ライフサイエンスコーパス: Neanderthal

1 ce shows 3.48% divergence from the Feldhofer Neanderthal.

2 tion to remove genetic material derived from Neanderthals.

3 contemporary archaic hominins, including the Neanderthals.

4 ve been made by modern humans rather than by Neanderthals.

5 the evolutionary relationship of humans and Neanderthals.

6 rom a group that shares a common origin with Neanderthals.

7 ive evidence for behavioral complexity among Neanderthals.

8 genetic legacy of archaic groups such as the Neanderthals.

9 strongly support a specific distinction for Neanderthals.

10 they resemble Upper Paleolithic humans, not Neanderthals.

11 cian technology and the disappearance of the Neanderthals.

12 and therefore from one of the latest living Neanderthals.

13 ibution in the Denisovan or the two European Neanderthals.

14 utations faster than either modern humans or Neanderthals.

15 time to the likely interbreeding event with Neanderthals.

16 er proportion than the approximately 2% from Neanderthals [2].

17 ts to the regional continuity model consider Neanderthals a subspecies or population of Homo sapiens,

18 These levels of Neanderthal admixture are consistent with an early diver

19 s, the indigenous Arabs had higher levels of Neanderthal admixture compared to Africans but had lower

20 ut-of-Africa bottleneck but before the major Neanderthal admixture events in Europe and other regions

21 hal characteristics; three other traits show Neanderthal affinities and a further seven are ambiguous

22 Regions that harbour a high frequency of Neanderthal alleles are enriched for genes affecting ker

23 hat confer risk for disease, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles continue to shape human biology.

24 affecting keratin filaments, suggesting that Neanderthal alleles may have helped modern humans to ada

25 stes exhibited significant downregulation of Neanderthal alleles relative to other tissues, consisten

26 c regions of reduced Neanderthal ancestry is Neanderthal alleles that caused decreased fertility in m

27 By site-directed mutagenesis, we inspected Neanderthal amino acid residues that differ from the DPB

28 size, indicating that this individual had a Neanderthal ancestor as recently as four to six generati

29 ly 706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split approximately 37

30 ssary to account for the different levels of Neanderthal ancestry among human populations.

31 ished data sets: European human genomes with Neanderthal ancestry and brown bear genomes with polar b

32 xpected finding is that regions with reduced Neanderthal ancestry are enriched in genes, implying sel

33 Three chromosomal segments of Neanderthal ancestry are over 50 centimorgans in size, i

34 However, the genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry are substantially longer than those

35 tern Eurasia and carries a similar amount of Neanderthal ancestry as present-day Eurasians.

36 hat several studies have been able to detect Neanderthal ancestry at specific loci.

37 nisovan and 2.2 x 10(-3) to 2.9 x 10(-3) for Neanderthal ancestry even after controlling for differen

38 e the locations of segments of Denisovan and Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans and applied t

39 e explanation for genomic regions of reduced Neanderthal ancestry is Neanderthal alleles that caused

40 re is an approximately fivefold reduction of Neanderthal ancestry on the X chromosome, which is known

41 able to document the extent of variation in Neanderthal ancestry within and among populations.

42 n any other tissue are especially reduced in Neanderthal ancestry, and there is an approximately five

43 Denisovan ancestry, just like Neanderthal ancestry, has been deleterious on a modern h

44 Here we analyse the genomes of a Neanderthal and a Denisovan from the Altai Mountains in

45 of the coexistence and interactions between Neanderthal and anatomically modern populations in weste

46 ascertainment of sequence identities between Neanderthal and chimpanzee at sites where the human geno

47 s to visualize the relative placement of the Neanderthal and Denisova among human populations.

48 identified through comparisons of the draft Neanderthal and Denisova genomes with those of living hu

49 Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes show human-like sequen

50 e individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project, Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes, as well as reference

51 to discover MEIs in chimpanzees and ancient (Neanderthal and Denisovan) hominids.

52 viruses appear in the genomes of the extinct Neanderthal and Denisovan, while modern humans have at l

53 noid species, including two extinct species, Neanderthal and Denisovan.

54 orted as an interstratified sequence of late Neanderthal and early anatomically modern occupations at

55 Our finding that the Neanderthal and human genomes are at least 99.5% identic

56 ed widespread expression differences between Neanderthal and modern human alleles, indicating pervasi

57 interstratification" of successive levels of Neanderthal and modern human occupation, on the basis of

58 n-dated Neanderthal remains, suggesting that Neanderthal and modern human presence overlapped in Euro

59 omplete mitochondrial genome sequence of one Neanderthal and place bounds on its time of common ances

60 n human faces are distinct from those of the Neanderthal and SH fossils in part because their postnat

61 e and potential interaction between the last Neanderthal and the earliest intrusive populations of an

62 The canals of Neanderthals and an early "modern" Homo sapiens (Skhul 5

63 l studies suggest a possible overlap between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans of more than

64 and are enriched in polymorphisms shared by Neanderthals and chimpanzees.

