ライフサイエンスコーパス: PRRSV

1 PRRSV has a limited tropism for certain cells, which may

2 PRRSV infection in primary porcine pulmonary alveolar ma

3 PRRSV infection induced miR-24-3p expression to facilita

4 PRRSV infection induces poor antiviral innate IFN and cy

5 PRRSV infection is characterized by a prolonged viremia

6 PRRSV is ideal for deciphering how monocytic cell activa

7 PRRSV nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) was previously iden

8 PRRSV Nsp1beta blocks the nuclear translocation of the I

9 PRRSV nsp1beta was identified to be a strong innate immu

10 PRRSV piglets were febrile (p < 0.0001), anorectic (p <

11 PRRSV-CON replicates as efficiently as our prototype PRR

12 athogenic mechanisms of this group of type 1 PRRSV in the United States.

13 d from a low-virulence North American type 1 PRRSV isolate, SD01-08.

14 esistance of transfected HEK cells to type 1 PRRSV.

15 Reactivity with a panel of more than 100 PRRSV isolates from various geographical regions in the

16 impacted seriously by North American type 2 PRRSV.

17 onredundant, full-genome sequences of type 2 PRRSVs, a consensus genome (designated PRRSV-CON) was ge

18 RRSV-CON) was generated by aligning these 59 PRRSV full-genome sequences, followed by selecting the m

19 was expressed on the surface of MARC-145, a PRRSV-susceptible cell line.

20 describe here a novel approach to generate a PRRSV vaccine candidate that could confer unprecedented

21 able, the stability of the RFLP pattern of a PRRSV during in vivo replication was evaluated by carryi

22 ctivated by a protein factor, specifically a PRRSV replicase subunit (nsp1beta).

23 8(+)-T-cell frequencies did not change after PRRSV infection, though a decrease in gammadelta T cells

24 However, after PRRSV infection, pigs typically develop a weak and defer

25 uded that Matrine possesses activity against PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection in vitro and suppression of the

26 (NAbs) can effectively protect pigs against PRRSV infection.

27 ith DS5M3, still acquired protection against PRRSV challenge at a level similar to that of the parent

28 s potential new antiviral strategies against PRRSV infection.

29 ment of a broadly protective vaccine against PRRSV.

30 centages of CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes and PRRSV-specific CD3(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma and IL

31 otypically stable over 80 cell passages, and PRRSV could be serially passed at least 60 times, yieldi

32 osed to either PCV2, PRRSV, or both PCV2 and PRRSV were used to validate the microbead assay (MBA) in

33 ppa coefficients, 0.85 and 0.67 for PCV2 and PRRSV, respectively).

34 ltaneous detection of antibodies to PCV2 and PRRSV, thereby reducing the time and effort involved in

35 The kinetics of the PCV2- and PRRSV-specific antibody responses measured by the microb

36 estigate response pathways in uninfected and PRRSV-infected monocytic cells at different activation s

37 Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen i

38 ynthesis and also offer a new potential anti-PRRSV strategy targeting the N-Nsp9 and/or N-DHX9 intera

39 strate that the N protein of the arterivirus PRRSV participates in viral RNA replication and transcri

40 As PRRSVs are genetically variable, the stability of the RF

41 Several strains of both PRRSV type 1 and type 2 led to a similar reduction of ST

42 Matrine treatment suppressed both PRRSV and PCV2 infection at 12 h post infection.

43 ntibodies, in this study we molecularly bred PRRSV through DNA shuffling of the GP4 and M genes, sepa

44 nterestingly, infection of MARC-145 cells by PRRSV strains VR-2332 and VR-2385 also resulted in KPNA1

45 in activated pDC was not only unaffected by PRRSV but actually occurred in its presence.

46 Meanwhile, the ability of catching PRRSV antigen was also significantly enhanced.

47 ynthetic PRRSV strain based on a centralized PRRSV genome sequence.

