ライフサイエンスコーパス: Cambrian

1 e and abundant invertebrate phylum since the Cambrian.

2 h is common today, originated from the early Cambrian.

3 nd-based ecology persisted into the earliest Cambrian.

4 most compelling neuroanatomy known from the Cambrian.

5 es normally considered characteristic of the Cambrian.

6 lans have changed so greatly since the early Cambrian.

7 -bearing metazoans from the Lower and Middle Cambrian.

8 of different body plans generated during the Cambrian.

9 athway that has diverged radically since the Cambrian.

10 ustacea, including Eucrustacea, in the Early Cambrian.

11 patterning system was in place prior to the Cambrian.

12 ith a bauplan that can be traced back to the Cambrian.

13 f subjective experience can be traced to the Cambrian.

14 ing complexity that had evolved by the early Cambrian.

15 vertebrates (including mammals) in the late Cambrian, 500 million years ago.

16 Here we describe several early Cambrian (~535 million years old) kinorhynch-like fossil

17 relatively low Na+ concentrations during the Cambrian (540 to 520 Ma), Silurian (440 to 418 Ma), and

18 ans during the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) and Cambrian (541 to 488 Ma) periods.

19 that the sudden appearance of fossils in the Cambrian (541-485 million years ago) is real and not an

20 of exceptionally preserved early and middle Cambrian (542-501 million years ago) biotas and have com

21 appearance in the fossil record in the early Cambrian, 542 million years ago, is the occurrence of tr

22 invertebrates associated with the Ediacaran-Cambrian (578-510 Ma) diversification of Metazoa.

23 lved and rapidly diversified during the late Cambrian, a time interval between the two diversificatio

24 ly, recent fossil descriptions show a Middle Cambrian acorn worm lived in tubes, leading to speculati

25 ar from the fossil record in the late Middle Cambrian, after which the Palaeozoic fauna dominates.

26 rse crustacean appendages of Middle and Late Cambrian age from shallow-marine mudstones of the Deadwo

27 the most powerful method for dating rocks of Cambrian age.

28 We suggest that this pre-Cambrian ancestor of most protostomes and the deuterosto

29 as of Burgess Shale type persisted after the Cambrian and are preserved where suitable facies occur.

30 Echinoderms from the Cambrian and from the Carboniferous to the Triassic indi

31 hat were the largest nektonic animals of the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, are generally thought t

32 st 150 years, not least multiple examples of Cambrian and Precambrian soft-bodied fossils.

33 ion of the oceans towards the end of the Pre-Cambrian and their evolutionary origin represents a key

34 red during the radiation of many taxa in the Cambrian, and these changes are best documented for the

35 within a few million years during the early Cambrian, and various environmental, developmental, and

36 at the coupling of ocean chemistry and Early Cambrian animal diversification was not a simple cause-a

37 rs of molecular oxygen finally triggered the Cambrian animal explosion.

38 planation for both the pattern and timing of Cambrian animal radiation.

39 thus contributing to the stout bodies of the Cambrian animals.

40 The Cambrian appearance of fossils representing diverse phyl

41 ient dinoflagellate ancestors from the Early Cambrian ( approximately 520 million years ago).

42 common ancestor that lived at the end of the Cambrian, approximately half a billion years ago.

43 iological traits that have evolved since the Cambrian are, we propose, the result of regulatory chang

44 Fundamental ground patterns of lower Cambrian arthropod brains and nervous systems correspond

45 ophisticated feeding apparatus from an Early Cambrian arthropod that had a body length of several cen

46 nsa as the most completely understood of any Cambrian arthropod, emphasizing complexity that had evol

47 Most Cambrian arthropods employed simple feeding mechanisms r

48 ins and ventral nerve cords in lower and mid-Cambrian arthropods has led to crucial insights about th

49 Remains of early Cambrian arthropods showed the external lattices of enor

50 including antennae and 'great appendages' of Cambrian arthropods, or with the paired antenniform fron

51 segmented in contrast to their morphology in Cambrian arthropods, revealing that a true biramous limb

52 expands the known ecological capabilities of Cambrian arthropods.