65 d interbred with archaic hominins, including Neanderthals and Denisovans [1, 2].

66 e genetic relationships among modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans have suggested that 1-4% of

67 ter separating from the modern lineage, (ii) Neanderthals and Denisovans separated soon thereafter, a

68 time and space with other hominins, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, and limited amounts of hybr

69 ubsequent interactions of modern humans with Neanderthals and Denisovans.

70 after their separation from the ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans.

71 on-Africans and now extinct hominids such as Neanderthals and Denisovans.

72 Devil's Tower (Gibraltar 2) and La Quina 18 Neanderthals and four SH hominins, all sub-adults, show

73 y debated, most notably the issue of whether Neanderthals and H. sapiens differ.

74 hen compared with earlier hominin taxa, both Neanderthals and H. sapiens have extended the duration o

75 for subtle developmental differences between Neanderthals and H. sapiens.

76 evel containing Mousterian artifacts made by Neanderthals and is older than 39 cal kyr BP.

77 years ago, these new fossils predate classic Neanderthals and lack their derived features.

78 tant craniofacial differences existing among Neanderthals and MHs, an advantageous species-specific r

79 the identity of the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans ([N-MH]LCA).

80 The encounter and subsequent mixture of Neanderthals and modern humans - which, on genetic evide

81 olecular estimates of the divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans are underestimated; or (i

82 We examined the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans in greater detail by appl

83 at a more complex model of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans is necessary to account f

84 pairs were compared to the distances between Neanderthals and modern humans obtained by using a rando

85 llion years and the population split between Neanderthals and modern humans to 400,000-800,000 y ago.

86 have revealed multiple interactions between Neanderthals and modern humans, but there is currently l

87 ayed a role in the inter-species dynamics of Neanderthals and modern humans, the eventual replacement

88 s have an evolutionary history distinct from Neanderthals and modern humans.

89 modern human cranial form, and suggests that Neanderthals and other archaic Homo should be excluded f

90 Eurasia, where they swamped or replaced the Neanderthals and other nonmodern Eurasians.

91 at are informative about its relationship to Neanderthals and present-day humans.

92 ximately 100,000 years ago, the late archaic Neanderthals and the early modern Skhul/Qafzeh humans.

93 and reasons leading to the disappearance of Neanderthals and the likelihood of cultural and genetic

94 The demise of the Neanderthals and the nature of the possible relationship

95 f significant behavioral differences between Neanderthals and the Skhul/Qafzeh hominids and indicate

96 he nature and causes of the disappearance of Neanderthals and their apparent replacement by modern hu

97 s in the gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, bonobo, neanderthal, and human Liat1, respectively, suggesting t

98 But DNA sequences from an extinct neanderthal, and phylogenetic analyses of hundreds of hu

99 cond mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of a Neanderthal, and the first such analysis on clearly date

100 ry of admixture between early modern humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, and has allowed us to dise

101 s interbreeding with other hominins, such as Neanderthals, and the ways in which natural selection, i

102 vergent mtDNA lineage that splits from other Neanderthals approximately 270,000 years ago, providing

103 edated the common ancestor of humans and the Neanderthal, approximately 0.5-0.6 million years ago (my

104 bust chronologies from 40 key Mousterian and Neanderthal archaeological sites, ranging from Russia to

105 end additional weight to the suggestion that Neanderthals are specifically distinct from Homo sapiens

106 Neanderthals are thought to have disappeared in Europe a

107 To investigate this problem, we take Neanderthals as a case study, and build a spatially expl

108 Nuclear DNA indicated Neanderthals as a sister group of Denisovans after diver

109 searchers have supported specific status for Neanderthals based on analogy to chimpanzees and Sulawes

110 We identified one bone that is Neanderthal, based on its mitochondrial DNA, and dated i

111 ult of gene flow from an African source into Neanderthals before 100,000 years ago.

112 currently little genetic evidence regarding Neanderthal behaviour, diet, or disease.

113 modern humans and archaic Homo populations (Neanderthals being one possibility).

