ライフサイエンスコーパス: P granule

1 ermline and is a component of germ granules (P granules).

2 s alongside the piRNA and siRNA machinery at P granules.

3 sm and to ribonucleoprotein particles called P granules.

4 viously identified as critical components of P granules.

5 nd localizes to nuage-like structures called P granules.

6 ctures normally limited to germline-specific P granules.

7 at least some Sm proteins are components of P granules.

8 but does not affect the initial assembly of P granules.

9 RNA, are present at least transiently within P granules.

10 mplex accompanied by the mis-localization of P granules.

11 elegans contain distinctive granules called P granules.

12 germline blastomeres, and is a component of P granules.

13 mponent of germline-specific granules called P granules.

14 -seq on dissected germlines with and without P granules.

15 highly enriched at the NPCs associated with P granules.

16 r side of nuclear pores, and associated with P granules.

17 trate that nascent mRNA traffics directly to P granules.

18 including C. elegans, where they are called P granules.

19 RNA helicase and a constitutive component of P granules.

20 ocalizes to germline nuage structures called P granules.

21 the stability, localization, and function of P granules.

22 he helicase DRH-3, act to antagonize RNA and P-granule accumulation in the germ line.

23 asymmetry of cellular components, including P granules, also control GLP-1 asymmetry in the early em

24 of vertebrate Nup98 (CeNup98) is enriched in P granules and associates with the translationally repre

25 n-containing DEAD box helicase, localizes in P granules and cytoplasmic foci that are enriched in RSD

26 is required to localize FBF-2 to perinuclear P granules and for efficient binding of FBF-2 to its mRN

27 RDE-12 colocalizes with WAGO-1 in germline P granules and in cytoplasmic and perinuclear foci in so

28 n at the two-cell stage, and localization of P granules and MEX-5 during the first and subsequent cel

29 rmline and early embryo, and is localized to P granules and other possible mRNA-protein particles.

30 P granules and other RNA/protein bodies are membrane-les

31 asymmetrically localized proteins, including P granules and PAR-3, are normal in early let-99 embryos

32 -sized blastomeres, improper localization of P granules and SKN-1 protein, and abnormal second divisi

33 -2 mutant worms, and knockdown of individual P-granule and other germ-line genes in daf-2 young adult

34 rulation from a maternal RNA associated with P granules, and is required for the efficient incorporat

35 By injecting a fluorescently labelled anti-P-granule antibody into the C. elegans germline syncitiu

36 P granules appear to sequester large amounts of mRNA in

37 on of nuclear pore complexes and perinuclear P granules are altered in the absence of EGO-1, effects

38 most of the C. elegans life cycle, however, P granules are associated with clusters of nuclear pore

39 However, during most of development P granules are associated with germ cell nuclei.

40 In the cytoplasm, germ-line or P granules are circulated by an actomyosin-driven founta

41 C. elegans P granules are conserved cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein c

42 P granules are cytoplasmic bodies in oocytes and early e

43 P granules are cytoplasmic structures of unknown functio

44 Caenorhabditis elegans, germ granules called P granules are directly inherited from mother to daughte

45 P granules are germ-cell-specific cytoplasmic structures

46 In Caenorhabditis elegans, P granules are germline-specific, RNA-containing granule

47 ot increase in the young adult germline when P granules are impaired.

48 zation has focused on the early embryo, when P granules are located in the cytoplasm.

49 de that, despite their liquid-like behavior, P granules are non-homogeneous structures whose assembly

50 P granules are non-membrane-bound organelles found in th

51 P granules are non-membrane-bound RNA-protein compartmen

52 During most of germline development, P granules are perinuclear and associate with clusters o

53 Cytoplasmic structures called P granules are present in the fertilized egg and are seg

54 anule segregation challenges the belief that P granules are responsible for determining the germline

55 During early embryogenesis, P granules are segregated asymmetrically into those blas

56 e are no signs of cytoplasmic movements, and P granules are segregated differently.

