ライフサイエンスコーパス: MAP kinase cascade

1 plus PD 184352 (which inhibits the classical MAP kinase cascade).

2 red for activation of the Rho1/Pkc1-mediated MAP kinase cascade.

3 e the p38 MAP kinase cascade but not the Jnk MAP kinase cascade.

4 This activates p21(ras), and hence, the MAP kinase cascade.

5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates the Hog1p MAP kinase cascade.

6 vasive growth-are both regulated by the same MAP kinase cascade.

7 transduction pathways, including the ERK1/2 MAP kinase cascade.

8 ly regulated by activation of the Ras-p42/44 MAP kinase cascade.

9 oximately 5-fold by inhibition of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade.

10 C4 stimulates AP1 activity by activating the MAP kinase cascade.

11 edistribution and receptor activation of the MAP kinase cascade.

12 t protein related to components of the Pkc1p-MAP kinase cascade.

13 both ubc3 and fuz7 are members of this same MAP kinase cascade.

14 es of MT growth are coordinated by the DLK-1 MAP kinase cascade.

15 that promote budding, and Kss1p inhibits the MAP kinase cascade.

16 mice and show hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade.

17 an adapter to enhance the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade.

18 egulating the activation state of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade.

19 mploy different mechanisms for activation of MAP kinase cascade.

20 2 receptors results in the activation of the MAP kinase cascade.

21 tion of PC12 cells via its activation of the MAP kinase cascade.

22 ion of SV40 small t stimulates the mitogenic MAP kinase cascade.

23 uent to the activation of the mating pathway MAP kinase cascade.

24 ling but apparently not regulated by the YDA MAP kinase cascade.

25 downstream effector for the neurotrophin/Trk/MAP kinase cascade.

26 s effect is independent of activation of the MAP kinase cascade.

27 tiated phenotype, is a weak activator of the MAP kinase cascade.

28 related to their presumptive position in the MAP kinase cascade.

29 um induction of hyphae is independent of the MAP kinase cascade.

30 of a canonical heterotrimeric G protein and MAP kinase cascade.

31 to strongly correlate with activation of the MAP kinase cascade.

32 sphorylation of SSK1 and activating the HOG1 MAP kinase cascade.

33 likely to include a unique stress-activated MAP kinase cascade.

34 e Mcs4 response regulator, which activates a MAP kinase cascade.

35 FGF receptors to bind FGF21 and activate the MAP kinase cascade.

36 feed-forward kinase cascades typified by the MAP kinase cascade.

37 ative MEK1, suggesting its dependence on the MAP kinase cascade.

38 gy and cellular location, also activates the MAP kinase cascade.

39 ting that a GPI-AP functions upstream of the MAP kinase cascade.

40 nase kinase (MAPKKK) of the stress-activated MAP kinase cascade.

41 KK7, two of the kinase components in the JNK MAP kinase cascade.

42 presynaptic role of a previously unknown p38 MAP kinase cascade.

43 ause Src-activated Raf-1 only stimulates the MAP kinase cascade.

44 ated with the ability of Ras to activate the MAP kinase cascade.

45 downstream of EPF ligands and upstream of a MAP kinase cascade.

46 gulate the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) MAP kinase cascade.

47 ed IL-12 production by activating the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade.

48 ulate the firm adhesion of neutrophils via a MAP-kinase cascade.

49 KK1 and the potential impact on signaling to MAP kinase cascades.

50 extracellular signal regulated kinase or p38 MAP kinase cascades.

51 function of Msn independent of its impact on MAP kinase cascades.

52 sting GMF as a bifunctional regulator of the MAP kinase cascades.

53 stimulates phosphorylation of JNK and ERK in MAP kinase cascades.

54 ustained activation of the B-Raf/ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades.

55 t it can assemble modules of the JNK and ERK MAP kinase cascades.

56 ity to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

57 inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

58 y stimulating the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

59 ion of CAD by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

60 om the TCR to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

61 vation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

62 regulated by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

63 and the p21(ras)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

64 activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

65 nd subsequent activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK (MAP) kinase cascade.

66 ty glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

67 henomena, and the Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase cascade.

68 ng on the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades.

69 g on the roles of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades.

70 naling in several mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades.

71 both ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases cascades.

72 ivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascades [4] [5].