48 ay an important role of Matrine in combating PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection.

49 uld be broadly applied to current commercial PRRSV modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines and other candi

50 However, these molecules conferring PRRSV infection have not been fully characterized.

51 A major hurdle to control PRRSV is the ineffectiveness of the current vaccines to

52 resumably by passage through cell cultures), PRRSV-01 virus quickly regains these glycosylation sites

53 ype 2 PRRSVs, a consensus genome (designated PRRSV-CON) was generated by aligning these 59 PRRSV full

54 V strains and the GP5-M genes of 6 different PRRSV strains were molecularly bred by DNA shuffling and

55 of heterologous protection against divergent PRRSV isolates.

56 P5 envelope genes of 7 genetically divergent PRRSV strains and the GP5-M genes of 6 different PRRSV s

57 assays for detection of genetically diverse PRRSV isolates in serum, semen, blood swabs, and oral fl

58 During PRRSV infection of MARC-145 cells, the cytoplasmic PCBP1

59 pecificities of VN responses elicited during PRRSV infection.

60 insights into virus-host interactions during PRRSV infection but also suggests potential new antivira

61 sp2b, nsp2c, nsp2d, nsp2e, and nsp2f, during PRRSV infection.

62 s demonstrate a practical means to eliminate PRRSV-associated reproductive disease, a major source of

63 th PRRSV followed by PCV2 2 h later enhanced PRRSV and PCV2 replications.

64 In MARC-145 cells expressing PRRSV receptors, GFP-nsp2 moved from one cell to another

65 In particular, the engineered IFN-expressing PRRSV strain eliminated exogenous virus infection and su

66 of HO-1 expression by miR-24-3p facilitates PRRSV replication.

67 ses are monocytotropic, including our focus, PRRSV, which alone causes nearly $800 million economic l

68 human immunodeficiency virus, and our focus, PRRSV, which causes great economic losses each year in t

69 rank correlations were 0.72 (P < 0.001) for PRRSV and 0.80 (P < 0.001) for PCV2.

70 on the expression of CD163, a coreceptor for PRRSV.

71 ndicate that MYH9 is an essential factor for PRRSV infection and provide new insights into PRRSV-host

72 vy chain 9 (MYH9) as an essential factor for PRRSV infection using the anti-idiotypic antibody specif

73 2, which may have important implications for PRRSV replication.

74 Six groups of three boars negative for PRRSV were each inoculated with one of six PRRSV isolate

75 ach other and with the cellular receptor for PRRSV, we have cloned each of the viral glycoproteins an

76 PCV2 and were 91% and 93%, respectively, for PRRSV (kappa coefficients, 0.85 and 0.67 for PCV2 and PR

77 was detected in 3 nasal swabs collected from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time RT-PCR and sequenci

78 eric structure of the arterivirus nsp11 from PRRSV at 2.75-A resolution.

79 al infection, were completely protected from PRRSV in dams possessing a complete knockout of the CD16

80 ucture of the arterivirus nsp11 protein from PRRSV, which exhibits a unique structure and assembles i

81 IBV was detected in 3 nasal swabs from PRRSV-seropositive pigs by real-time reverse transcripti

82 n FL12 cDNA infectious clone with those from PRRSV-01.

83 Furthermore, PRRSV/PCV2 co- infection induced IkappaBalpha degradatio

84 transfection with an infectious clone of GFP-PRRSV.

85 of the chimeric viruses against heterologous PRRSV strains.

86 ese findings reveal a strategy evolved by HP-PRRSV to counteract anti-viral innate immune signaling,

87 emonstrated that highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection specifically down-regulated virus-induc

88 Subsequently, we demonstrated that HP-PRRSV nsp4 down-regulated VISA and suppressed type I IFN

89 We describe here a type II PRRSV field isolate (PRRSV-01) that is highly susceptibl

90 by replacing the structural genes of type II PRRSV strain FL12 cDNA infectious clone with those from

91 utations preventing nsp2TF expression impair PRRSV replication and produce a small-plaque phenotype.

