ライフサイエンスコーパス: RVLM

1 RVLM neurons unaffected by either CO(2) or BP were light

2 RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons may be intrinsically pH-

3 Most (94% +/- 4%) RVLM-projecting PVH neurons activated by water deprivati

4 Photostimulation activated most (75%) RVLM baroinhibited neurons sampled with 1/1 action poten

5 onclusion, CO(2) increases SND by activating RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons.

6 eral medulla, specifically the Botzinger and RVLM/C1 regions.

7 Weaker projections were seen to the CVLM and RVLM and to the contralateral CPA.

8 actin anesthetized female rats, the CVLM and RVLM were functionally defined by pressor and depressor

9 o-localized with neurons within both MDH and RVLM/C1 that were activated by nasal stimulation.

10 diamidino yellow) were injected into NTS and RVLM, after each site had been physiologically identifie

11 y via synaptic contacts in the RTN, NTS, and RVLM and provides significant anatomical evidence to sup

12 ce of neural activation in the PVN, PBN, and RVLM help limit the list of structures necessary for the

13 increased receptor expression in the PVH and RVLM is the mechanism by which Ang II in the brain helps

14 p85alpha/p110delta expression in the PVN and RVLM is associated with increased PI3-kinase activity in

15 TB receptors were upregulated in the PVN and RVLM of E2 treated animals.

16 ostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medullary depressor area

17 ostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area (RVLM) is located.

18 Bilateral RVLM microinjection of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 significantly

19 uadrants, i.e., left and right sides of both RVLM and CVLM in sham operated rats and in rats with a t

20 uadrants, i.e., left and right sides of both RVLM and CVLM in sham-operated rats (n = 10) and in rats

21 side but not contralateral RVLM, and to both RVLM quadrants in sham-operated rats.

22 BSBS RVLM neurons most likely provide a major ENK input to sy

23 tified positive phenotype of the non-C1 BSBS RVLM neurons.

24 Second, we recorded individual BSBS RVLM units extracellularly in anesthetized rats and fill

25 Four of the 10 PPE(+) BSBS RVLM neurons were TH-ir.

26 Fourteen bulbospinal RVLM neurons were recovered for immunohistochemistry; ni

27 clamp recordings were made from bulbospinal RVLM neurons (n = 31) in brainstem slices prepared from

28 h clamp recordings from isolated bulbospinal RVLM neurons, 17beta-estradiol dose-dependently reduced

29 pinal cord to specifically label bulbospinal RVLM neurons in sedentary and active rats.

30 mary, PPE mRNA is predominantly expressed by RVLM BSBS neurons with lightly myelinated spinal axons.

31 In conclusion, VGLUT2 is expressed by RVLM-CA (C1) neurons in rats and mice regardless of the

32 Selective expression of ChR2-mCherry by RVLM-CA neurons was achieved by injecting Cre-dependent

33 l ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons e.g., by hypoxia is thought to increase

34 l ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic (RVLM-CA) neurons use glutamate as a transmitter in the d

35 n the ipsilateral side but not contralateral RVLM, and to both RVLM quadrants in sham-operated rats.

36 RVLM quadrant compared to the contralateral RVLM or RVLM quadrants of control rats.

37 arse commissural projection to contralateral RVLM was observed, and pericellular arbors were present

38 ic BP response were fully maintained despite RVLM pretreatment with the angiotensin II type 1 recepto

39 Very few RVLM-projecting PVH neurons were immunoreactive for oxyt

40 rats, we confirmed that the projection from RVLM catecholaminergic neurons to the orexinergic neuron

41 Ultrastructurally, mCherry terminals from RVLM-CA neurons in DbetaH(Cre/0) mice made predominantly

42 In marked contrast, few glutamatergic, RVLM-projecting PVH neurons were c-Fos-ir in control rat

43 gic and glutamatergic inputs into identified RVLM-projecting neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricu

44 gnificantly lower (i.e., higher affinity) in RVLM and CVLM (164+/-38 and 178+/-27 pM, respectively,)

45 Cre/0)), mCherry was detected exclusively in RVLM-CA neurons.

46 AP-1 may further regulate gene expression in RVLM in the CHF state.

47 inding activity were significantly higher in RVLM of CHF compared with Sham rabbits (240.4+/-30.2%, P

48 Local blockade of nNOS in RVLM vs. CVLM differentially alters local glutamate and

49 by activation of glutamatergic receptors in RVLM that also cause proarrhythmogenic changes mediated

50 and JNK activity increased significantly in RVLM of CHF compared with sham (262.9+/-48.1%, 213.8+/-2

51 Following injection of AAV2 into RVLM of TH-Cre rats, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transfe

52 notropic glutamate receptor antagonist) into RVLM or the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) eliminated or r

53 ine 10 mg/ml) microinjected bilaterally into RVLM had no effect on seizure-induced sympathoexcitation

54 cordingly, microinjections of glutamate into RVLM evoked larger increases in SNA after CIH (P<0.05).