53 osion in bioturbation structures, only a few Cambrian bioerosion structures are known.

54 ttom waters increased in step with the early Cambrian bioradiation of animals and eukaryotic phytopla

55 te being among the most celebrated taxa from Cambrian biotas, anomalocaridids (order Radiodonta) have

56 occo, including specimens larger than any in Cambrian biotas.

57 re the fusion of exite and endopod into the 'Cambrian biramous limb', confirming their basal placemen

58 ambdelurion whittingtoni) and exites of the 'Cambrian biramous limb'.

59 ve predatory lifestyle within the context of Cambrian bivalved euarthropods, and contributes towards

60 ironmental perturbation near the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary and subsequently amplified by ecologic

61 proxy and N isotope record of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary preserved in intra-shelf basin, slope,

62 The terminal event, at the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary, signals the final diminution of the r

63 a composition comparable to fossils from the Cambrian Burgess Shale biota.

64 proximately 50 specimens from several middle Cambrian Burgess Shale localities in British Columbia, m

65 covery of complete specimens from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale showed that these disparate eleme

66 ca', particularly the 'weird wonders' of the Cambrian Burgess Shale, was to consider them representat

67 The Cambrian Burgess Shale-type biotas form a globally consi

68 Biota includes many lineages typical of the Cambrian Burgess Shale-type biotas, but the most abundan

69 le Canyon, British Columbia, and three other Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits from Laurentia.

70 ed Vauxia gracilenta sponges from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale.

71 nychophoran Hallucigenia sparsa from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale.

72 eyes and "anterior sclerite" in the (middle Cambrian) Burgess Shale euarthropods Helmetia expansa an

73 losive diversification of these phyla in the Cambrian, c. 540-530 million years ago.

74 iran) Leanchoilia illecebrosa from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota of China.

75 ispinus, a new anomalocaridid from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota, southwest China, nearly compl

76 arthropod Cindarella eucalla from the lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte, China.

77 new species of Orthrozanclus from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte.

78 Exceptional preservation of soft-bodied Cambrian chordates provides our only direct information

79 Cambrian clades (predominantly trilobites) alone fit nul

80 vation appear in the Late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian, coincident with the appearance of animal body

81 evolution of 'good vision' and domination in Cambrian communities, which supports the hypothesis that

82 anomalocaridids were the largest animals in Cambrian communities.

83 ne was derived in large part from the eroded Cambrian core of the Amarillo-Wichita uplift, as evidenc

84 In contrast, post-Cambrian crustaceans exhibit a wide diversity of feeding

85 There is a significantly greater post-Cambrian decline in frequency of ordinal origination amo

86 Burgess Shale and a handful of other similar Cambrian deposits provide rare but critical insights int

87 In contrast, there exist enigmatic Cambrian-Devonian microfossils (aggregations of tubes or

88 two orders of magnitude during their initial Cambrian-Devonian radiation.

89 For three billion years, before the Cambrian diversification of life, laminated carbonate bu

90 y have played a major role in the pronounced Cambrian diversification of trilobites.

91 After the middle to late Cambrian diversity plateau, ichnodiversity in softground

92 as do their wider relationships amongst post-Cambrian early un-skeletonized jawless vertebrates.

93 lluminates early arthropod relationships and Cambrian ecology.

94 elective pressure toward dim-light vision in Cambrian ecosystems.

95 inated ecosystems of the Proterozoic and the Cambrian emergence of the modern biosphere.

96 e terminal Neoproterozoic and into the Early Cambrian epoch.

97 Morocco, making this the first non-trilobite Cambrian euarthropod known from North Africa.

98 ocerebral ganglia in exceptionally preserved Cambrian euarthropods indicates the homology of the ante

99 ogical interactions that collectively shaped Cambrian evolution.