92 uld be useful for development of an improved PRRSV vaccine.

93 means to understand the role of domain 5 in PRRSV infection with both type 1 and type 2 viruses, pig

94 entification of cellular factors involved in PRRSV life cycle not only will enable a better understan

95 R3s are expressed with all major isotypes in PRRSV-infected piglets (PIPs), explaining why PRRSV-indu

96 Expression of nsp2TF in PRRSV-infected cells was verified using specific Abs, an

97 However, only in PRRSV-infected isolator piglets was nearly the identical

98 y that DHX9 is recruited by the N protein in PRRSV infection to regulate viral RNA synthesis.

99 To study antiviral responses in PRRSV-infected monocytic cells, we characterized inflamm

100 The typical features of immune responses in PRRSV-infected pigs are delayed onset and low levels of

101 mplex and that it plays an important role in PRRSV binding with the other cytoskeletal filaments that

102 e immune response plays an important role in PRRSV pathogenesis.

103 e evasion is thought to play a vital role in PRRSV pathogenesis.

104 To test the role of SIGLEC1 in PRRSV infection, a SIGLEC1 gene knockout pig was created

105 and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) in PRRSV VR2385-infected MARC-145 cells were significantly

106 were obtained commercially and validated in PRRSV-infected cells.

107 e the function of DCs to present inactivated PRRSV antigen through TRIF/MyD88-NF-kappaB signaling pat

108 uimod of TLR7 ligand, along with inactivated PRRSV antigen.

109 oly (I: C), imiquimod along with inactivated PRRSV group.

110 After infection, PRRSV viremia in SIGLEC1(-/-) pigs followed the same cou

111 ion and that overexpression of HO-1 inhibits PRRSV replication.

112 This finding provides insight into PRRSV pathogenesis and its interference with the host im

113 RRSV infection and provide new insights into PRRSV-host interactions and viral entry, potentially fac

114 describe here a type II PRRSV field isolate (PRRSV-01) that is highly susceptible to neutralization a

115 a clade with the Lelystad and United Kingdom PRRSV isolates.

116 mmune signaling, which complements the known PRRSV-mediated immune-evasion mechanisms.

117 e cloned into the backbone of a DNA-launched PRRSV infectious clone.

118 In a test of spatial learning, PRRSV piglets took longer to acquire the task, had a lon

119 Likewise, PRRSV did not impact a specific TGEV-associated enhancem

120 the family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales PRRSV is a major agent of respiratory diseases in pigs,

121 s to the local distribution and abundance of PRRSV in infected tissues.

122 decreased, along with incremental amounts of PRRSV inocula.

123 had no measurable effect on other aspects of PRRSV infection, including clinical disease course and h

124 raries were each cloned into the backbone of PRRSV strain VR2385 infectious clone pIR-VR2385-CA.

125 Here the proteolytic cleavage of PRRSV nsp2 was further investigated in virally infected

126 ) heterotrimers remained in the cytoplasm of PRRSV-infected cells, which indicates that the nuclear t

127 d have great significance for development of PRRSV vaccines of enhanced protective efficacy.

128 the discontinuous to continuous extension of PRRSV RNA synthesis and also offer a new potential anti-

129 Since both GP4 and M genes of PRRSV induce neutralizing antibodies, in this study we m

130 eads to reduced replication and/or growth of PRRSV.

131 vitro, the attachment and internalization of PRRSV are dependent on the interaction between sialic ac

132 endothelium were observed in the kidneys of PRRSV-infected piglets.

133 Overexpression of NSP1beta of PRRSV VR2385 inhibited expression of ISG15 and ISG56 and

134 howed that nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) of PRRSV induced the STAT3 degradation by increasing its po

135 equential pig-to-pig passages (P1 to P13) of PRRSV ATCC VR-2332 in three independent pig lines for a

136 rovide new insights into the pathogenesis of PRRSV.

