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1 presence of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3).
2 gradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3).
3 y inhibiting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3).
4 of STAT-1 or interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3).
5 s the direct action of caspase-8 cleavage on IRF-3.
6 ation and proteasome-mediated degradation of IRF-3.
7 onents required for the apoptotic pathway of IRF-3.
8 own pathway of transcriptional activation of IRF-3.
9 PKR kinase and interferon regulatory factor IRF-3.
10 endent activities, as exemplified by PKR and IRF-3.
11 s a coinfection model through suppression of IRF-3.
12 n of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF-3.
13 to impair phosphorylation and activation of IRF-3.
14 oth of which activate ISG expression through IRF-3.
15 PRDI site is similar to that of inactivated IRF-3.
16 hich enabled us to express various levels of IRF-3.
17 TING and mediates the activation of TBK1 and IRF-3.
18 uption of the activation and localization of IRF-3.
19 residues 2067-2112) interacts directly with IRF-3 (173-427) and six of its single-site mutants to fo
20 -8, IL-12 p70, and TNF were also observed in Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice 24 hpi, at which time point viral
22 timulated gene induction was also delayed in Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice relative to wild-type and single-d
24 ENV infection, whereas in the Irf-7(-/-) and Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice, significantly low levels of IFN-a
27 nduced assembly of the transcription factors IRF-3/7, ATF-2/c-Jun, and NF-kappaB on the ifnbeta promo
28 cal MAVS effectors TNFR-associated factor-2, IRF-3/7, or IFN-beta but the physical interaction of MAV
29 phosphorylation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a transcription factor that is crucial for the i
30 irus VP35 protein inhibits the activation of IRF-3, a critical transcription factor for the induction
32 cells indicated that the amount of residual IRF-3 activated by endogenous SeV was high enough to dri
33 primary mouse macrophages resulted in robust IRF-3 activation and approximately 750-fold increase in
35 retinoic acid-inducible gene I and inducing IRF-3 activation and the synthesis of ISGs that restrict
36 in response to TLR4 ligands HMGB1 and LPS, p-IRF-3 activation and transcription of its target genes a
37 disrupted signal transduction downstream of IRF-3 activation and was independent of capsid-mediated
38 ence in the initial interferon induction via IRF-3 activation between ANDV and PHV in infected primar
40 ts indicate that HCV can transiently trigger IRF-3 activation during virus spread and that in chronic
41 Here, we have reported that the pathway of IRF-3 activation in RIPA was independent of and distinct
43 ent of IRF-3's transcriptional role, a novel IRF-3 activation pathway causes its interaction with the
46 optosis in virus-infected cells by mediating IRF-3 activation through the mitochondrial IPS-1 signal
48 during virus spread and that in chronic HCV, IRF-3 activation within infected hepatocytes occurs but
49 HCV stimulated a low-frequency and transient IRF-3 activation within responsive cells in vitro that w
50 (HCV) nonstructural 3 protein, the status of IRF-3 activation, and expression of IRF-3 target genes a
51 cate that Ser386 and Ser396 are critical for IRF-3 activation, and support a phosphorylation-oligomer
52 the protein kinase regulated by RNA (PKR) in IRF-3 activation, HeLa cells made stably deficient in PK
53 ral signaling protein (MAVS) but upstream of IRF-3 activation, while GDVII L acts downstream of IRF-3
60 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF-3 and an increased promoter binding activity for IRF
63 onded to paramyxovirus infection to activate IRF-3 and interferon-stimulated gene expression, but the
66 /beta response; only the combined actions of IRF-3 and IRF-7 are necessary for efficient control of e
67 Collectively, these results demonstrate that IRF-3 and IRF-7 are redundant, albeit IRF-7 plays a more
71 2 were rapidly induced independently of both IRF-3 and IRF-7 in the Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice with DENV i
75 more, we show that the transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7 work in concert to initiate unique and o
76 luding interferon regulatory factor 3 and 7 (IRF-3 and IRF-7) and STAT-1, suggesting that neuronal ma
77 tablish a dominant protective role for MAVS, IRF-3 and IRF-7, and IFNAR in restricting OROV infection
78 cularly the regulatory transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7, have key protective roles during OROV i
79 utrophils and dendritic cells, as well as of IRF-3 and IRF-7, is critical for innate immune responses
80 ng MAVS signaling, the transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7, or IFNAR than in wild-type (WT) cells.