57 P granules are still present in glh-1/4(RNAi) sterile wo

58 germ granule" counterparts in other animals, P granules are thought to act as determinants of the ide

59 We show that P granules are tightly associated with nuclear pores and

60 bution and the development of the germ line, P granules are widely thought to function in some aspect

61 ns are nearly equal in size, and cytoplasmic P-granules are not properly localized to germline precur

62 orhabditis elegans, these structures, termed P granules, are partitioned to the germline P cells duri

63 In C. elegans, germ granules, called P granules, are segregated to the germline precursor cel

64 Using nematode "P-granules" as a paradigm, we focus on the PGL granule s

65 elles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and P granules, as vectors for the segregation of informatio

66 legans zygote, germline RNA granules, called P granules, assemble preferentially in the posterior cyt

67 strate that LAF-1 is important for promoting P granule assembly and provide insight into the mechanis

68 ilar spatial and temporal characteristics to P granule assembly in vivo.

69 ompetition mechanism can drive a gradient of P granule assembly with similar spatial and temporal cha

70 ndicating the GLHs function independently in P granule assembly.

71 transport, and mRNA homeostasis converge on P-granule assembly and function.

72 ins with P granules, suggesting a pathway of P-granule assembly in which the GLHs are upstream of the

73 uggest that DEPS-1 is a key component of the P-granule assembly pathway and that its roles include pr

74 dimer forms a fundamental building block for P-granule assembly.

75 ars to operate in later P cells (P2 and P3): P granules associate with the nucleus and move with it t

76 We have identified a new P-granule-associated protein, DEPS-1, the loss of which

77 We present evidence that P granule asymmetry depends on RNA-induced phase separat

78 suppressing MEG-3 phase separation to drive P granule asymmetry.

79 Both GLH proteins localize in the P granules at all stage of germ-line development.

80 omplex localizes to Mutator foci adjacent to P granules at the nuclear periphery in germ cells.

81 In the C. elegans germline, cytoplasmic P granules at the nuclear pores and perinuclear Mutator

82 s not required for posterior localization of P granules at the one-cell stage, it is required for pro

83 encoding a key autophagy regulator (ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5) implicated in the format

84 e have identified a mutant (pptr-1) in which P granules become unstable during mitosis and P granule

85 escuing GFP::alg-3 transgene is localized to P granules beginning at the late pachytene stage of male

86 The Mutator foci are adjacent to P granules but are not dependent on core P-granule compo

87 Thus, RNAi likely does not require intact P granules but instead relies on particular P-granule fa

88 st cause and effect, we severely compromised P granules by simultaneously knocking down factors that

89 cal and ultrastructural data suggesting that P granules can associate, or remain associated, with por

90 We found that compromising P granules causes germ cells to express neuronal and mus

91 Instead, we found that impairing P granules causes sperm-specific mRNAs to become highly

92 FBF-2 activity depends on the P granule component PGL-1.

93 is present in germline blastomeres and is a P granule component, although MEX-1 is a cytoplasmic pro

94 lting defects, is identified here as a novel P-granule component and a binding partner of GLH-1 (Germ

95 rst larval stage onward and is unusual for a P-granule component in lacking recognizable RNA binding

96 Loss of the P-granule component pgl-1 in meg-1 mutants increases ger

97 his report demonstrates that PAN-1 is also a P-granule component that is essential for fertility.

98 t is thought that asymmetric partitioning of P granule components during mitosis is essential to dist

99 Despite symmetric partitioning of P granule components, pptr-1 mutants segregate a germlin

100 While loss of some P-granule components causes worms to be defective in RNA

101 to P granules but are not dependent on core P-granule components or other RNAi pathway factors for t

102 e proteins GLH-1, GLH-2, and GLH-4 and other P-granule components.