137 on the distinct neutralization phenotype of PRRSV-01, a chimeric virus (FL01) was generated by repla

138 D19, was markedly reduced in the presence of PRRSV.

139 It is unclear whether the N protein of PRRSV is involved in regulation of the viral RNA product

140 The nsp5 protein of PRRSV is responsible for the accelerated STAT3 degradati

141 et gene that promotes reduced replication of PRRSV.

142 = 50), consistent with the expected size of PRRSV particles.

143 almost simultaneously in the early stage of PRRSV infection.

144 y, from six genetically different strains of PRRSV in an attempt to identify chimeras with improved h

145 ith the viral particle of diverse strains of PRRSV.

146 approach relies on the network structure of PRRSV but applies to any diverse RNA virus because it id

147 A reverse genetics system of PRRSV North American prototype VR-2332 was developed to

148 ve pathway for intercellular transmission of PRRSV in which the virus uses nanotube connections to tr

149 be taken when the molecular epidemiology of PRRSVs is evaluated by RFLP analysis.

150 ; a classical inducer of HO-1 expression) on PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells and primary porcine

151 al protein and may have a profound impact on PRRSV replication and viral pathogenesis.

152 tudy, we demonstrated that highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection specifically down-regulated v

153 were experimentally exposed to either PCV2, PRRSV, or both PCV2 and PRRSV were used to validate the

154 cal basis for prolonged acute and persistent PRRSV infection, we have examined the cell-mediated immu

155 Importantly, when inoculated into pigs, PRRSV-CON confers significantly broader levels of hetero

156 se results suggested that miR-24-3p promotes PRRSV replication through suppression of HO-1 expression

157 for the development of a broadly protective PRRSV vaccine.

158 N replicates as efficiently as our prototype PRRSV strain FL12, both in vitro and in vivo.

159 l transmembrane anchor domain do not provide PRRSV receptor function.

160 Phylogenetic analysis with published PRRSV ORF 3, 5, and 7 nucleotide sequences indicated tha

161 Recombinant PRRSV nucleoprotein antigen and the PCV2 capsid antigen

162 Finally, a recombinant PRRSV genome containing a myc-tagged nsp2 was used to ge

163 the intercellular transport of a recombinant PRRSV that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tag

164 n HEK-293T cells cocultured with recombinant PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells.

165 cted MARC-145 cells by using two recombinant PRRSVs expressing epitope-tagged nsp2.

166 2 in cells resulted in significantly reduced PRRSV genome replication and transcription without adver

167 e HO-1 expression and, by doing so, regulate PRRSV replication.

168 rtant role for PCBP1 and PCBP2 in regulating PRRSV RNA synthesis.

169 In a previous study, two ribavirin-resistant PRRSV mutants (RVRp13 and RVRp22) were selected, and the

170 Highly purified cell-free virions of several PRRSV strains were isolated through multiple rounds of d

171 protein and anti-vimentin antibodies showed PRRSV-blocking activity.

172 RRSV) infection on the STAT3 signaling since PRRSV induces a weak protective immune response in host

173 f cellular lipid metabolism and (ii) in situ PRRSV replication-competent expression of interferon alp

174 r PRRSV were each inoculated with one of six PRRSV isolates (sharing 55 to 99% nucleotide sequence id

175 ntify nsp2 as a virion-associated structural PRRSV protein and reveal that nsp2 exists in or on viral

176 variable RNA virus, by creating a synthetic PRRSV strain based on a centralized PRRSV genome sequenc

177 Next, the synthetic PRRSV-CON strain was generated through the use of revers

178 Four of the total ten PRRSV NSPs tested were found to have strong to moderate

179 These data demonstrate that PRRSV induces B cell hyperplasia in isolator piglets tha

180 In this study, we demonstrate that PRRSV N protein is bound to Nsp9 by protein-protein inte

181 Collectively, our data demonstrate that PRRSV-CON can serve as an excellent candidate for the de

182 ntly, our biochemical data demonstrated that PRRSV nsp11 exists mainly as a dimer in solution.