114 at the Riparo Mezzena mandible is not from a Neanderthal but belonged to an anatomically modern human

115 might not have been inherited from European Neanderthals, but rather from earlier Levantine populati

116 The nature of the replacement of Neanderthal by anatomically and behaviorally modern popu

117 hat accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in

118 ical elements involved in the replacement of Neanderthals by AMHs.

119 esent led to the eventual replacement of the Neanderthals by modern humans approximately 28,000 years

120 fer from those of other Homo taxa, including Neanderthals, by only a few features.

121 encing of ancient DNA from five specimens of Neanderthal calcified dental plaque (calculus) and the c

122 raits KC4 possesses modern human rather than Neanderthal characteristics; three other traits show Nea

123 ndustries, one of which has been linked with Neanderthals (Chatelperronian), end at a similar time.

124 Here we report direct evidence for Neanderthal consumption of a variety of plant foods, in

125 laeolithic interface, both modern humans and Neanderthals contemporaneously inhabited the southern Le

126 It has been shown that Neanderthals contributed genetically to modern humans ou

127 ent with the recent finding of Meyer et al., Neanderthals contributed more DNA to modern East Asians

128 rtion of the modern population consisting of Neanderthal contributions must be relatively small, less

129 with skull shapes resembling those of known Neanderthal cranial remains, particularly in occipital a

130 Very little is known about Neanderthal cultures, particularly early ones.

131 of environmental pressures or attribute the Neanderthals' demise to competition with modern humans,

132 Our results show that (i) the Neanderthal-Denisovan lineage declined to a small size j

133 that several gene flow events occurred among Neanderthals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possib

134 scendants incorporated genetic material from Neanderthals, Denisovans and possibly other hominins.

135 e era of speciation between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals/Denisovans and around three times longer th

136 e the consequence of viral transmission from Neanderthals/Denisovans to non-African modern human popu

137 and Middle Pleistocene taxa from Europe have Neanderthal dental affinities, pointing to the existence

138 the non-Sub-Saharan African gene pool may be Neanderthal derived, while 6-8% of the Melanesian gene p

139 We identify multiple Neanderthal-derived alleles that confer risk for disease

140 roach, we demonstrate that a greater load of Neanderthal-derived genetic variants (higher "NeanderSco

141 cestral human neurobiology and suggests that Neanderthal-derived genetic variation is neurologically

142 he legacy of this gene flow persists through Neanderthal-derived variants that survive in modern huma

143 der than 40,000 B.P., suggesting the Vindija Neanderthals did not live more recently than others acro

144 At Spy cave, Belgium, Neanderthal diet was heavily meat based and included woo

145 hem, suggesting an overall sophistication in Neanderthal dietary regimes.

146 cused on the apparent lack of plant foods in Neanderthal diets.

147 Our ongoing studies indicate that the Neanderthals differ from modern humans in their skeletal

148 The timing of Neanderthal disappearance and the extent to which they o

149 o groups as one of the fundamental causes of Neanderthal disappearance.

150 se results enabled us to calculate the human-Neanderthal divergence time based on multiple randomly d

151 Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consis

152 The analysis of Neanderthal DNA has been a major breakthrough in the stu

153 s, the recent successful characterisation of Neanderthal DNA has set new standards for the field.

154 of humans when the nucleotide present in the Neanderthal DNA sequence is ancestral or derived, using

155 ica have a small but significant fraction of Neanderthal DNA.

156 e hand remains of the Skhul/Qafzeh hominids, Neanderthals, early and late Upper Paleolithic humans, a

157 characterization of regional differences in Neanderthal ecology.

158 g the cognitive and behavioral adaptation of Neanderthals, especially in the period when the earliest

159 ifferent scenarios on the role of climate in Neanderthal extinction.

160 competition with H. sapiens may have caused Neanderthals' extinction.

161 s discovery demonstrates the capacity of the Neanderthals for abstract thought and expression through

162 atelperronian levels at the site, along with Neanderthal fossil remains (mainly teeth).

163 y accepted that some of the latest dates for Neanderthal fossils and Mousterian industries are found

164 n method for the Mousterian at Jarama VI and Neanderthal fossils at Zafarraya.

165 Two Neanderthal fossils studied had clearly detectable Neu5A

166 e size of Denisovan fragments is larger than Neanderthal fragments, implying a more recent average da

167 We also sequenced the genome of a Neanderthal from the Caucasus to low coverage.

168 ontrast, no meat was detected in the diet of Neanderthals from El Sidron cave, Spain, and dietary com

169 r with the sequences of chromosome 21 of two Neanderthals from Spain and Croatia.

