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   1 do-Joseph Disease, also contains an expanded CAG repeat.                                             
     2 ulnerable to the dominant effects of the HTT CAG repeat.                                             
     3 et are determined largely by the size of HTT CAG repeat.                                             
     4  of the huntingtin protein containing a long CAG repeat.                                             
     5 diseases caused by expansion of a translated CAG repeat.                                             
     6 were inversely correlated with the number of CAG repeats.                                            
     7 lutamine (polyQ) domains encoded by expanded CAG repeats.                                            
     8 hat prevents expansion of disease-associated CAG repeats.                                            
     9 aused by expansion of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats.                                            
    10 iate the stress-induced mutagenesis (SIM) of CAG repeats.                                            
    11 ntingtin gene (mHTT), which harbors expanded CAG repeats.                                            
    12 omatic instability of highly expanded (CTG)*(CAG) repeats.                                           
    13  are caused by unstable expansions of (CTG)*(CAG) repeats.                                           
    14 The ORs were 2.70 (95% CI, 1.47-4.93) for 31 CAG repeats, 11.09 (95% CI, 4.16-29.57) for 32 repeats, 
  
  
    17 RNA duplexes; (ii) the sequences surrounding CAG repeats affect allele-selectivity of anti-CAG oligon
    18 ich contains the human HD mutation with a 51 CAG repeat allele, exhibits motor deficits that begin wh
    19  is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat amplification in the gene huntingtin (HTT) th
    20 at HD transgenic mice model (R6/2) (with 144 CAG repeat and exon 1) during late-stage pathology, had 
    21 ipts dependent on the length of the targeted CAG repeat and on the CTG repeat length and concentratio
    22  the intergenerational instability of the HD CAG repeat and the striatal-specific somatic HD CAG repe
    23 uences associated with Huntington's disease (CAG repeats) and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (CTG repeats)
    24 t length and genetic background (115 and 250 CAG repeats, and a mixed CBAxC57 or pure C57 background)
    25 hanges, or cell loss in the tgHD rat with 51 CAG repeats, and suggest that this protocol could provid
    26     In budding yeast, we found that expanded CAG repeats are more likely than unexpanded repeats to l
  
  
    29 , these perturbations are overcome in longer CAG repeats, as demonstrated by studies of isolated and 
    30 , relevant to myotonic dystrophy type I, and CAG repeats associated with poly-glutamine diseases.    
  
    32 mice promoted intergenerational expansion of CAG repeats at the murine spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 
    33  persistent double-stranded breaks, expanded CAG repeats at the nuclear envelope associate with pores
  
  
    36 specific expansion of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats can cause neurodegenerative disorders, inclu
    37 nucleic acid antisense oligomers that target CAG repeats can preferentially inhibit mutant ataxin-3 a
  
    39 rroneously harbors a tandem duplicate of the CAG repeat-containing exon, and a corrected model, intro
    40 sion repair (BER) is responsible for causing CAG repeat contractions downstream of Fcy1, but not frag
  
  
  
  
    45  of a DNA base lesion can also contribute to CAG repeat deletions that were initiated by the formatio
    46 e-onset HD (JHD) lines, which appeared to be CAG repeat-dependent and mediated by the loss of signali
  
  
    49  of their central importance in the expanded CAG repeat diseases that include Huntington's disease.  
  
    51  other neurodegenerative diseases, including CAG repeat disorders, or in peripheral tissues of c9FTD/
    52 clusions and related neuropathologies of the CAG-repeat disorders are linked to the expansion of a po
  
    54 ere, we discovered size-limited expansion of CAG repeats during repair of 8-oxoG in a wild-type mouse
  
    56  disease is initiated by the expression of a CAG repeat-encoded polyglutamine region in full-length h
    57 erative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract in Ataxin-1 (A
    58 egenerative disease caused by expansion of a CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract in ATXN7, a co
    59 ative disorders caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat encoding glutamine within the coding region o
    60 egenerative disorders caused by expansion of CAG repeats encoding a glutamine tract in the disease-ca
    61 isorders strongly depend on the expansion of CAG repeats encoding consecutive polyglutamines (polyQ) 
    62 egenerative disorders caused by expansion of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts in CAC
    63 enerative diseases are due to expansion of a CAG repeat- encoding glutamine within the open reading f
    64 mortality, so we tested whether the expanded CAG repeat exerts a dominant influence on age at death a
    65 xoguanine (8-oxoG) is implicated in neuronal CAG repeat expansion associated with Huntington disease,
    66 nocopy of Huntington's disease caused by CTG/CAG repeat expansion at the Junctophilin-3 (JPH3) locus.
  