73 es coupling of 5-HT2 receptors to the ERK1/2/MAP Kinase cascade, a pathway not typically active in th

74 activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, a key mediator of neuronal differen

75 am of G protein dissociation and upstream of MAP kinase cascade activation, at a step that could dire

76 and longevity of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade activation contribute to the nature

77 Our results imply that a MAP kinase cascade acts as a molecular switch promoting

78 e examine potential interactions between the MAP kinase cascade and androgen receptor-mediated gene r

79 g by Ctr1 involves the activation of the Ras-MAP kinase cascade and appears to be independent of its

80 ream regulators of the stress-activated PKC1-MAP kinase cascade and are required for the heat shock r

81 ion as a negative regulator of the Rasp42/44 MAP kinase cascade and as a transcriptional repressor of

82 on as a negative regulator of the Ras-p42/44 MAP kinase cascade and as a transcriptional repressor of

83 Epistasis with the STE MAP kinase cascade and cytokinesis/budding checkpoint sh

84 cate a direct link between activation of the MAP kinase cascade and de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidin

85 BDNF-induced alterations in the ERK-MAP kinase cascade and in prefronto-accumbens glutamater

86 ight a novel role of PP2A in stimulating the MAP kinase cascade and indicate that the similar polyoma

87 mRNA into G2-arrested oocytes activates the MAP kinase cascade and induces the G2/MI transition.

88 act with multiple core components of the Ras/MAP kinase cascade and may contribute to the structural

89 se activity was required, although the Pkc1p MAP kinase cascade and several factors known to lie upst

90 signaling pathways: the pheromone responsive MAP kinase cascade and the Gpa2p-cAMP-PKA signaling path

91 signaling pathways, including the Ras/Raf-1/MAP kinase cascade and the Jak-STAT pathway are defined

92 nt protein kinase 1 (PDK1) regulate the Pkc1-MAP kinase cascade and the partially parallel Ypk1/2p pa

93 MP-PKA pathway and independently of both the MAP kinase cascade and the PKA related kinase Sch9.

94 olvement of ubc2 in the pheromone-responsive MAP kinase cascade and ubc2 is required for pheromone-re

95 ), with concomitant activation of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade and upregulation of cyclin D1.

96 and growth factor receptors to activation of MAP kinase cascades and to cytoskeletal reorganization.

97 of the pheromone mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and a second signaling cascade invol

98 timulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and activation of the endothelial is

99 n the YODA (YDA) mitogen-associated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and WUSCHEL-LIKE HOMEOBOX (WOX) home

100 regulates mating and haploid fruiting via a MAP kinase cascade, and the other (GPA1) senses nutrient

101 timulate Rho-dependent activation of the JNK MAP kinase cascade, and this requires endogenous CNK1.

102 ng Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, members of the MAP Kinase cascade, and WEE1.

103 Many input signals activate multiple MAP kinase cascades, and the mechanisms that control the

104 ase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, and polymerization of cellular act

105 a modified Raf protein and to stimulate the MAP kinase cascade appropriately.

106 in kinase C (Pkc1p) and the "cell integrity" MAP kinase cascade are critical for the response to hypo

107 Our data show that both ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades are essential for apoptotic response

108 MAP kinase cascades are inherently switch-like, but, dur

109 3-kinase and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated by many of the same l

110 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are conserved signal transduction p

111 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are crucial in the biosynthesis of

112 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are involved in transmitting signal

113 The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are key signal transduction pathway

114 rine-threonine phosphorelays, exemplified by MAP kinase cascades, are predominant in eukaryotes.

115 ylation coincided with the activation of the MAP kinase cascade as indicated by enzymatic activity as

116 Conversely, inhibition of this MAP kinase cascade attenuates the effects of arsenite on

117 ffold for the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade because it binds to the Rac target M

118 ity of Tiam1 or Ras-GRF1 to activate the p38 MAP kinase cascade but not the Jnk MAP kinase cascade.

119 6 Gy) caused a much weaker activation of the MAP kinase cascade, but a similar degree of SAP kinase c

120 ivation of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) MAP kinase cascade, but also to activation of ERK (extra

121 to the PP2A AC dimer, does not activate the MAP kinase cascade, but does stimulate phosphorylation o

122 y suppresses the activation of c-Raf and the MAP kinase cascade by a variety of growth factors.

123 lar, PEA-15 regulates the actions of the ERK MAP kinase cascade by binding to ERK and altering its su

124 Activation of the MAP kinase cascade by both MTA and PyST has been demonst

125 Activation of the MAP kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor or an expr

126 ssential role in mediating activation of the MAP kinase cascade by extracellular signals.

