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   1 tic replicating polymerase, is homologous to DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     2  by the BER enzymes, DNA ligase IIIalpha and DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     3 ylases and reduced DNA synthesis capacity by DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     4 ng to a large enzyme superfamily typified by DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     5 he critical DNA base excision repair enzyme, DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     6 ncoming nucleotide in the active site, as in DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     7 ot substitute for PCNA in the stimulation of DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     8 ading activity for the relatively inaccurate DNA polymerase beta.                                    
     9 air extension ability, relative to wild-type DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    10 asic sites to facilitate repair synthesis by DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    11 is homologous to part of the 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    12 id was also incorporated into position 72 of DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    13 s catalytic activity or its interaction with DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    14 pendent DNA cleavage and strongly inhibiting DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    15 thway by interacting with DNA ligase III and DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    16 ened for the ability to irreversibly inhibit DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    17 ycle-dependent manner similar to that of the DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    18 nt antitumor agents were shown to inactivate DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    19 NMR measurements of [methyl-(13)C]methionine DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    20 erase that shares 34% sequence identity with DNA polymerase beta.                                    
    21 with several replicative DNA polymerases and DNA polymerase beta.                                    
  
    23 GTP, which forms an active site complex with DNA polymerase beta, a repair enzyme that plays an impor
  
    25 he specific catalytic roles of two groups of DNA polymerase beta active site residues identified from
  
  
    28 e near the 3' terminus did not affect either DNA polymerase beta activity or poly(ADP)ribose polymera
  
  
    31  protein-like box sequence in APC that binds DNA polymerase beta and blocks DNA polymerase beta-media
    32 between the isolated 8-kDa domain of the rat DNA polymerase beta and DNA have been studied, using the
  
  
  
    36 ith downstream base excision repair proteins DNA polymerase beta and flap endonuclease-1 by 4-6-fold.
    37  incorporated into double-stranded DNA using DNA polymerase beta and functioned as both the damage si
    38 two promising genes in the DNA repair enzyme DNA polymerase beta and in the neuroendocrine transcript
    39 een the in vitro replication errors of human DNA polymerase beta and in vivo point mutations of the a
    40 -turnover kinetic methods, we examined human DNA polymerase beta and its novel X-family homolog, huma
    41 nd the damaged strands that were bypassed by DNA polymerase beta and processed by flap endonuclease 1
    42 alized similarity in the catalytic domain to DNA polymerase beta and related nucleotidyltransferases.
    43 of cell replication-related proteins such as DNA polymerase beta and subunits of DNA polymerase delta
    44 alpha or DNA ligase I, inhibits extension by DNA polymerase beta and that the lesion is resistant to 
  
  
    47 cleosome core are preferentially repaired by DNA polymerase beta and there is a significant reduction
    48 R proteins, namely, DNA ligase III alpha and DNA polymerase beta and thus could form a large multipro
  
  
    51 determined to be 5.7-7.2 x 10(-4) when using DNA polymerase beta (+/+) and (-/-) cell-free extracts. 
  
    53  using homozygous mouse embryonic fibroblast DNA polymerase beta (+/+) and (-/-) cells to determine t
  
    55 nd the BER participants flap endonuclease-1, DNA polymerase beta, and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucle
    56 man uracil DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase beta, and DNA ligase 1 replace uracil opp
  
  
    59    DOB is a potent irreversible inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta, and forms interstrand cross-links i
    60 PE1, the DNA strand displacement activity of DNA polymerase beta, and incision of a 1- or 10-nucleoti
  
    62 itecture of the nucleotide binding pocket of DNA polymerase beta, and that alterations of this residu
  
  
  
    66 alize with a type II DNA topoisomerase and a DNA polymerase beta at antipodal sites flanking the kine
    67 n aphidicolin-resistant polymerase, probably DNA polymerase-beta, becomes the primary polymerase.    
  