    68 fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion encoding a polyglutamine tract in t
  
  
  
    72 HD) is determined largely by the length of a CAG repeat expansion in HTT but is also influenced by ot
    73 ninety-eight patients carried a pathological CAG repeat expansion in HTT, whereas 28 patients (12 wom
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    86 inocerebellar ataxia 12 (SCA12) is caused by CAG repeat expansion in the non-coding region of the PPP
    87 ion of this method for introduction of a 162 CAG repeat expansion into the hAR 254kb BAC is shown.   
    88 rited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion leading to an elongated polyglutami
  
    90  of nuclear mutant huntingtin and somatic HD CAG repeat expansion predict that the initiation of each
  
  
    93 ssive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion within exon 1 of HTT, encoding hunt
    94 odegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal CAG repeat expansion within exon 1 of the huntingtin gen
    95  repeat and the striatal-specific somatic HD CAG repeat expansion, nuclear mutant huntingtin accumula
  
  
  
  
   100 mine (polyQ) diseases, which are caused by a CAG-repeat expansion within the coding region of the ass
  
   102 es, which are believed to be responsible for CAG repeat expansions associated with certain human neur
   103 Msh3-/- cells are severely defective for CTG*CAG repeat expansions but show full activity on contract
  
   105 n other polyglutamine diseases, suggest that CAG repeat expansions can promote aberrant splicing to p
  
  
  
   109  a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG repeat expansions in the gene encoding huntingtin (H
  
  
  
   113 rebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), are caused by CAG repeat expansions that encode abnormally long glutam
   114 tion were required to prevent Rad5-dependent CAG repeat expansions, and H4K16 acetylation was enriche
  
  
   117 ase Fcy1 significantly decreased the rate of CAG repeat fragility and contractions in the rnh1Deltarn
  
   119     Shorter wild-type alleles, other genomic CAG-repeat genes, and neighboring genes were unaffected.
   120  base lesion located in the loop region of a CAG repeat hairpin can remove the hairpin, attenuating r
   121 nt, the widely used mutant huntingtin-exon 1 CAG repeat HD transgenic mice model (R6/2) (with 144 CAG
   122 es mouse HD gene homolog (Hdh) with extended CAG repeat- HdhQ250, which was derived from the selectiv
  
   124 th expanded alleles containing 44, 77 or 109 CAG repeats, HTTex1a and HTTex1b were effective in suppr
   125 atient tissue was not apparent in the mutant CAG repeat huntingtin full-length HD (YAC72) transgenic 
   126 ion of huntingtin (Htt) exon 1 with expanded CAG repeats, implicated in Huntington pathology, undergo
  
  
   129 nerational and somatic instability of the HD CAG repeat in C57BL/6 and FVB/N backgrounds compared wit
  
   131 d up to a 15-fold increase in changes to the CAG repeat in human and rodent cell lines, and that long
   132 (MND) caused by an abnormal expansion of the CAG repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene on the X-c
   133 untington's disease is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene encoding huntingtin (HTT), result
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   141 riably fatal, HD is caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, creating an extended 
   142 odegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene, which encodes an abno
  
   144 disorder caused by expansion of a translated CAG repeat in the N terminus of the huntingtin (htt) pro
  
  
  
  
  
   150 e disease is caused by abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the gene encoding huntingtin, but how mut
  
  
   153 D) is caused by a pathological elongation of CAG repeats in the huntingtin protein gene and is charac
  
   155 fferent numbers of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in a fragment of the gene responsible for H
  
