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1 GALT catalyzes two consecutive reactions.
2 GALT CD8(+) T cells were predominantly CD45RO(+) and exp
3 GALT is also an important portal of entry for human immu
4 GALT protein abundance was increased in LA compared to D
5 GALT-DC-derived retinoic acid (RA) alone conferred gut t
6 Ep-tropic T cells follow a thymus-SI-Ep or a GALT-SI-Ep pathway, the latter generating highly competi
7 ree models: in SIVsmm-infected Rh, the acute GALT CD4+ T cell depletion was persistent and continued
8 ditional support that AtGALT2 encodes an AGP GALT was provided by two allelic AtGALT2 knock-out mutan
9 e of the identified metabolic genes, AGPAT6, GALT, GCLC, GSS, and RRM2B, were predicted to be dispens
12 hat persistent HIV-1 in peripheral blood and GALT is found primarily in memory CD4(+) T cells [CD45RO
13 of CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood and GALT was higher in patients who initiated treatment duri
15 tween the odds ratios for ovarian cancer and GALT activity or the ratio of lactose intake to GALT act
17 s specific immunoglobulin A in the serum and GALT, taken on days 7, 14, and 21 postimmunization, clea
18 yte localization to the intestinal tract and GALT, and discuss their relevance to human intestinal ho
19 combinant human Gln188-, Arg188-, and Asn188-GALT and analyzed the first reaction in the absence of g
21 T/min, whereas the mutant Arg188- and Asn188-GALT released only 600 +/- 71.2 and 2960 +/- 283.6 nmole
23 it NF-kappaB signaling and thereby attenuate GALT-promoting chemokine expression in the intestinal ep
24 ficant structural differences from bacterial GALT homologues in metal ligation and dimer interactions
26 ing the requirement for interactions between GALT and intestinal microflora in the selective expansio
29 nable model system of a relationship between GALT genotype, enzyme activity, sensitivity to galactose
30 odel to investigate the relationship between GALT, intestinal microflora, and modulation of the antib
31 scordance in CD4+ T-cell restoration between GALT and peripheral blood during therapy can be attribut
34 dy showed that the retinoic acid produced by GALT dendritic cells (DCs) imprints B cells for gut homi
36 ased activity of the LA variant, we compared GALT mRNA, protein abundance, and enzyme thermal stabili
39 We have explored the possibility of covalent GALT heterogeneity using denaturing two-dimensional gel
40 entally, parenteral nutrition (PN) decreases GALT cell mass and mucosal immunity when compared with e
41 's patches from neonatal rabbits (designated GALT-less) and examined the extent to which VDJ genes we
42 ers of the commensal, intestinal flora drive GALT development through a specific subset of stress res
43 interact with intestinal microflora to drive GALT development and diversify the primary antibody repe
47 The creation of a knockout mouse model for GALT deficiency was aimed at providing an organism in wh
48 To identify bacterial pathways required for GALT development, we introduced B. fragilis along with s
50 displacement of glu-1-P with release of free GALT but impairs the subsequent binding of gal-1-P and d
53 s indicated that AGP galactosyltransferases (GALTs) are members of the carbohydrate-active enzyme gly
57 ic, did not promote GALT development; hence, GALT development in rabbits does not appear to be the re
58 applied a yeast expression system for human GALT to test the hypothesis that genotype will correlate
61 hough the microheterogeneity of native human GALT has long been recognized, the biochemical basis for
62 1.9 A resolution crystal structure of human GALT (hGALT) ternary complex, revealing a homodimer arra
65 ection was investigated using hyperimmunized GALT/KO mice as recipients of GAL+ heart allografts.
67 rate that anti-GAL antibodies from immunized GALT/KO mice bind alphaGAL with an avidity/affinity simi
69 T activity and carry one profoundly impaired GALT allele (G) along with a second, partially impaired
73 ication in rabbit occurs well after birth in GALT, the diversification process may not be development
74 tetramers to assess HIV-specific T cells in GALT and reveal that GALT is the site of an active CD8(+
77 Both HIV- and CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells in GALT expressed CCR5, but only HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell
78 nd rapid reconstitution of CD4(+) T cells in GALT in animals receiving ART that were not observed in
80 tion and/or maintenance of CD4(+) T cells in GALT provides a more accurate assessment of the efficacy
81 population of resting memory CD4+ T cells in GALT to produce peak levels of virus that directly (thro
85 As reported for humans, yeast deficient in GALT, but not their wild type counterparts, demonstrated
87 and propose a model in which they develop in GALT, self renew, continuously differentiate into mature
88 s direct evidence that B cell development in GALT may be driven by superantigen-like molecules, and f
92 stable proviral reservoir was established in GALT during primary HIV infection that persisted through
94 of T cell homeostasis and gene expression in GALT of three HIV-positive patients who initiated HAART
95 btilis promotes B cell follicle formation in GALT, and we investigated the mechanism by which B. subt
97 ty controls the addressin balance of HEVs in GALT, the general HEV functionality is preserved indepen
98 L9)-specific CD8(+) T cells was increased in GALT relative to peripheral blood mononuclear cells by u
99 e initial host responses to HIV infection in GALT and the early molecular correlates of HIV enteropat
100 trate higher frequencies of HIV infection in GALT, compared with PBMCs, in these aviremic individuals
101 nnate activation of B cells were observed in GALT, compared with peripheral immune compartments.