183 Here, we discovered that PRRSV antagonizes the JAK/STAT3 signaling by inducing de

184 In the present study, we found that PRRSV interferes with the IFN signaling pathway.

185 We report here that PRRSV infection of MARC-145 cells and primary porcine pu

186 These results indicate that PRRSV antagonizes the STAT3 signaling by accelerating ST

187 Overall, these findings indicate that PRRSV nsp2 is increasingly emerging as a multifunctional

188 the cytoplasm to the nucleus indicating that PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection induced NF-kappaB activation.

189 We propose that PRRSV infection causes generalized Ag-independent B cell

190 These data lead us to propose that PRRSV utilizes the host cell cytoskeletal machinery insi

191 It has been reported that PRRSV infection can modulate host immune responses, and

192 The data revealed that PRRSV nsp2 exists as different isoforms, termed nsp2a, n

193 formance liquid chromatography revealed that PRRSV-infected sera contained high-molecular-mass fracti

194 Here, we show that PRRSV infection induces host miRNA miR-24-3p expression

195 In addition, we show that PRRSV N interacts with cellular RNA helicase DHX9 and re

196 Our previous research showed that PRRSV downregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (

197 Sequence analysis shows that PRRSV-01 lacks two N-glycosylation sites, normally prese

198 We speculate that PRRSV infection generates a product that engages the BCR

199 These findings suggest that PRRSV interferes with the activation and signaling pathw

200 The PRRSV nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) has been shown to b

201 The PRRSV nsp11 endoribonuclease plays a vital role in arter

202 The PRRSV-mediated antagonizing STAT3 could lead to suppress

203 The PRRSV-mediated STAT3 reduction was in a dose-dependent m

204 This may be one of the reasons for the PRRSV interference with the innate immunity and its poor

205 h is one of the most variable regions in the PRRSV genome, than MLV.

206 age activity played an important role in the PRRSV replication cycle in that mutations that impaired

207 STAT2 and their heterodimer formation in the PRRSV-infected cells were not affected.

208 This study provides insight into the PRRSV interference with the JAK/STAT3 signaling, leading

209 However, the structures of the PRRSV nsp11 and coronavirus nsp15 catalytic domains were

210 results suggest that vimentin is part of the PRRSV receptor complex and that it plays an important ro

211 cial role in the proteolytic cleavage of the PRRSV replicase polyproteins.

212 nsport of viral proteins did not require the PRRSV receptor as it was observed in receptor-negative H

213 In this study, we demonstrated that the PRRSV nsp2 OTU domain antagonizes the type I interferon

214 In mice experiment, it was found that the PRRSV-specific T lymphocyte proliferation, the percentag

215 the anti-idiotypic antibody specific to the PRRSV glycoprotein GP5.

216 MYH9 physically interacts with the PRRSV GP5 protein via its C-terminal domain and confers

217 Vimentin bound to PRRSV nucleocapsid protein and anti-vimentin antibodies

218 omain and confers susceptibility of cells to PRRSV infection.

219 We expand this concept to PRRSV, a highly variable RNA virus, by creating a synthe

220 orted by a demonstrated resilience of pDC to PRRSV infection, this pathogen may interact with a cell

221 on play an important role in the response to PRRSV infection and that nsp2 is a key factor in counter

222 r-individual gene expression and response to PRRSV infection in pigs.

223 viremia levels or weight gain in response to PRRSV infection.

224 and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective.

225 The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual vir

226 t may explain the delayed immune response to PRRSV.

227 tive effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune respo

228 re required for conferring susceptibility to PRRSV infection in BHK-21 cells.