   157  which have human huntingtin exon 1 with 140 CAG repeats inserted into the endogenous mouse huntingti
   158 f pathways involved in transcription-induced CAG repeat instability and begin to define their interre
   159 netic modifiers of both intergenerational HD CAG repeat instability and striatal-specific phenotypes.
   160  suggests that tissue-to-tissue variation in CAG repeat instability arises, in part, by different und
   161 erns of CpG methylation, plays a key role in CAG repeat instability in human cells and in the male an
   162 also showed that transcription-dependent CTG.CAG repeat instability in human cells is stimulated by s
  
   164 e germline; however, it dramatically reduces CAG repeat instability in neuronal tissues-striatum, hip
  
   166  tentative pathway for transcription-induced CAG repeat instability that can account for the contract
   167 e culture assay for identifying modifiers of CAG repeat instability, we found that transfection of ZF
  
   169 loop formation and reveal two mechanisms for CAG repeat instability: one mediated by cytosine deamina
   170 a type 3 recapitulates key features of human CAG-repeat instability, including large repeat changes a
   171 dary structure-forming DNA sequences such as CAG repeats interfere with replication and repair, provo
  
  
   174 that a cis-regulatory effect of the expanded CAG repeat is not a critical component of the underlying
  
  
  
   178 nsion beyond a threshold of approximately 35 CAG repeats is the cause of several human diseases.     
   179 n of 1 x 1 nucleotide AA internal loops in r(CAG) repeats is anti-anti but can adopt syn-anti dependi
  
   181 isease--huntingtin--results from an expanded CAG repeat leading to a polyglutamine strand of variable
  
  
   184 ith those who did not, after controlling for CAG repeat length and age-related risk (p=0.006 and 0.00
  
  
  
   188 ed proximity to clinical diagnosis (based on CAG repeat length and current age) and striatal volumes.
   189 uced gene proximity, androgen receptor exon1 CAG repeat length and expression of the PIWIL1 gene.    
   190 /2 Huntington's Disease models, differing in CAG repeat length and genetic background (115 and 250 CA
   191 this read-through product is proportional to CAG repeat length and is present in all knock-in mouse m
   192 rization (SLiC), to identify linkage between CAG repeat length and nucleotide identity of heterozygou
   193 nsistent with the hypothesis that somatic HD CAG repeat length expansions in target tissues contribut
  
   195 of disease risk and age-of-onset on expanded CAG repeat length in diseases like Huntington's disease 
   196 lished by December 29, 2013, reporting ATXN2 CAG repeat length in patients with ALS and controls.    
   197 in insight into how mutant huntingtin (mHtt) CAG repeat length modifies Huntington's disease (HD) pat
  
   199 osis of Huntington's disease, accounting for CAG repeat length, age, and the interaction of CAG repea
   200 n of 11 HD participants had known huntingtin CAG repeat length, allowing determination of a burden of
  
   202 had prognostic value, independent of age and CAG repeat length, for predicting subsequent clinical di
   203  individually matched with incident cases on CAG repeat length, sex, and age, who were not diagnosed 
   204 ormulas have been developed based on age and CAG repeat length, to predict when HD motor onset will o
  
  
  
   208 ssociation between cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat length and age at onset of Huntington's dise
   209 t, HD age at death is determined by expanded CAG-repeat length and has no contribution from the norma
   210  HTT haplotypes were associated with altered CAG-repeat length distribution or residual age at the on
   211 e selected behavioral signatures for age and CAG-repeat length that most robustly distinguished betwe
   212 elic series of R6/2 mice carrying a range of CAG repeat lengths between 109 and 464.) This analysis r
  
  
  
   216 from an iterative strategy yielded predicted CAG repeat lengths that were significantly positively co
   217 HD mouse model, R6/2, carrying two different CAG repeat lengths, and a relatively high degree of over
   218 gradient of decreasing pathology with longer CAG repeat lengths, reflecting our previous findings wit
   219 m DM1 fibroblasts, all showing different CTG.CAG repeat lengths, thus demonstrating somatic instabili
  
  
  
  
   224 tisense oligonucleotide complementary to the CAG repeat (LNA-CTG) preferentially binds to mutant HTT 
  
   226 n-enriched RNA from flies expressing a toxic CAG-repeat mRNA (CAG100) and a non-toxic interrupted CAA
  
   228 irs motor function in men and is linked to a CAG repeat mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. 
  
