) states allowing passive water

299 aining entry into the plant system via water-conducting xylem tissue and was translocated to aerial p

300 studied to date, the diameter of xylem water-conducting conduits D widens predictably with distance f