127 ze the influence of PKA on the regulation of MAP kinase cascades by GMF.

128 ition of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase cascade by the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor P

129 Herein we have found that activation of the MAP kinase cascade can also bring about an interphase ar

130 Our studies illustrate how MAP kinase cascades can be constructed from cell type-sp

131 he extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 MAP kinase cascade, cell proliferation, and PGE2 product

132 cludes targeted protein degradation by which MAP kinase cascade components can be controlled.

133 the responses of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade components in a Xenopus oocyte extra

134 Here we analysed a conserved MAP kinase cascade composed of mating-type specific (Ste

135 bidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade composed of MEKK1, MKK1/MKK2, and MP

136 sor to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade composed of the Ssk2p and Ssk22p MAP

137 The MAP kinase cascades, composed of a MAP3K, a MAP2K, and a

138 e20 to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade comprising the MEKK Ste11, the MEK S

139 stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade consisting of GhMAP3K15-Mitogen-acti

140 and suggesting that at least two independent MAP kinase cascades control aggregation in Dictyostelium

141 n part, through a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade culminating in phosphorylation of th

142 ics and cell motility, transcription through MAP kinase cascades, death and survival signaling, and c

143 n constitutive hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade, decreased expression of p21(Cip1), a

144 e-dependent signal processing in interacting MAP kinase cascades demonstrating limited cross-talk.

145 /-) DCs responded to STAg with low levels of MAP kinase cascade-dependent p38 activation, IL-12 produ

146 In contrast, inhibition of the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade did not affect the tyrosine phosphory

147 gnitude and/or duration of activation of the MAP kinase cascade differentially affects the status of

148 a promotes neuritogenesis by stimulating the MAP kinase cascade downstream of the TrkA NGF receptor b

149 es Ste5, a scaffold protein that tethers the MAP kinase cascade enzymes into a high molecular weight

150 ission of the pheromone signal to associated MAP kinase cascade enzymes.

151 cognized that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade facilitates signaling from an activa

152 through PKA-dependent uncoupling of selected MAP kinase cascades from activating signals.

153 rt that the structurally conserved Pbs2-Hog1 MAP kinase cascade has been specifically recruited as a

154 active forms of the upstream kinases in the MAP kinase cascades, i.e., MAPK kinase-3 (MKK3), MKK6 (t

155 onarily conserved mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades important in the regulation of grow

156 inhibits Ras-dependent activation of the Erk/MAP kinase cascade in 293T cells.

157 onstrate that LIF-mediated activation of the MAP kinase cascade in 3T3-L1 cells proceeds through both

158 itutive activation of the pheromone-response MAP kinase cascade in an STE11-4 strain leads to hyperph

159 hanism to induce sustained activation of the MAP kinase cascade in cells that express B-Raf.

160 (PDGF)-dependent activation of Raf-1 and the MAP kinase cascade in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which

161 evidence of Rap1-mediated activation of the MAP kinase cascade in eukaryotic organisms.

162 t epidermal growth factor, which induces the MAP kinase cascade in NIH 3T3 cells, also activated endo

163 indings demonstrate a new role for the Slt2p MAP kinase cascade in protecting the cell from programme

164 The activation of the MAP kinase cascade in response to NGF is due principally

165 ant with no stomata; the results implicate a MAP kinase cascade in stomatal development.

166 ether other aberrations are occurring in the MAP kinase cascade in the melanoma types with infrequent

167 alcium channels and antagonizes a calcium-to-MAP kinase cascade in the neuron that becomes AWC(ON).

168 irectly upstream of the pheromone-responsive MAP kinase cascade in U. maydis.

169 al role in mediating the feedback control of MAP kinase cascades in a variety of cellular processes,

170 esults demonstrate key roles for ERK and p38 MAP kinase cascades in the transcriptional and post-tran

171 actor/mitogen-activated and stress-activated MAP kinase cascades in vitro and in vivo.

172 and signals via a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade in both MATalpha and MATa cells.