  
   231 s disease (HD), the size of the expanded HTT CAG repeat mutation is the primary driver of the process
   232 determined primarily by the length of the HD CAG repeat mutation, but is also influenced by other mod
  
   234 s provide evidence that breakage at expanded CAG repeats occurs due to R-loop formation and reveal tw
   235   In addition, expression of an untranslated CAG repeat of pathogenic length conferred neuronal degen
  
  
   238 ense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeted to the CAG repeat region of HTT transcripts have been of partic
  
   240 he nontemplate DNA strand at transcribed CTG.CAG repeats remains partially single-stranded in human g
   241 l repeat range, supporting the view that the CAG repeat represents a functional polymorphism with dom
  
  
  
  
   246 cent findings, however, demonstrate that the CAG-repeat RNA, which encodes the toxic polyQ protein, a
  
   248 e tested the role of the RNA by altering the CAG repeat sequence to an interrupted CAACAG repeat with
  
  
   251  exon 1 of human Hdh, and R6/2 mice with 150 CAG repeats show neurological abnormalities by 10 weeks 
   252 ferences were independent of constitutive HD CAG repeat size and did not correlate with Hdh mRNA leve
  
  
  
   256 stone H4 acetylation is required to maintain CAG repeat stability and promote gap-induced sister chro
   257 t (<4 months) HD mice harbouring an expanded CAG repeat stretch and age-matched wild type (WT) mice r
   258     The genetic cause is an expansion of the CAG repeat stretch in the HTT gene encoding huntingtin p
   259 ed characteristics of the gene products with CAG repeats, such as in vitro and in vivo aggregation an
  
  
  
   263  SCA7 and SCA17 are caused by expansion of a CAG repeat that encodes a polyglutamine tract in the aff
   264 on disease (HD) is caused by an expanded HTT CAG repeat that leads in a length-dependent, completely 
  
   266 xia type 1 (SCA1), which carries an expanded CAG repeat tract at the endogenous mouse Sca1 locus.    
   267 5'S)-5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (cdA) in a CAG repeat tract caused CTG repeat deletion exclusively 
  
   269 ington's disease (HD), caused by an expanded CAG repeat tract in HTT, genetic variation has been unco
  
   271 ed three PMOs to selectively target expanded CAG repeat tracts (CTG22, CTG25 and CTG28), and two PMOs
  
  
  
  
   276  previously shown that transcription through CAG repeat tracts destabilizes them in a way that depend
  
   278 epitope-tagged Hmo1 selectively precipitates CAG repeat tracts DNAs that range from 26 to 126 repeat 
   279 we performed a yeast one-hybrid screen using CAG repeat tracts embedded in front of two reporter gene
   280 ng a selection assay based on contraction of CAG repeat tracts in human cells, we screened the Prestw
  
  
   283 on enzyme cleavage in or near CGG*CCG or CTG*CAG repeat tracts on their genetic instabilities, both w
  
  
  
   287 n can promote repeat expansion, using (CTG)*(CAG) repeat tracts in the size range that is typical for
   288  transgene locus driving the expression of a CAG repeat transcript (HDL2-CAG) from the strand antisen
   289 ygous DCTN1 p.T54I, FUS p.P431L, and HTT (42 CAG repeats) were identified as pathogenic mutations.   
   290 gh HD pathogenesis is driven by the expanded CAG repeat, whether the mutation influences the expressi
   291 mhtt in BACHD mice is encoded by a mixed CAA-CAG repeat, which is stable in both the germline and som
   292 ypical +1 shift site, UUC C at the 5' end of CAG repeats, which has some resemblance to the influenza
   293 are consistent with segmental motions of the CAG repeat, while also suggesting that the 2AP probe is 
   294 corrected by the replacement of the expanded CAG repeat with a normal repeat using homologous recombi
   295 glutamine disorders caused by expansion of a CAG repeat within the coding regions of the Ataxin-1 and
   296 s disease (HD), which are caused by expanded CAG repeats within an allele of the ataxin-3 (ATXN3) and
  
   298     HD and MJD are caused by an expansion of CAG repeats within one mRNA allele encoding huntingtin (
  
   300 a yeast artificial chromosome containing 128 CAG repeats (YAC128) with low-dose memantine blocks extr
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