103 All the known protein components of P granules contain putative RNA-binding motifs, suggesti

104 e positions of certain structures within the P granules correspond to the positions of pores on the n

105 Localization of MEG-1 to P granules depends upon the membrane-bound protein MES-1

106 We show that perinuclear P granules differ from cytoplasmic P granules in many re

107 Because of the correlation between P granule distribution and the development of the germ l

108 flow is also lost in these embryos, although P granules do become localized to the posterior pole aft

109 asymmetric cortical contractions are absent, P granules do not localize, and cortical PAR-3 does not

110 e family, which encode protein components of P granules, do not appear essential for RNA to concentra

111 C. elegans germ granules, known as P granules, do not appear to be required for primordial

112 encode proteins that localize exclusively to P granules during embryonic germline segregation.

113 segregate a germline that uniquely expresses P granules during postembryonic development.

114 Asymmetric segregation of P granules during the first four divisions of the Caenor

115 sociates with the translationally repressed, P granule-enriched mRNA nos-2 (nanos homolog).

116 Our results suggest that P granules extend the NPC environment in the germ line a

117 Our findings also support the view that P granules facilitate mRNA silencing by providing an env

118 P granules but instead relies on particular P-granule factors.

119 This is suggested by the loss of P granules from germ cells that transform into somatic c

120 In the germline, PAN-1 uniquely localizes to P granules from the first larval stage onward and is unu

121 CAR-1 localizes to P-granules (germ-line specific ribonucleoprotein particl

122 erine-rich proteins regulate the dynamics of P granules in C. elegans embryos.

123 is the presence of germ granules, including P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans, which are typicall

124 LHs, are components of the germline-specific P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans.

125 (A) polymerase (PAP) that is associated with P granules in early embryos.

126 ng previous studies showing that cytoplasmic P granules in embryos contain RNA.

127 the Piwi-like protein PRG-1 is localized to P granules in germ cells entering spermatogenesis and is

128 rinuclear P granules differ from cytoplasmic P granules in many respects, including structure, stabil

129 required for proper cortical association of P granules in P1.

130 kdown of LAF-1 results in the dissolution of P granules in the early embryo, with an apparent submicr

131 tructural analysis of the nuclear-associated P granules in the germ cells of the adult hermaphrodite

132 rotein- and RNA-rich nuclear pore-associated P granules in the germline, where they are thought to su

133 Finally, we show that nuclear-associated P granules in the gonad contain RNA, complementing previ

134 o specific mRNAs have been identified within P granules in the gonad.

135 titutive components of the germline-specific P granules in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and ar

136 nules (for example, polar granules in flies, P granules in worms) are ribonucleoprotein particles imp

137 Germ granules (P granules) in C. elegans are required for fertility and

138 roteins that associate with germ-line nuage (P granules), including the Piwi-clade argonaute PRG-1, h

139 ntified a specific nucleoporin essential for P granule integrity and function.

140 ld elevated and the organization of GLH-1 in P granules is grossly disrupted.

141 Hence, asymmetric partitioning of maternal P granules is not essential to specify germ cell fate.

142 Sterility in the absence of P granules is often accompanied by the misexpression of

143 it has not been established whether loss of P granules is the cause or effect of cell fate transform

144 One potential role for P granules is to maintain germline fate and totipotency.

145 known location of the germline determinants, P granules, leading us to speculate that they may be ass

146 We demonstrate that P granules, like NPCs, are held together by weak hydroph

147 We reconstitute P granule-like droplets in vitro using a single protein

148 rhabditis elegans protein LAF-1, which forms P granule-like droplets in vitro.

149 se found in P granules, phase separates into P granule-like droplets in vitro.

150 loss of SmE function also caused defects in P granule localization and premature division in early g

151 Germline P granule localization at the time of cytoplasmic flow i

152 disruption of Sm activity caused defects in P granule localization to the germ cell precursors durin

153 ut neurite-like projections, suggesting that P granules maintain totipotency and germline identity by

154 1 mutants exhibit multiple germline defects: P-granule mis-segregation in embryos, underproliferation

155 in embryos, underproliferation and aberrant P-granule morphology in larval germ cells, and ultimatel

156 on of P(2) and P(3) to which the spindle and P granules must move to ensure normal division asymmetry

157 We show here that P granules normally contain a low level of RNA, and desc

158 However, we did not find evidence that P granules normally sequester aberrant mRNAs, or mRNAs t

159 y, cytoplasmic and colocalizes with PGL-1 in P granules of germline precursor cells.