229 ferent activation states were susceptible to PRRSV and responded differently to viral infection.

230 These stable cell lines were susceptible to PRRSV infection and yielded high titers of progeny virus

231 K, nonsusceptible cell lines, susceptible to PRRSV infection.

232 heterologous protection than does wild-type PRRSV.

233 Interestingly, nsp4 of typical PRRSV strain CH-1a had no effect on VISA.

234 associated with the attenuation of virulent PRRSV in RVRp13 and MLV quickly reverted to wild-type se

235 f gene expression in response to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection.

236 ry syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is an important swine disease worldwide.

237 ine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is quite com

238 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are major contributors to the porcine respiratory

239 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) caused microglial activation within the hippocamp

240 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 week

241 respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an extraordinary increase in the proportio

242 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contains a putative cysteine protease domain (PL2

243 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contains the major glycoprotein, GP5, as well as

244 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) crosses the placenta and begins to infect fetuses

245 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) first, and PCV2 subsequently.

246 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from an alternative reading frame overlapping the

247 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) glycoprotein 5 (GP5) is the most abundant envelop

248 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have recently emerged in North America.

249 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) identified one pig with broadly neutralizing acti

250 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in serum containing 6.10 x 10(2) viral copies per

251 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in the United States presents new disease control

252 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of swine leads to a serious disease cha

253 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of swine results in substantial economi

254 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection on the STAT3 signaling since PRRSV indu

255 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) inhibits the interferon-mediated antiviral respon

256 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) inhibits the synthesis of type I IFNs.

257 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a member of the family Arteriviridae, order Ni

258 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a multidomain protein and has been shown to un

259 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important swine p

260 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important viruses

261 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most significant etiological agents

262 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) mutants (RVRp13 and RVRp22) were selected, and th

263 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can effectively pr

264 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 1beta (nsp1beta) is a multi

265 respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) nsp1 crystal structures.

266 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nucleocapsid (N) protein is the main component of

267 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or sham medium.

268 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) particle.

269 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assa

270 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication in cell culture and that the antivira

271 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA endoribonuclease nsp11 belongs to the XendoU

272 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) showed a higher prevalence of IBV antibodies in o

273 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain A2MC2 induces type I interferons in cultur

274 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains circulating in the field, mainly due to t

275 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) via boar semen has been documented.

276 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was recently demonstrated to be processed from it

277 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and apparently most other arteriviruses, use an

278 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as a model, rapid attenuation of the virus was a

279 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), nanotubes were observed connecting two distant c

280 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which directly infects subsets of monocytic cell

281 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which is related to the lactate dehydrogenase-el

282 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-permissive phenotype when introduced into nonperm

283 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

284 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

285 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

286 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

287 respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV).

288 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

289 reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

290 However, whether PRRSV can inhibit IFN signaling is less well understood.

291 While PRRSV also inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-al

292 RRSV-infected piglets (PIPs), explaining why PRRSV-induced hypergammaglobulinemia is seen in all majo

293 n IIA were identified as coprecipitates with PRRSV nsp1beta, nsp2, nsp2TF, nsp4, nsp7-nsp8, GP5, and

294 ally in swine herds previously infected with PRRSV, an immunosuppressive virus.

295 crophages (PAM) cells model co-infected with PRRSV/PCV2 with modification in vitro, and investigated

296 sults demonstrated PAM cells inoculated with PRRSV followed by PCV2 2 h later enhanced PRRSV and PCV2

297 e is not required for infection of pigs with PRRSV and that the absence of SIGLEC1 does not contribut

298 enhanced sensitivity to neutralization by wt PRRSV-specific antibodies.

299 ibodies against the mutant as well as the wt PRRSV, suggesting that the loss of glycan residues in th

300 and N34/51 grew to lower titers than the wt PRRSV.

301 on sites, normally present in wild-type (wt) PRRSV strains, in two of its envelope glycoproteins, one