170 later interbreeding events, the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains and early modern h

171 contributed genetically to the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains roughly 100,000 ye

172 Phylogenetic analysis places the two Neanderthals from the Caucasus and western Germany toget

173 n example of an abstract pattern engraved by Neanderthals, from Gorham's Cave in Gibraltar.

174 erian artefacts, presumably produced by late Neanderthals, from Gorham's Cave in Gibraltar: first, ge

175 The antiquity of Neanderthal gene flow into modern humans means that geno

176 in present-day individuals, indicating that Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of this individ

177 Our results suggest that Neanderthal genetic associations with contemporary non-S

178 This initial analysis of the Neanderthal genome advances our understanding of the evo

179 In addition, the high-quality Neanderthal genome allows us to establish a definitive l

180 complementary methods to the published draft Neanderthal genome and an expanded set of high-coverage

181 Our results indicate that 3.6% of the Neanderthal genome is shared with roughly 65.4% of the a

182 uccess of these early studies has inspired a Neanderthal genome project, which promises to produce a

183 A reconstructed Neanderthal genome sequence could be integrated into hum

184 oject, which promises to produce a reference Neanderthal genome sequence in the near future.

185 More critical for the utility of a Neanderthal genome sequence is the evolutionary relation

186 alyses that compared a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome with genomes of several modern humans

187 tif is present in the DPbeta sequence of the Neanderthal genome, and this ancient sequence is related

188 only the derived, C allele in Denisovan and Neanderthal genomes.

189 Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the referen

190 o neanderthalensis and signifies the dawn of Neanderthal genomics.

191 estionable use of flowers in the Shanidar IV Neanderthal grave.

192 o could only enter Europe when the demise of Neanderthals had already started.

193 Neanderthals had large and projecting (prognathic) faces

194 However, Neanderthal haplotypes are also distinctive enough that

195 We systematically infer Neanderthal haplotypes in the genomes of 1,004 present-d

196 generation of genomic data from mammoths and Neanderthals has reinvigorated discussion about whether

197 omically modern Homo sapiens and the fate of Neanderthals have been fundamental questions in human ev

198 For many years, the Neanderthals have been recognized as a distinctive extin

199 ether archaic human populations (such as the Neanderthals) have contributed to the modern gene pool.

200 thropogenic pollution evidence is related to Neanderthal hearths from Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar), bein

201 y of high-coverage genomes for Denisovan and Neanderthal hominids, we conducted a screen for endogeni

202 means that genomic regions that derive from Neanderthals in any one human today are usually less tha

203 Anatomically modern humans replaced Neanderthals in Europe around 40,000 years ago.

204 ve arisen in modern humans by admixture with Neanderthals in Europe.

205 Qafzeh sample differs significantly from the Neanderthals in many other aspects of hand functional an

206 Evidence for the late survival of Neanderthals in southern Iberia is limited to one possib

207 Whether Neanderthals independently achieved this level of behavi

208 Our study demonstrates that Neanderthal-inherited sequences are not silent remnants

209 Genomic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, and that non-

210 bution is to describe specializations of the Neanderthal internal nasal region that make them unique

211 not involved in the putative gene flow from Neanderthals into Eurasians; however, the data suggest t

212 support previous estimates of gene flow from Neanderthals into modern Eurasians.

213 tent with a single episode of admixture from Neanderthals into the ancestors of all non-Africans when

214 The case of FOXP2 and Neanderthals is a prime example, which I will comment on

215 split-based points, alongside the remains of Neanderthals is a result of postdepositional mixing, rat

216 Our knowledge of Neanderthals is based on a limited number of remains and

217 ss polymorphism shared between Eurasians and Neanderthals is compatible with scenarios in which no hy

218 The taxonomic status of Neanderthals lies at the center of the modern human orig

219 man lineage and 400,000-y-old fossils to the Neanderthal lineage.

220 There is no evidence of any surviving Neanderthal lineages among modern Europeans.

221 evidence suggests that the modern human and Neanderthal lineages diverged before the emergence of co

222 omes of several modern humans concluded that Neanderthals made a small (1-4%) contribution to the gen

223 limates, and across their latitudinal range, Neanderthals made use of the diverse plant foods availab

224 ern humans (AMHs) and evidence of a probable Neanderthal-made industry in the basal layers.

225 epted, the youngest date indicates that late Neanderthals may have persisted up to the onset of a maj

226 w perspective, based on the development of a Neanderthal metagenomic library and its high-throughput

227 contributed to substantial variation within Neanderthal microbiota.