102 gs indicate that HIV-induced pathogenesis in GALT emerges at both the molecular and cellular levels p
104 CD4+ T-cell loss by 2 weeks postinfection in GALT but supported rapid and complete CD4+ T-cell restor
105 Surprisingly, T1 B cells were present in GALT, blood, and spleen of adult rabbits, long after B l
108 complete suppression of viral replication in GALT during HAART correlated with increased HIV-specific
109 we provide evidence of viral replication in GALT resident CD4(+) T cells and macrophages in primary-
114 indicated that CD4(+) T-cell restoration in GALT was associated with up regulation of growth factors
123 e intestinal tropism of IgA ASCs elicited in GALTs but also the intestinal exclusion of lymphocytes p
124 ria triggers a protective immune response in GALTs and confers neuroprotection with improved locomoto
125 actor for ovarian cancer, although increased GALT activity attenuated the inverse association of oral
126 egregated with the LA phenotype of increased GALT activity in three different biochemical phenotypes
127 ia and that this nucleotide change increases GALT activity by increasing GALT protein abundance witho
128 change increases GALT activity by increasing GALT protein abundance without increasing transcription
130 Neither species alone consistently induced GALT development, nor did Clostridium subterminale, Esch
132 Prion detection within large intestinal GALT biopsy specimens has been used to estimate human an
133 detection of prions within large intestinal GALT biopsy specimens has been used to estimate human an
136 e data demonstrate that the small intestinal GALT are the major early sites of prion accumulation and
138 in alpha4beta7 that effects their entry into GALT is downregulated following infection of mice with S
139 knock-out mutants, which demonstrated lower GALT activities and reductions in beta-Yariv-precipitate
144 LT produced 80,030 +/- 5,910 nmol glu-1-P/mg GALT/min, whereas the mutant Arg188- and Asn188-GALT rel
145 eir grafts within 2 hr although nonimmunized GALT/KO mice retained their grafts for up to 6 days.
146 mplex enteral diets and chow maintain normal GALT populations against established IgA-mediated antivi
148 n commensal microbiota and lymphoid cells of GALT might affect the development of the peripheral B-ly
149 nt promotes formation of germinal centers of GALT, with no more evidence for innate immune receptor a
150 lecule MAdCAM-1, and other key components of GALT, all of which are important in increasing IgA level
152 individuals exhibited striking depletion of GALT CD4(+) T cells expressing CXCR4, CCR5, and alpha E
154 and reduces IgA levels through depression of GALT cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and GALT specific adhesi
156 e background of C increased the incidence of GALT plasmacytomas by a factor of 2.5 in first-generatio
158 od sample was collected to measure levels of GALT and to assay for the N314D (A940G) polymorphism of
159 ETOH feeding resulted in profound loss of GALT lymphoid cells and an increased number of Salmonell
163 es of peripheral B cells from 2- to 5-mo-old GALT-less rabbits had undergone considerably less somati
166 hypothesis, we surgically removed organized GALT from newborn Alicia pups and ligated the appendix t
167 humans and galactosyltransferase knock-out (GALT/ KO) mice express high levels of anti-Gal antibodie
170 ric total parenteral nutrition (TPN) produce GALT atrophy, but only intragastric TPN preserves establ
171 ch by itself is immunogenic, did not promote GALT development; hence, GALT development in rabbits doe
173 and Bacillus subtilis consistently promoted GALT development and led to development of the preimmune
176 for lectin CD22 as a B-cell homing receptor GALT, and identification of the orphan G-protein-coupled
177 with Duarte galactosemia demonstrate reduced GALT activity and carry one profoundly impaired GALT all
178 otal parenteral nutrition (TPN) have reduced GALT T and B cells, the cells responsible for IgA produc
179 rnia, to examine the hypothesis that reduced GALT activity is associated with an increased risk of ov
181 ta support a revised paradigm wherein severe GALT CD4+ T cell depletion during acute pathogenic HIV a
183 HIV-specific T cells in GALT and reveal that GALT is the site of an active CD8(+) T-cell response dur
184 nce analysis of rebound virus suggested that GALT was not the major contributor to the postinterrupti
186 her located APAH1 between the IL11RA and the GALT genes, thus excluding it as a candidate gene for ca
188 nce of viral reservoirs revolving around the GALT of HIV-infected individuals despite long-term viral
193 olangitis is caused by T cells primed in the GALT and provide the first link between colitis and chol
194 D11c(+) DCs were transiently depleted in the GALT and spleen before oral exposure, early agent accumu
195 re thought to initially differentiate in the GALT and/or mesenteric lymph nodes upon Ag encounter and
196 complete recoveries of CD4(+) T cells in the GALT of aviremic, HIV-infected individuals who had recei
197 degree and extent of HIV persistence in the GALT of infected individuals who had been receiving effe
198 icate that Tregs are rapidly depleted in the GALT of SIV-infected macaques, defining a role for the l