160 Two components of the germ-line-specific P granules of the nematode Caenorhabditis elgans have be

161 ally controlled segregation of the germ line P granules or the pattern of cell division through the f

162 ulin mRNA and rRNA are either not present in P granules, or are present at relatively low levels.

163 We show that, in early P cells (P0 and P1), P-granule partitioning is achieved primarily by their mi

164 protein LAF-1, a DDX3 RNA helicase found in P granules, phase separates into P granule-like droplets

165 genes fall into specific classes with shared P-granule phenotypes, allowing us to better understand h

166 ressed gene mex-1 disrupt the segregation of P granules, prevent the formation of germ cells, and cau

167 e reversed orientation of polarity proteins, P granules, pronuclei migration and asymmetric cell divi

168 These findings suggest that P granules protect germline integrity through two differ

169 iation of IFE-1 with P granules requires the P-granule protein PGL-1.

170 icase-1), a constitutive, germline-specific, P-granule protein.

171 granules become unstable during mitosis and P granule proteins and RNAs are distributed equally to s

172 repeat domains are found in the VASA-related P-granule proteins GLH-1, GLH-2, and GLH-4 and other P-g

173 (i) We could not detect P-granule proteins in the somatic cells of daf-2 mutants

174 nts ectopically misexpress germline-specific P-granule proteins in their somatic cells, suggesting a

175 (iii) Simultaneous removal of multiple P-granule proteins or the entire germ-line program from

176 Our results suggest that nuclear-associated P granules provide a perinuclear compartment where newly

177 The association of IFE-1 with P granules requires the P-granule protein PGL-1.

178 P granules, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes specific t

179 the regulatory subunit of phosphatase 2A, in P granule segregation challenges the belief that P granu

180 Our data suggests AIR-1 plays a role in P-granule segregation and the association of the germlin

181 e C. elegans germline syncitium, we followed P-granule segregation in live embryos using laser-scanni

182 mes-1 are required for the normal pattern of P-granule segregation in P2.

183 n addition we find that Dcp2 is localized to P-granules, showing that Dcp2 is stored and/or active in

184 Most of the analysis of P granule structure and localization has focused on the

185 protein, DEPS-1, the loss of which disrupts P-granule structure and function.

186 sociation of the PGL family of proteins with P granules, suggesting a pathway of P-granule assembly i

187 on of PIE-1 remarkably parallels that of the P granules, suggesting that the localizations of these t

188 is also disassembly or degradation of those P granules that remain in the cytoplasm destined for the

189 ired for the proper localization of PGL-1 to P granules, the accumulation of glh-1 mRNA and protein,

190 A core component of P granules, the endo-siRNA-binding Argonaute protein CSR

191 t appear essential for RNA to concentrate in P granules; these proteins may instead function in event

192 Loss of CeNup98 causes P granules to disperse in the cytoplasm and to release n

193 that segregates critical factors such as the P granules to one side of the uncleaved embryo [3,4].

194 Instead, we found that CSR-1 functions with P granules to prevent MSP and sperm-specific mRNAs from

195 ants by immunostaining or by expression of a P-granule transgene.

196 The germ-line-specific P granules were also mislocalized at the two-cell stage.

197 ding components of C. elegans germ granules (P granules) were up-regulated in daf-2 mutant worms, and

198 tative ATP-dependent enzymes localize to the P granules, which are nonmembranous complexes of protein

199 eveloping mitotic spindle and its associated P granules within P(2) and P(3), or provides an orientat

200 Therefore, understanding how P granules work is critical to understanding how cellula