228 However, the closer affinity of the Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to modern humans t

229 In particular, at least some Neanderthal-modern human admixture must postdate the sep

230 enome of the Oase individual is derived from Neanderthals, more than any other modern human sequenced

231 We demonstrate that a complete Neanderthal mtDNA replacement is feasible over this time

232 Our data indicate that the disappearance of Neanderthals occurred at different times in different re

233 ic cooling failed to have lasting impacts on Neanderthals or early modern humans in Europe.

234 fossils controversially identified as either Neanderthals or Homo sapiens.

235 hares no derived morphological features with Neanderthals or modern humans, further indicating that D

236 ence so far identified in the library are of Neanderthal origin, the strongest being the ascertainmen

237 European-descent, we show that the amount of Neanderthal-originating polymorphism carried in living h

238 e reconstruct the internal nasal cavity of a Neanderthal plus two representatives of climatically div

239 ed soon thereafter, and (iii) the subsequent Neanderthal population was large and deeply subdivided.

240 at the time of potential admixture with the Neanderthal population.

241 The fate of the Neanderthal populations of Europe and western Asia has g

242 The specimen is from one of the eastern-most Neanderthal populations, recovered from Mezmaiskaya Cave

243 ossil record, and admixture between AMHs and Neanderthals predating the main Eurasian expansion, our

244 e face in all other adult mammals, including Neanderthals, projects to some extent in front of the br

245 re, we found no evidence for the presence of Neanderthal remains among 11 of the 13 cranial and post-

246 Previous dating of the Vi-207 and Vi-208 Neanderthal remains from Vindija Cave (Croatia) led to t

247 ixture resulted in the chance association of Neanderthal remains, CP assemblages, and body ornaments.

248 s with the latest directly radiocarbon-dated Neanderthal remains, suggesting that Neanderthal and mod

249 veloping methods to recover nuclear DNA from Neanderthal remains.

250 and the first such analysis on clearly dated Neanderthal remains.

251 st hypotheses in the heated debate about the Neanderthals' replacement by modern humans highlight the

252 lectively neutral species drift predicts the Neanderthals' replacement.

253 Here we test the hypothesis that Neanderthals represent a subspecies of H. sapiens by com

254 om the evolutionary proxy measure called the Neanderthal selective sweep (NSS) score.

255 e N shares a recent common ancestor with the Neanderthal sequence (~80 thousand years ago) and is fou

256 Technical issues, such as the level of Neanderthal sequence coverage that can realistically be

257 ces, reduce the detection of authentic human-Neanderthal sequence differences but may be remedied by

258 Many Neanderthal sequences survive in modern humans due to an

259 rch grains recovered from dental calculus of Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar Cave, Iraq, and Spy

260 a sequence that closely matches that of the Neanderthal STAT2.

261 Both modern humans (MHs) and Neanderthals successfully settled across western Eurasia

262 ja Cave (Croatia) led to the suggestion that Neanderthals survived there as recently as 28,000-29,000

263 cuss efforts to obtain genomic sequence from Neanderthal, the closest known relative of modern humans

264 ossil record approximately 40,000 years ago, Neanderthals, the ancient hominin lineage most closely r

265 rectly contemporary with the latest European Neanderthals, thus making its taxonomic attribution cruc

266 ecords through the period of transition from Neanderthal to the earliest anatomically modern human po

267 e of Middle Paleolithic juveniles, including Neanderthals, to assess tooth formation and calculate ag

268 We find that most Neanderthal tooth crowns grew more rapidly than modern h

269 %, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans.

270 eir period of coexistence with the preceding Neanderthal was shorter.

271 dern humans, the eventual replacement of the Neanderthals was determined by the repeated migration of

272 mass, brain mass in late archaic H. sapiens (Neanderthals) was slightly smaller than in early 'anatom

273 Neanderthals were a group of archaic hominins that occup

274 Observations that Neanderthals were more heavily muscled, had stronger upp

275 re occurrence has been taken to suggest that Neanderthals were the creators of these items.

276 dings suggest that the vocal capabilities of Neanderthals were the same as those of humans today.

277 es a rapid air conditioning, followed by the Neanderthals, whereas the European model attains a prope

278 human lineage after the split of humans from Neanderthals which led to the fixation of multiple copie

279 ransitions in a Middle Palaeolithic juvenile Neanderthal, which shows a pattern of exclusive breastfe

280 benefited from some selective advantage over Neanderthals, which led to the their extinction.

281 self-medication was detected in an El Sidron Neanderthal with a dental abscess and a chronic gastroin

282 present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neanderthal woman from Siberia.