    69 e (Aag) recognizes and removes the base, and DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) contributes the gap tailo
    70 ry cAMP response element (CRE)1 in the human DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) core promoter plays a key
  
    72 n either BER or its rate-determining enzyme, DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) is observed in response t
  
    74 effect of Sp1 on the activation of the human DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol), a TATA-less promoter.   
    75  One contributing factor is the abundance of DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol), an enzyme required for B
    76 DNA repair protein that forms complexes with DNA polymerase beta (beta-Pol), DNA ligase III and poly-
  
  
  
    80 tructurally homologous to the palm domain of DNA polymerase beta but has additional structural featur
  
  
  
    84 th that observed in the crystal structure of DNA polymerase beta complexed with magnesium and dNTP an
    85 escribed a general mutator form of mammalian DNA polymerase beta containing a cysteine substitution f
  
  
    88 rnative pathways for base excision repair: a DNA polymerase beta-dependent pathway and a proliferatin
  
    90 also consistent with the interpretation that DNA polymerase beta discriminates the correct from incor
    91 TP analogs (dT) was demonstrated to fit into DNA polymerase beta (DNA pol beta) binding pocket by obt
    92 nting gene I protein (XRCC1) in complex with DNA polymerase beta, DNA ligase III, and poly(ADP-ribose
    93 ression of XRCC1-associated proteins such as DNA polymerase beta, DNA ligase III, poly(ADP-ribose) po
    94 ates the sequential binding and catalysis by DNA polymerase beta, DNA polymerase delta, FEN1, and DNA
    95 tides 130-fold tighter, on average, than the DNA polymerase beta-DNA complex, although the base subst
    96 olymerase with only one metal ion bound, the DNA polymerase beta-DNA template-primer-chromium(III).2'
    97  excision repair pathway, and mice devoid of DNA polymerase beta do not live beyond a few hours after
  
  
   100  DNA constructs in vitro, we find that human DNA polymerase beta effectively catalyzes CAG/CTG triple
  
   102 ethod, we could follow the activity of human DNA polymerases beta, eta, iota and kappa under differen
  
  
  
   106 osylase, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, DNA polymerase beta, flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1), and PA
  
  
  
  
  
   112 ed strand is blocked, the intermediate after DNA polymerase beta gap filling is not channeled to the 
   113 of the catalytic divalent ion to the ternary DNA polymerase beta/gapped DNA/dNTP complex is thought t
  
  
   116 e excision repair (BER)-deficient model, the DNA polymerase beta heterozygous mouse, to investigate t
   117 eps during nucleotide incorporation by human DNA polymerase beta (hPolbeta) and provide a structural 
  
   119     Here, we have solved structures of human DNA polymerase beta (hPolbeta), in complex with single-n
  
  
   122  to a molecule that irreversibly inactivates DNA polymerase beta in solution (IC50 approximately 21 m
  
   124 mulates strand displacement DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase beta in this system; this stimulation is 
   125 tuent was found to be a critical element for DNA polymerase beta inhibition, since compounds 1 and 2 
  
  
   128 phenotype and that the Glu-249 side chain of DNA polymerase beta is critical for mispair extension fi
   129  The large-scale opening motion of mammalian DNA polymerase beta is followed at atomic resolution by 
   130  show here that subsequent excision by human DNA polymerase beta is impaired at dL compared with unmo
   131 d that SSB repair by DNA ligase IIIalpha and DNA polymerase beta is impaired by the presence of the n
  
   133 oxynucleoside triphosphate, alpha-helix N of DNA polymerase beta is observed to form one face of the 
  
   135 e included in the reaction or when wild type DNA polymerase beta is replaced by DNA polymerase beta v
  
   137 a, a recently identified X-family homolog of DNA polymerase beta, is hypothesized to be a second poly
   138  stage embryos and adults are the absence of DNA polymerase-beta, leading to predominance of replicat
   139 to human DNA polymerase beta, the C-terminal DNA polymerase beta-like domain alone displays a dramati
   140  is comprised of three domains: a C-terminal DNA polymerase beta-like domain, an N-terminal BRCA1 C-t
   141   Crystallographic studies of the C-terminal DNA polymerase-beta-like domain of full-length human DNA
   142 rating enzymes include several clades of the DNA-polymerase beta-like superfamily (including Vibrio c
   143 PC that binds DNA polymerase beta and blocks DNA polymerase beta-mediated strand-displacement synthes
   144 f Escherichia coli, we previously isolated a DNA polymerase beta mutant in which Tyr-265 was altered 
   145 n NCPs decreases the gap-filling activity of DNA polymerase beta near the dyad center, with H3K14Ac e
  