82 exes directs IRF-3 phosphorylation, and both IRF-3 and NF-kappaB activation are required for transcri
84 for apoptosis, nor have the genes induced by IRF-3 and NF-kappaB that are responsible for apoptosis b
85 is essential for blocking RIG-I signaling to IRF-3 and NF-kappaB, whereas the helicase domain is disp
89 oma cells led to impaired phosphorylation of IRF-3 and reduced ubiquitination of RIG-I and TBK-1, whi
90 l interfering RNAs blocked the activation of IRF-3 and subsequent IFN-alpha/beta production induced b
91 irus strains achieved similar peak titers in IRF-3(+/+) and IRF-3(-/-) mice in the intestine, brain,
92 F-3 in reovirus disease, we infected newborn IRF-3(+/+) and IRF-3(-/-) mice perorally with mildly vir
94 tion factors interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and NF-kappaB, resulting in secretion of the anti
95 tion factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of
96 ctivation of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) through the
97 iption factors, the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), as evidenc
98 ctivation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and synthesis of type 1 interferons (IFN-alpha/be
99 tor (CIITA), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) were
100 promoter, mediated nuclear translocation of IRF-3, and displayed highly potent activity against hepa
101 d the interferon regulatory factors (IRF)-1, IRF-3, and IRF-7 to the RANTES independently of myeloid
104 ntrol of early DENV infection; and the late, IRF-3- and IRF-7-independent pathway contributes to anti
105 Ifit1, Ifit3, and Mx2 can be induced via an IRF-3- and IRF-7-independent pathway that does not invol
106 e responses were equivalent in wild-type and IRF-3(-/-) animals, suggesting that IRF-3 functions inde
107 ption factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) are often vital for early pathogen control, and e
108 -kappaB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) at a step subsequent to their nuclear translocati
109 Our results clearly demonstrate that the IRF-3/Bax-mediated apoptotic signaling branch contribute
110 increased transcription is due to increased IRF-3 binding to and transactivation of the TNF promoter
111 in the presence of exogenously supplied IFN, IRF-3(-/-) BMDCs are inherently defective in the control
114 firmed by atomic force microscopy of dimeric IRF-3 bound to the PRDII-PRDI tandem recognition sites p
117 sponse associated with a marked depletion of IRF-3 but not IRF-7 in HIV-1-infected cells, which suppo
118 -708 phosphorylation occurs independently of IRF-3 but requires signaling through the IFN-alpha/beta
119 ough to drive the transcriptional effects of IRF-3 but too low to trigger its apoptotic activity.
120 iption induction by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) but do so at different points in the signaling pa
122 itination of two specific lysine residues of IRF-3 by LUBAC, the linear polyubiquitinating enzyme com
123 orylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) by the Ebola VP35 protein may block the host inna
124 nce that innate immune pathways dependent on IRF-3 can be successfully targeted by small-molecule dru
125 ay activates the latent transcription factor IRF-3, causing its nuclear translocation and the inducti
127 sults demonstrated that in our model system, IRF-3 controlled the fate of the SeV-infected cells by p
128 transcriptionally inert; this single-action IRF-3 could protect mice from lethal viral infection.
131 espite the fact that all IL-33 agonists were IRF-3 dependent, LPS-induced IL-33 mRNA was fully induci
139 occur through the activities of STAT-1- and IRF-3-dependent pathways and cannot be explained solely
140 0 by itself can interfere with interferon or IRF-3-dependent signaling and whether ICP0 enables the v
141 IRF-3 promotes HIV-1 infection by disrupting IRF-3-dependent signaling pathways and innate antiviral
144 er binds only one full-length phosphomimetic IRF-3 dimer at the PRDIII-PRDI sites, and this binding d
146 efore, not determined by the presence of the IRF-3 dimer, but is predetermined by the asymmetry of th
151 ption factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) enhances reovirus-induced apoptosis following act
152 a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible cell line for IRF-3 expression, which enabled us to express various le
154 cedented insight into negative regulation of IRF-3 following activation of the type I IFN antiviral r
155 l protein 1) employs a pLxIS motif to target IRF-3 for degradation, but phosphorylation of NSP1 is no
156 lication-dependent manner, and abrogation of IRF-3 function enhanced virus-mediated injury by WEEV an
157 lication-dependent manner, and abrogation of IRF-3 function enhanced virus-mediated injury by WEEV an
159 type and IRF-3(-/-) animals, suggesting that IRF-3 functions independently of the adaptive immune res
160 Mutation of a consensus cleavage site within IRF-3 generates a form that is not cleaved by caspase-8
161 lso show that caspase-8-mediated cleavage of IRF-3 helps to modulate dsRNA-dependent gene induction.
163 over, VP35 overexpression impairs IKKepsilon-IRF-3, IKKepsilon-IRF-7, and IKKepsilon-IPS-1 interactio
164 hosphorylated STING, MAVS, and TRIF binds to IRF-3 in a similar manner, whereas residues upstream of
165 These data demonstrate a critical role for IRF-3 in control of central nervous system infection fol
167 tients exhibited the nuclear, active form of IRF-3 in hepatocytes and an associated increase in IRF-3
168 lbeit IRF-7 plays a more important role than IRF-3 in inducing the initial IFN-alpha/beta response; o
172 onally, these agonists efficiently activated IRF-3 in the presence of the HCV protease NS3-4A, which
174 nase IKKepsilon and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) in the activation of antiviral genes in rheumatoi
176 , we report a novel and distinct activity of IRF-3, in virus-infected cells, that induces apoptosis.