200 T cells, for which TLR costimulation in the GALT potently upregulates alpha4beta7 and enhances traff
201 ed in their ability to generate iTreg in the GALT when exposed to oral Ag, and 4-1BB-deficient mesent
202 ter infection with Trichuris, persist in the GALT, and mediate protective immunity to rechallenge.
203 ave shown that TSE agent accumulation in the GALT, in particular the Peyer's patches, is obligatory f
205 the percentage of peripheral B cells in the GALT-less rabbits was generally less than that of contro
208 In treated animals that became infected, the GALT was significantly protected from infection and CD4(
212 luated GALT enzyme activity and screened the GALT genes of 145 patients with one or more N314D-contai
213 -term viral suppression and suggest that the GALT may play a major role in the persistence of HIV in
218 pplement could be added to TPN to avoid this GALT atrophy and lower the incidence of infectious compl
220 infections, gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), the largest component of the lymphoid organ syste
223 primarily in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) after oral exposure to antigen and in a lymphopeni
224 y traffic to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and have a key role in HIV and simian immunodefici
225 ent in human gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and involvement of innate immunity in B-cell activ
226 ion occur in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and other lymphoid tissues (LT) since the early ph
227 onent of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and play an important role in mucosal immunity as
228 ls, homes to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and that most T2 B cells isolated from human GALT
229 ode (LN) and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) biopsies from fully suppressed subjects, interrupt
230 rimed in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by a specific antigen migrate to the liver and cau
231 lue of acute gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) CD4+ T cell depletion in lentiviral infections was
233 al blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) from eight patients after 4-12 y of suppressive cA
236 cytes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the production of secretory IgA has been well c
242 Although the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is an important early site for human immunodeficie
244 ) T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of animals infected with simian immunodeficiency v
246 onent of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) they may play a role in tolerance induction follow
249 on occurs in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and by about 1-2 mo of age nearly all Ig VDJ gene
251 cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), we first determine the distribution of Tregs in a
258 ases in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) is important for efficient spread of disease to th
259 FDC) within gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) is important for the efficient spread of disease t
261 which lack gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), such as Peyer's patches, and mature GP2(+) M cell
262 absence of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), such as Peyer's patches, which contain high numbe
263 elopment of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), which mediate a variety of host immune functions,
267 ized gut-associated lymphoreticular tissues (GALT) and diffuse lamina propria, which give rise to muc
269 tivation in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) and significant changes in the composition of bot
278 B cells from peripheral lymphoid tissues to GALT may contribute to the generation of mucosal IgA res
279 arkers demonstrated that cell trafficking to GALT and not local proliferation contributed to CD4(+) T
280 omprises a significant fraction of the total GALT enzyme pool in normal human cells and that three of
282 glutamine at position 188 stabilizes the UMP-GALT intermediate through hydrogen bonding and enables t
285 man galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and is the most common mutation causing galactosem
286 the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme results in accumulation of galactose and it
287 of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) leads to significant neonatal morbidity and mortal
288 of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), which converts galactose-1-phosphate + UDP-glucos
289 Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) acts by a double displacement mechanism, catalyzin
290 e galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) results in the potentially lethal disorder galacto
293 in other mammals, such as rabbits, that use GALT to develop and maintain the B cell compartment.
294 the postinterruption plasma viremia nor were GALT HIV reservoirs rapidly replaced by HIV rebound vari
297 hypothesis that genotype will correlate with GALT activity measured in vitro and with metabolite leve
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