100 en regarded as early animal ancestors of the Cambrian evolutionary explosion of marine invertebrate p

101 ons, which was probably the key event in the Cambrian evolutionary explosion, and before the ecologic

102 Contrasts between the Cambrian Explosion (CE) and the Great Ordovician Biodive

103 vidence that sponges evolved long before the Cambrian explosion approximately 542 million y ago.

104 giving rise to metazoan success known as the Cambrian explosion commencing at ~541 Ma.

105 of most animal phyla and classes during the Cambrian explosion has been hypothesized to represent an

106 ns of predation in motile bilaterians in the Cambrian explosion is likely to have increased rates of

107 The Cambrian explosion is named for the geologically sudden

108 cations at scales ranging from the Ediacaran-Cambrian explosion of animal life and the invasion of la

109 iations inferred from the fossil record--the Cambrian explosion of animal phyla and the post-KT radia

110 e in atmospheric O(2) has been linked to the Cambrian explosion of life.

111 fossil record and support the view that the Cambrian explosion reflects, in part, the diversificatio

112 nges in ocean conditions associated with the Cambrian explosion sealed their fate.

113 earance of fossils that marks the so-called 'Cambrian explosion' has intrigued and exercised biologis

114 the evolution of biomineralization and the 'Cambrian explosion' of ecologic and taxonomic diversity

115 Integral to this is the 'Cambrian explosion', which records the rapid emergence o

116 ssemblages provide the best evidence of the 'Cambrian explosion'.

117 The Avalon morphospace expansion mirrors the Cambrian explosion, and both events may reflect similar

118 suspension feeders first evolved during the Cambrian explosion, as part of an adaptive radiation of

119 the legacy of metazoan complexity before the Cambrian explosion, as well as genes that have been more

120 anding of animal evolution on the eve of the Cambrian explosion, because some of them likely represen

121 It now appears that this Cambrian explosion, during which nearly all the extant a

122 ardment levels has likely occurred since the Cambrian Explosion, making these phenomena an improbable

123 pear in the fossil record at the time of the Cambrian explosion, nearly 550 million years ago.

124 ological radiation of eumetazoans during the Cambrian explosion, the simple body plan of sponges (Phy

125 ort interval in Earth's history known as the Cambrian explosion, ~540 million years ago.

126 ropod body fossils is traceable back to the "Cambrian explosion," marked by the appearance of most ma

127 iii) the uniqueness and time of onset of the Cambrian explosion.

128 amilies were lost in various phyla after the Cambrian explosion.

129 id diversification of bilaterians during the Cambrian explosion.

130 source of evidence to infer the reality of a Cambrian explosion.

131 e of evidence to support the hypothesis of a Cambrian explosion.

132 ed an increase in body complexity during the Cambrian explosion.

133 in various evolutionary consequences of this Cambrian explosion.

134 ification of body forms that account for the Cambrian Explosion.

135 iosphere at least a billion years before the Cambrian Explosion.

136 3D chromatin organization that predates the Cambrian explosion.

137 ling morphological stasis in the wake of the Cambrian explosion.

138 ue record of the immediate aftermath of the "Cambrian explosion."

139 e between oxygen and evolution for the later Cambrian 'explosion' (540-520 Ma) of new, energy-sapping

140 t metazoan phyla emerged abruptly during the Cambrian 'explosion', pointing instead to a protracted h

141 of 826 legacy wells that penetrate the basal Cambrian formation on the U.S. side of the U.S./Canadian

142 Characters that first appear in Early Cambrian forms are still characteristic of echinoderms t

143 , during the 160 million years preceding the Cambrian fossil explosion.

144 The Cambrian fossil record is well-populated with representa

145 The Cambrian fossil record of euarthropods (extant arachnids

146 The exceptionally preserved Cambrian fossil record provides unique insight into the

147 lating biotic patterns in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian fossil record with geochemical and physical env

148 Crustaceans are evident in the Cambrian fossil record, but have hitherto been known exc

149 Cambrian fossils assigned to the arthropod stem group in

150 Now, Cambrian fossils offer insights that will help further e

151 Cambrian fossils underpin a new hypothesis for body plan

152 plex when considering the large diversity of Cambrian fossils.