179 es differ by only a single amino acid in the IRF-3 inhibitory domain of VP35, the level of alteration
182 , interferon regulatory factors (IRF) IRF-1, IRF-3, IRF-5, IRF-7, mitochondrial antiviral signaling m
188 ation of a stable dimer; (c) dimerization of IRF-3 is the basis of its strong binding to PRDIII-PRDI
191 interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF-3) is activated by phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residu
196 y, induction of IL-33 mRNA was attenuated in IRF-3(-/-) macrophages and TBK-1(-/-) mouse embryonic fi
202 hese results demonstrate a critical role for IRF-3-mediated pathways in controlling HSV-1 replication
204 ption factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), MHV did not induce IFN-beta protein production d
205 ontrast, the present study demonstrated that IRF-3(-/-) mice are significantly more susceptible to HS
206 production were observed in brain tissues of IRF-3(-/-) mice compared to control mice, with a concomi
207 n herpes simplex virus (HSV) pathogenesis in IRF-3(-/-) mice following intravenous HSV type 1 (HSV-1)
208 hieved similar peak titers in IRF-3(+/+) and IRF-3(-/-) mice in the intestine, brain, heart, liver, a
209 disease, we infected newborn IRF-3(+/+) and IRF-3(-/-) mice perorally with mildly virulent strain ty
210 /beta was induced similarly in wild-type and Irf-3(-/-) mice post-DENV infection, whereas in the Irf-
214 More importantly, transcriptionally inactive IRF-3 mutants, such as the one missing its DNA-binding d
215 anced activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), NF-kappaB, and ATF-2 in C(ko)-infected compared
217 ciprocal bone marrow chimeras indicated that IRF-3 or IRF-7 expression in either hematopoietic or non
218 downstream regulatory transcription factors (IRF-3 or IRF-7), beta interferon (IFN-beta), or the rece
222 set by DA L as well as other factors in the IRF-3 pathway may play a role in virus persistence, infl
228 ction at 39 degrees C, induced PKR-dependent IRF-3 phosphorylation at 39 degrees C but not at 31 degr
229 he formation of TBK1-TRAF3 complexes directs IRF-3 phosphorylation, and both IRF-3 and NF-kappaB acti
230 inhibited rhinovirus-induced IFN production, IRF-3 phosphorylation, and IKKepsilon expression and inh
231 RIG-I in pancreatic carcinoma cells induced IRF-3 phosphorylation, production of type I IFN, the che
233 er STAT1 nor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) play essential roles in the replication defect of
235 r results indicate that viral suppression of IRF-3 promotes HIV-1 infection by disrupting IRF-3-depen
239 dues, which increases the negative charge of IRF-3, results in its dimerization and association with
252 study quantitatively assessed the rescue of IRF-3 signaling by NS3/4A inhibitors, compared with in v
254 A sensor, which is required for induction of IRF-3 signaling in these cells, is nuclear, and its loca
259 echanisms of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) signaling in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (
262 eam from the IRF-3 site and mutations at the IRF-3, SMAD-3, ATF-2, or NF-kappaB, but not the IRF-7, s
264 manner dependent on IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and stimulator of i
266 tatus of IRF-3 activation, and expression of IRF-3 target genes and ISGs during asynchronous HCV infe
267 hanism for the recruitment and activation of IRF-3 that can be subverted by viral proteins to evade i
268 lly targeted mouse, which expressed a mutant IRF-3 that was RIPA-competent but transcriptionally iner
270 F-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), thereby inducing the synthesis of proinflammator
271 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF-3, thereby disrupting the activation of type I IFN r
272 However, it was not clear whether in intact IRF-3 this linker segment of the chain, which carries th
275 ust be exported from the nucleus to activate IRF-3 through cytoplasmic STING, which is required for I
277 s was triggered by the direct interaction of IRF-3, through a newly identified BH3 domain, with the p
280 tics of binding of the monomeric and dimeric IRF-3 to the enhancer DNA indeed showed that formation o
285 o show that caspase-3 participates in normal IRF-3 turnover in the absence of vIRF-2, during the anti
291 ultiple cells types (e.g. A549, P388D1), and IRF-3 was not translocated to the nucleus in TCRV-infect
292 ter was partially inhibited by MHV; however, IRF-3 was transported to the nucleus and bound DNA in MH
293 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of IRF-3 were detected in PKR-sufficient cells following in
294 orylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), which is the key transcription factor for IFN in
295 s pathway is interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), which upon activation by virus infection binds B
296 tightly packed, and therefore, the dimer of IRF-3, which is formed upon phosphorylation of its C-ter
297 , the nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated IRF-3, which is necessary for the induction of type I IF
298 Dimerization of the transcription factor IRF-3, which is required for synthesis of IFN-beta mRNA,
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