  
   148 ld-type and, in particular, repair-deficient DNA polymerase beta null cells are highly sensitized to 
   149 n potential, during DNA replication by human DNA polymerase beta, of several tetranucleotide repeat t
  
  
  
   153  and 40-fold, respectively, but not those of DNA polymerase beta or Klenow fragment of E.coli DNA pol
   154 yribose-5-phosphate lyase activity of either DNA polymerase beta or lambda is believed to occur after
   155 ient in x-ray cross-complementing protein 1, DNA polymerase beta, or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 a
  
  
  
   159 ) studies on the enzyme-DNA complexes of rat DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) and African swine fever v
   160 bers of the X-family of DNA polymerases: rat DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) and African swine fever v
   161 L1 stably interacts with other BER proteins, DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) and DNA ligase IIIalpha. 
   162 n vitro, we found that TRF2 physically bound DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) and flap endonuclease 1 (
  
   164  DNA ligase IIIalpha and also interacts with DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) and other base excision r
   165 t shares a number of characteristics of both DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) and terminal deoxynucleot
   166 onuclease from the incised abasic site, both DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) and the DNA ligase IIIalp
   167 teady-state kinetic analyses using wild-type DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) and two active-site mutan
  
   169  of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxodG) in TNR sequences, DNA polymerase beta (POL beta) can incorporate 8-oxodGMP
   170 p junctions and whether a specific siRNA for DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) can move from one cell to
  
  
   173  the R283K mutant of human DNA repair enzyme DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) differing in the number o
  
   175 ssion and short hairpin RNA-mediated loss of DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) expression in human breas
  
   177 hich is demonstrated by the observation that DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) gap-filling synthesis act
   178  We have identified several mutations of the DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) gene in human colorectal 
   179 2-AP) as a probe in stopped-flow analyses of DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) had provided important me
   180    While matched nucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) has been well-studied, a 
  
  
  
   184 filling polymerase activity was not due to a DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) homolog, or to another X-
   185 ure of the human base excision repair enzyme DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) in complex with a 1-nt ga
   186 f different intermediate states of mammalian DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) in its wild-type and an e
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   194 etween the XRCC1 N-terminal domain (NTD) and DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) is central to base excisi
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   202 e template strand, which was skipped over by DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) lesion bypass synthesis. 
  
  
  
   206 pyrimidinic/apurinic endonuclease (APE), and DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) on homogeneously damaged,
  
   208 se excision repair (BER), and in vertebrates DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) provides gap filling and 
   209  Earlier results had indicated that purified DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) removes the entire 5'-AMP
  
   211 ported that WRN helicase activity stimulates DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) strand displacement synth
   212 ructures of open and closed conformations of DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) suggests that the rate of
  
   214 are the structure of the catalytic domain of DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) to that of a region of th
   215 erichia coli DNA polymerase I (Kfexo(-)) and DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) using (19)F NMR, insertio
  
   217 scale sequencing studies have indicated that DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) variants are present on a
  
  
  
  
   222 iciently and irreversibly inhibits repair by DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), an integral enzyme in ba
   223 onstrated for the N-terminal 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), and for the homologous d
   224 apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), flap endonuclease 1 (FEN
   225 id (LCA), an inhibitor of the key BER enzyme DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), in cells deficient in ex
  