153 oriciferans that are represented by numerous Cambrian fossils.

154 identification of brain and ganglia in early Cambrian fuxianhuiids and megacheirans from southwest Ch

155 functional characteristics demonstrates that Cambrian genera occupied comparatively few modes of life

156 Evolutionary rates in the Cambrian have been difficult to quantify accurately beca

157 between the terminal Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian, heralding the exuberant diversification of bod

158 e we examine over 1,500 specimens of the mid-Cambrian hyolith Haplophrentis from the Burgess Shale an

159 Our study in the type section of the basal Cambrian in Fortune Head, Newfoundland, Canada reveals w

160 s originated in the sea during or before the Cambrian, including predation and most of its variations

161 e skeletons of Burgess Shale animals (Middle Cambrian) incorporate 146 of 182 character pairs defined

162 nomic repatterning occurred during the Early Cambrian, involving both key control genes and regulator

163 Bivalve molluscs are descendants of an early-Cambrian lineage superbly adapted to benthic filter feed

164 lex feature in the terminal claws of the mid-Cambrian lobopodian Hallucigenia sparsa--their construct

165 al appendages of living Onychophora and some Cambrian lobopodians.

166 Cambrian marine ecosystems were dominated by arthropods,

167 distributed stratigraphic sections of later Cambrian marine rocks (about 499 million years old).

168 ported as conodonts, occur worldwide in many Cambrian marine sediments [6, 7].

169 est unequivocal examples occur in the middle Cambrian Marjum Formation of Utah but an arthropod retai

170 ssess the ocean redox state during the Early Cambrian metazoan radiation.

171 evel, of a compound eye from the base of the Cambrian, more than half a billion years old.

172 aline formation porewater collected from the Cambrian Mt.

173 ord of polychaete worms extends to the early Cambrian, much data on this group derive from microfossi

174 Here we report the post-Cambrian occurrence of anomalocaridids, from the Early O

175 on of modern benthic ecosystems in the early Cambrian ocean.

176 me example of oxygen deficiency in the later Cambrian ocean.

177 Physical evidence of widespread anoxia in Cambrian oceans has remained elusive and thus its potent

178 despread in subsurface water masses of later Cambrian oceans, possibly influencing evolutionary event

179 sulted from the unusually high alkalinity of Cambrian oceans.

180 ot dominant influence on animal evolution in Cambrian oceans.

181 mens have been reported, both from the early Cambrian of China [8, 9].

182 ve organs in early arthropods from the early Cambrian of China and Greenland with functional similari

183 icaris, previously known only from the early Cambrian of China, suggests that the palaeogeographic ra

184 echinoderm faunas from the early part of the Cambrian of Morocco (West Gondwana).

185 a phosphatized trilobite eye from the lower Cambrian of the Baltic, we found lithified remnants of c

186 evolution is the establishment by the Early "Cambrian of virtually all phylum-level body plans.

187 ondwana and intruded by crustal melts during Cambrian-Ordovician time.

188 zanclus is a shell-bearing, sclerite covered Cambrian organism of uncertain taxonomic affinity, seemi

189 Paleozoic, which was widespread in the Late Cambrian over Scandinavia.

190 ence of highly developed vision in the early Cambrian, over 2,000 ommatidia in each eye.

191 genes that are thought to be included in the Cambrian pananimalia genome are as follows.

192 The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome was advanced to explain vari

193 conclusion is supported by descriptions from Cambrian panarthropods of neural structures that contrib

194 Cambrian pelagic ecosystems seem to have been more moder

195 he first appearance of the class in the Late Cambrian period (about 500 million years before present,

196 mal phyla, radiated rapidly during the early Cambrian period (approximately 535-520 million years ago

197 Originating early in the Cambrian period [4], if not earlier [5], chaetognaths qu

198 ed 'shelly' fossils that appear early in the Cambrian period and can be found throughout the 280 mill

199 cated in northeast Siberia indicate that the Cambrian period began at approximately 544 million years