173 activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade in murine fibroblasts initiates a se

174 rgets PP2A to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade in Schneider 2 cells, where it acts

175 nvolvement of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade in the inhibition of macrophage inte

176 ases activate p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades in vitro and in cells by phosphoryl

177 the yeast mating mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, in response to a heterotrimeric G p

178 rrents and that this effect is mediated by a MAP kinase cascade, including ASK1 and c-Jun N-terminal

179 oteins within the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, including B-Raf and extracellular s

180 y, blockade of MAP kinase stimulation by the MAP kinase cascade inhibitor PD098059 inhibited epinephr

181 Treatment of cells with the MAP kinase cascade inhibitor PD098059, the PKC inhibitor

182 ve and negative signals mediated by parallel MAP kinase cascades interact with Rho-dependent pathways

183 the key eukaryotic signaling pathways is the MAP kinase cascade involved in vital cellular processes

184 This report demonstrates that the MAP kinase cascade is a key cytoprotective pathway in A4

185 nsition, but the detailed mechanism of how a MAP kinase cascade is activated by TGF-beta receptors is

186 Nuclear remodeling occurs when the MAP kinase cascade is activated by yeast pheromone, but

187 A conserved MAP kinase cascade is central to signal transduction in

188 Signal transduction through the MAP kinase cascade is dependent upon activation of p21(r

189 st that the ability of B-Raf to activate the MAP kinase cascade is due to its association with a larg

190 The ERK/MAP kinase cascade is important for long-term memory for

191 cells, we show that cAMP's inhibition of the MAP kinase cascade is mediated by the small G protein Ra

192 Activation of the MAP kinase cascade is mediated by two upstream mechanism

193 partner discrimination, suggesting that the MAP kinase cascade is not essential for chemotropism.

194 Pkc1p, is also required; however, the Pkc1p MAP kinase cascade is not.

195 e that after axon injury, activation of this MAP kinase cascade is required to switch the mature neur

196 Signal transduction via NFkappaB and MAP kinase cascades is a universal response initiated up

197 des the first evidence that signal output of MAP kinase cascades is subject to regulation at a level

198 such network, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is a highly conserved signal transdu

199 activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is an obligatory step in the morphol

200 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is important in the regulation of ce

201 d not the classic mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is the physiologic means of p38alpha

202 l-regulated kinase (ERK), the best described MAP kinase cascade, is a major signaling system by which

203 CrkL, an upstream component of the C3G-Rap1-MAP kinase cascade, is SH3-dependent.

204 ta-glucan synthase and of the cell integrity MAP kinase cascade, it was recently shown that Rho1 is n

205 nce SOK-1 does not activate any of the known MAP kinase cascades, its activation defines a novel stre

206 es, indicate that GPA2 does not regulate the MAP kinase cascade known to regulate filamentous growth.

207 welling triggered mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades leading to the activation of extrac

208 - and PMA-induced mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade may be different from that of IL-6 a

209 The Slt2p MAP kinase cascade mediates cyclin C destruction in resp

210 Here we identify a complete plant MAP kinase cascade (MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) and

211 not activate either of the stress-activated MAP kinase cascades (p38 and SAPKs).

212 ify hyperactivation of a third branch of the MAP kinase cascade, p38alpha signaling.

213 has been proposed to serve as a component in MAP kinase cascades, particularly those resulting in the

214 signals are propagated through activation of MAP kinase cascades partly regulated by upstream small G

215 transcription factors Ste12 and Tec1 of the MAP kinase cascade, Phd1, or the PKA targets Msn2 and Ms

216 The Raf/MEK/MAP kinase cascade plays a critical role in transducing

217 Pharmacological inhibition of the Raf/MEK/MAP kinase cascade prevented Raf from inducing p16(Ink4a

218 but not other activators of stress-activated MAP kinase cascades) prevents the activation of p21Ras a

219 tanding of how signal transmission through a MAP kinase cascade proceeds and how signaling specificit

220 The results of this study indicate that the MAP kinase cascades prominently regulate IP10 gene expre

221 Activation of the MAP kinase cascade (Ras, Raf, MAPK, or CREB kinase) by c

222 polar budding and agar invasion, whereas the MAP kinase cascade regulates cell elongation and invasio

223 equential action of IDA, HAE and HSL2, and a MAP kinase cascade regulates the programmed separation o

224 ate that MST11, MST7, and PMK1 function as a MAP kinase cascade regulating infection-related morphoge

225 e/threonine kinase is a key component of the MAP kinase cascade, regulating both proliferation and co

226 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades represent one of the major signal s

227 C6 cells significantly altered NGF-dependent MAP kinase cascade responses, inhibiting both p38 and ER

228 ation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade results in well-characterized change

229 s to the death domain of TNFR1 and activates MAP kinase cascades, results in CRE-dependent induction

230 requires plasma membrane recruitment of the MAP kinase cascade scaffold protein, Ste5.