   227 monstrate large-scale subdomain movements as DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), significant DNA motion e
   228 1/HectH9) as an enzyme that can ubiquitylate DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), the major BER DNA polyme
   229 cant proportion of human cancers overexpress DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), the major DNA polymerase
   230 irus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT) or human DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), was significantly impair
   231 opped-flow fluorescence assays for mammalian DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), we have previously ident
   232 lase hNTH1, apurinic endonuclease (APE), and DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), which catalyze the first
   233 n contrast with another X-family polymerase, DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), which inserts G*G mismat
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   241 ibose-5-phosphate (5'-dRP) lyase activity of DNA polymerase beta (pol beta): here we show, in vitro a
  
   243 es had shown that an interaction of APC with DNA polymerase beta (pol-beta) blocks strand-displacemen
   244  isogenic cells deficient in the BER enzymes DNA polymerase-beta (pol-beta) and alkyladenine DNA glyc
   245 G analogue, 2'-fluoro-m7dG (Fm7dG), by human DNA polymerase beta (polbeta) and solved three X-ray str
   246 epair, a tight heterodimer complex formed by DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta) and XRCC1 is thought to fa
   247 e determined seven x-ray structures of human DNA polymerase beta (polbeta) bound to DNA bearing 8-bro
   248 on encountering dL, AP lyase enzymes such as DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta) form dead-end, covalent in
   249  lines containing wild-type (MEF-polbeta) or DNA polymerase beta (polbeta) gene-knockout (MEFpolbetaK
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   258 coordination of Mg(2+) or in the presence of DNA polymerase beta (polbeta), an interactive protein pa
   259 inic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Apex1) and DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta), and apoptosis in the brai
   260 probing ternary complexes comprised of Ape1, DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta), and different BER DNA int
   261 antitatively a number of complexes formed by DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta), apurinic/apyrimidinic end
  
   263  mismatch discrimination mechanisms of human DNA polymerase beta (polbeta), we report four crystal st
  
  
  
   267 rect) insertion for a low fidelity mutant of DNA polymerase beta (R283A) and exonuclease-deficient DN
  
  
   270 and fidelity, we investigate the role of key DNA polymerase beta residues on subdomain motion through
   271 l, strikingly different transition states in DNA polymerase beta's conformational closing for correct
   272 binary DNA and ternary DNA-dNTP complexes of DNA polymerase beta, several side chains have been impli
   273 Using a complementation system, in which rat DNA polymerase beta substitutes for DNA polymerase I of 
  
   275 ential conformational changes brings the DNA/DNA polymerase beta system to a state nearly competent f
   276 eversible inhibitor of the lyase activity of DNA polymerase beta that works synergistically with a DN
   277 ambda has almost identical fidelity to human DNA polymerase beta, the C-terminal DNA polymerase beta-
   278 dentically as they are in their complex with DNA polymerase beta, thereby proving that the eubacteria
  
   280 DNA polymerase lambda is more efficient than DNA polymerase beta to fill this oxidized single-nucleot
   281 of the model to nonspecific binding of human DNA polymerase beta to ssDNA demonstrates the significan
  
   283  explicit solvent, the closing transition of DNA polymerase beta, unravels atomic and energetic detai
  
  
   286 wild type DNA polymerase beta is replaced by DNA polymerase beta variants that fill single nucleotide
  
   288   In addition, repair reactions catalyzed by DNA polymerase beta were found to be most effective in t
  
   290 es within the 8 kDa amino terminal domain of DNA polymerase beta, which exhibits dRP lyase activity. 
   291 modeling investigation in the active site of DNA polymerase beta, which is known to incorporate both 
   292 21 is likely to relate to the utilization of DNA polymerase beta, which is not sensitive to p21, in t
  
   294 t ternary complex crystal structure of human DNA polymerase beta with a G:A mismatch in the active si
   295 We report the crystallographic structures of DNA polymerase beta with dG-dAMPCPP and dC-dAMPCPP misma
   296   X-ray crystallographic structures of human DNA polymerase beta with nonhydrolyzable analogs contain
   297 at 3, 4, and 6 exhibited mixed inhibition of DNA polymerase beta with respect to both activated DNA a
   298  the base excision repair pathway, wild-type DNA polymerase beta (WT polbeta) provides most of the ga
  
  
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