200 GRN architecture has been retained since the Cambrian Period in both echinoderm lineages.

201 Clearly, the fossil record from the Cambrian period is an invaluable tool for deciphering an

202 Cambrian period of China) and Metaspriggina (Cambrian period of Canada) highlights the difficulties:

203 Application of these data to Cathaymyrus (Cambrian period of China) and Metaspriggina (Cambrian pe

204 nvertebrates that marks the beginning of the Cambrian Period of geologic time ( approximately 550 mil

205 an Orsten-like Lagerstatte from the earliest Cambrian period of South China, which stratigraphically

206 ft-bodied material from the Lower (Series 2) Cambrian period of South China.

207 Equally challenging is answering why the Cambrian period provided such a rich interval for the re

208 During the Cambrian Period, BST deposits are more common and provid

209 that all those diverse animals of the early Cambrian period, some 550 million years ago, were endowe

210 The renowned soft-bodied faunas of the Cambrian period, which include the Burgess Shale, disapp

211 uisition of mineralized skeletons during the Cambrian period.

212 age, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period.

213 00 million years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian period.

214 ification occurred near the beginning of the Cambrian period.

215 543 million years ago, the beginning of the Cambrian Period.

216 alidophoran phyla diverged no later than the Cambrian Period.

217 in oxygen content through the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods, sharply constraining the magnitude of

218 of punctuated equilibrium and whether unique Cambrian phyla have survived to the present.

219 ation of phoronid, brachiopod and tommotiid (Cambrian problematica) characters, notably a pair of agg

220 Cambrian radiation may have been triggered by environmen

221 ring the increasing oxygenation prior to the Cambrian radiation of animals and likely represent an im

222 ucidates that global biodiversity during the Cambrian radiation was driven by niche contraction at lo

223 for the importance of plate tectonics in the Cambrian radiation, namely the breakup of Pannotia.

224 We explored biodiversity patterns during the Cambrian radiation, the most dramatic radiation in Earth

225 group of animals and have been so since the Cambrian radiation.

226 en multicellular life diversified during the Cambrian Radiation.

227 environment, ultimately contributing to the Cambrian radiation.

228 ws, which first appeared near the end of the Cambrian radiation.

229 m sea level shows a gradual rise through the Cambrian, reaching a zenith in the Late Ordovician, then

230 This Early Cambrian record predates the major expansions of large-b

231 d skeletons improves at the beginning of the Cambrian, reflecting the increase in transport by rapidl

232 f sponges (Phylum Porifera) emerged from the Cambrian relatively unchanged.

233 Uranium-lead zircon data from lower Cambrian rocks located in northeast Siberia indicate tha

234 ropod with preserved soft anatomy from Lower Cambrian rocks of Shropshire, England, which provides ev

235 ion, N. pugio expands the known disparity of Cambrian scleritome-bearing animals, and provides a new

236 ely high abundance in pre-Ediacaran to Early Cambrian sedimentary rocks and oils.

237 Our studies on earliest Cambrian sediments suggest that shallow tiers were prese

238 Nidelric pugio gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian Series 2 Heilinpu Formation, Chengjiang Lagerst

239 The early Cambrian (series 1 and 2) displayed a dramatic increase

240 ris borealis, an anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian (Series 2) Sirius Passet Fauna of North Greenla

241 crystalline basement rock from much younger Cambrian shallow marine sedimentary deposits, is known a

242 A spectacular Cambrian soft bodied fauna some 40 km from Walcott's ori

243 st articulated specimens of Wiwaxia from the Cambrian Stage 3 Chengjiang Konservat-Lagerstatte show t

244 a foliosa sp. nov. from the Xiaoshiba fauna (Cambrian Stage 3, Hongjingshao Formation, Kunming, south

245 iddle and upper part of the Kaili Formation (Cambrian Stage 5) in the Jianhe area of Guizhou province

246 ans that is exclusively known from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang biota of South China.