231 ch pathway stimuli both initiate and amplify MAP kinase cascade signaling.

232 Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade signaling by yeast mating pheromones

233 duced differentiation is dependent upon both MAP kinase cascades, since MEK inhibition blocked Rit-in

234 al transducer (Sln1p, Ypd1p and Ssk1p) and a MAP kinase cascade (Ssk2p/Ssk22p, Pbs2p, and Hog1p).

235 components of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade (ste5, ste20, ste11, ste7 or fus3 ks

236 ctivity was not affected by mutations in the MAP kinase cascade, suggesting that the function of the

237 thought to act between the G protein and the MAP kinase cascade, suppressed the STE3DAF phenotype.

238 One involves components of the MAP kinase cascade that also regulates mating of haploid

239 ts of the Receptor Tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/MAP kinase cascade that controls VPC cell fate, disrupts

240 urons whereby ApoE activates a non-canonical MAP kinase cascade that enhances APP transcription and a

241 gene cluster and CrMYC2 act downstream of a MAP kinase cascade that includes a previously uncharacte

242 and HAESA-like 2 (HAE/HSL2) that regulate a MAP kinase cascade that is required for abscission.

243 suggest that EDR1 functions at the top of a MAP kinase cascade that negatively regulates SA-inducibl

244 Our study identified a complete MAP kinase cascade that phosphorylates and activates a k

245 components of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade that controls mating-pheromone-media

246 ast each employ a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade that includes Ste20, Ste11, and Ste7

247 nt may activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade that may cooperate with more clearly

248 nd is a conserved mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade that senses pheromone during mating,

249 b1 enhance Met-induced activation of another MAP kinase cascade, the ERK pathway, in a Crk-independen

250 esponses by an unknown mechanism involving a MAP kinase cascade, the PAK-like kinase Ste20, and a Rho

251 In addition, understanding of the three MAP kinase cascades, the mTOR-p70S6 kinase pathway, and

252 erevisiae uses two mitogenactivated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, the Hog1p and the Mpk1p pathways,

253 Thus, Ras activates the MAP kinase cascade through simultaneous dual effector in

254 epistasis experiments, STE12 functions in a MAP kinase cascade to regulate fruiting, but not mating.

255 opagation (IMP) modulates sensitivity of the MAP kinase cascade to stimulus-dependent activation by l

256 The Ras/Raf/MEK/MAP kinase cascade transmits signals from activated cell

257 p1A, but activates H-Ras, R-Ras, and the Erk/MAP kinase cascade under Ca2+ and DAG modulation.

258 a general prerequisite for activation of the MAP kinase cascade via G(i)-coupled receptors.

259 er these assay conditions, activation of the MAP kinase cascade was not sufficient to induce NIH3T3 c

260 Using inhibitors for the MAP kinase cascade, we determined that MEK and p38 inhib

261 to stimulate the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, we evaluated the differential abili

262 ivate the Raf/MEK/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, whereas H-Ras 12V,40C is unable to

263 ctivation of serine/threonine kinases of the MAP kinase cascade which include RAF-1, MEK-1 and p42 MA

264 betagamma subunits transmit the signal to a MAP kinase cascade, which involves interaction of Gbeta

265 netic activation of the pheromone-responsive MAP kinase cascade, which is also required for filamento

266 extracellular osmolarity activates the HOG1 MAP kinase cascade, which is composed of three tiers of

267 that this fungus has elements of a conserved MAP kinase cascade, which may be organized in a novel ma

268 Thus, the MAP kinase cascade, which promotes cell growth and proli

269 /ERK kinase Mek), thus initiating the Mek--> MAP kinase cascade, which ultimately results in the phos

270 ated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate MAP kinase cascades, which regulate changes in gene expr

271 he Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade, which is essential for activation o

272 ctivates the HOG1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which is composed of three tiers of

273 te the SLT2(MPK1) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which is required for the maintenan

274 Inhibition of the MAP kinase cascade with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of

275 effectors have been reported to activate the MAP kinase cascade, with a significant number of cellula

276 onocytic cells, toxin A activated the 3 main MAP kinase cascades within 1 to 2 minutes.

277 and by elements of the pheromone-responsive MAP kinase cascade, yet the mechanisms by which nitrogen