247 uganotheca elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstatte (Yunnan, China

248 pecaris serrata sp. nov., recovered from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Hongjingshao Formation in Kunming, so

249 preserved exoskeletons found from the middle Cambrian (Stage 5) Gaotai Formation in Guizhou, southern

250 arella mauretanica sp. nov., from the middle Cambrian (Stage 5) Tatelt Formation of Morocco, making t

251 ally conserved across two continents through Cambrian Stages 3-5 - revealing morphological stasis in

252 of scale-covered lophotrochozoans known from Cambrian Stages 3-5.

253 from the major animal phyla are found in the Cambrian, starting 544 million years ago.

254 ologous to the 'great appendages' of certain Cambrian stem-group arthropods.

255 Similarities of Cambrian stratigraphic successions and faunas, Grenville

256 but are strikingly absent from the overlying Cambrian succession, despite optimal conditions for thei

257 t, inferring sensory and motor attributes of Cambrian taxa has been limited to interpreting external

258 ot clear whether evolution was unusual among Cambrian taxa or only early trilobites.

259 Thus, a small number of Cambrian taxa sparsely occupied a large range in morphol

260 At least among post-Cambrian taxa, these results implicate models, such as c

261 the geographic ranges and longevity of many Cambrian taxa.

262 e stratigraphic record of a number of iconic Cambrian taxa.

263 est that P(CO2) was much higher in the early Cambrian than in younger eras, agreeing with previous mo

264 at accords with compound eyes from the early Cambrian that were, in size and resolution, equal to tho

265 Previously only known from fossils since the Cambrian, the first living monoplacophoran was discovere

266 Crown group morphologies diversified in the Cambrian through changes in the genetic regulatory netwo

267 il benthic marine invertebrates spanning the Cambrian through the Neogene periods, an interval of app

268 n margin of Laurentia (North America) during Cambrian time [about 515 million years ago (Ma)] and acc

269 The resulting compression of Early Cambrian time accentuates the rapidity of both the fauna

270 Evidence of rifting during Cambrian time and of a wide ocean basin during Ordovicia

271 ur isotope mass balance model for the latest Cambrian time interval spanning the globally recognized

272 may have been due to the retention since pre-Cambrian time of GRN kernels, which underlie development

273 Since Cambrian time, skeletal mineralogies of anatomically sim

274 oxygenation and metazoan evolution in Early Cambrian time.

275 of fish was cosmopolitan during Lower-Middle Cambrian times (Series 2-3).

276 Late Cambrian to early Ordovician trilobites, the family Olen

277 on of Hexapoda probably occurred in the late Cambrian to early Ordovician, an estimate that is indepe

278 ast with the bizarrely asymmetrical Cornuta (Cambrian to Ordovician periods, 540 to 440 million years

279 of marine organisms from Phanerozoic (i.e., Cambrian to Recent) assemblages indicate a shift in typi

280 on versus taxonomic diversification from the Cambrian to the present day.

281 l trend in disparity profile shapes from the Cambrian to the Recent, and early high disparity is the

282 of nektonic suspension feeders in the Early Cambrian, together with evidence for a diverse pelagic c

283 The Proterozoic-Cambrian transition records the appearance of essentiall

284 nto the rise of animals across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition.

285 taphonomic surroundings associated with the Cambrian trilobites.

286 arly history of artiopods - one in the early Cambrian (trilobitomorphs) and the other in the late Cam

287 th the faunal diversification and subsequent Cambrian turnover.

288 (trilobitomorphs) and the other in the late Cambrian (vicissicaudatans).

289 The beginning of the Cambrian was a time of marked biological and sedimentary

290 during the late Neoproterozoic and earliest Cambrian was intimately associated with a series of inno

291 Changes in gamma diversity in the Cambrian were chiefly driven by changes in beta diversit

292 The earliest branchiopods occur in the Cambrian, where they are represented by complete body fo

293 a has increased by a factor of 150 since the Cambrian, whereas minimum biovolume has decreased by les

294 e to taxonomic diversity was greatest in the Cambrian, whereas morphological diversity itself was gre