55 As expected, injection of Kyn into RVLM or muscimol into commNTS virtually blocked the effe

56 agonist, kynurenic acid (50 nl; 100 mM) into RVLM, blocked the seizure-induced 43.2 +/- 12.6% sympath

57 Intra-RVLM acetaldehyde (2 mug), the main metabolic product of

58 that the pressor response elicited by intra-RVLM ethanol (10 mug) was (i) abolished following local

59 tase inhibition elicited by subsequent intra-RVLM administration of ethanol.

60 LM with GABA persisted following ipsilateral RVLM GABA(A) receptor blockade (bicuculline, BIC, 400 pm

61 on in eNOS expression within the ipsilateral RVLM and an overexpression of eNOS within the ipsilatera

62 on in nNOS expression within the ipsilateral RVLM and an overexpression of nNOS abundance within the

63 duced nNOS expression within the ipsilateral RVLM quadrant compared to the contralateral RVLM or RVLM

64 itive nerve terminals within the ipsilateral RVLM that were immunoreactive (ir) for the VGLUT2 protei

65 ns retrogradely labeled from the ipsilateral RVLM with cholera toxin subunit B (CTB; 85% on average,

66 ns retrogradely labeled from the ipsilateral RVLM with CTB were c-Fos-ir (16-40%, depending on PVH re

67 We labeled RVLM neurons with a lentiviral vector that expresses the

68 t innervate the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

69 ostral ventrolateral portion of the medulla (RVLM) is composed of heterogeneous populations of neuron

70 rectly to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (PVN-RVLM neurones) of rats.

71 group of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), where

72 ostral portion of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) appears to be required for reflex airway constrict

73 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are more responsive to excitation in sedentary ver

74 eurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are oxygen detectors excited by hypoxia to globall

75 The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains neurons critical for cardiovascular, resp

76 anol into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) elicits modest increases in local extracellular si

77 input to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) from neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

78 eptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been suggested to contribute to hypertension.

79 The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is critical to the maintenance of blood pressure.

80 sst2 ) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) lower sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressur

81 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) maintain sympathetic vasomotor tone and blood pres

82 AT(1)R in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rabbits with CHF, its downstream pathway, and i

83 reased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rabbits with chronic heart failure (CHF) and in

84 apelin in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) on blood pressure, cardiac function, and sympathet

85 nervating the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) play important roles in the control of sympathetic

86 ctions in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) region that contains bulbospinal C1 adrenergic neu

87 cells of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) regulate respiration and arterial pressure (AP).

88 activated by rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) stimulation.

89 urones in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that drive this sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) a

90 ortion of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that is difficult to identify precisely for lack o

91 ol within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using selective receptor antagonists.

92 uction in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) was increased by 2.9-fold in CHF rabbits compared

93 eus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were microdissected for gene expression and protei

94 eurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were recorded in anaesthetized sino-aortic denerva

95 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) with bilateral microinjections of the GABA(A) rece

96 tuated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) with descending axons to the spinal cord and that

97 n-13 into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a major source of sympathoexcitatory neurones, in

98 vation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and accordingly, microinjections of glutamate int

99 ostrema (AP), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN); however,

100 tarius (NTS), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and PVN, and augmented the increase in Fos in the

101 us (PBN), the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS).

102 ocated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), are activated by pain, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, inf

103 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), but the underlining electrophysiological mechanis

104 cing from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), express NPY Y1 receptor immunoreactivity, and pat

105 In the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), p110delta mRNA was approximately 2-fold higher in

106 H) and in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which results in the release of adrenaline.

107 in identified rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)-projecting PVN neurones is altered in hypertensive

108 area, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

109 uced into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

110 eurons in rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

111 inputs to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

112 (PVH) to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

113 bition in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

114 ocated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

115 ry neurons of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

116 including the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

117 (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

118 eurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

119 in SHR is the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).

120 medulla, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM; a vasopressor region) and the nucleus of the solit

121 minergic C1 and non-C1 respiratory-modulated RVLM presympathetic neurons constitute a heterogeneous n

122 ude that the different respiratory-modulated RVLM presympathetic neurons contribute to the central ge

123 ubpopulation of non-C1 respiratory-modulated RVLM presympathetic neurons presented enhanced excitator

124 ulating neurotransmitter in the normotensive RVLM to affect vascular tone through interaction with th

125 the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata (RVLM).

126 Overall, approximately 50% of RVLM-projecting PVN neurons expressed ERbeta immunoreact

127 Selective unilateral ablation of RVLM NK1R-immunoreactive cells (97% loss within the pre-

128 In conclusion, activation of RVLM catecholaminergic neurons, predominantly C1 cells,

129 In sum, selective optogenetic activation of RVLM-CA neurons in conscious mice revealed two important

130 lucoprivation did not affect the activity of RVLM adrenal premotor neurons.

131 ncreased SND (97 +/- 6%) and the activity of RVLM neurons (67 +/- 4%).

132 and assessed their impact on the activity of RVLM-projecting PVN neurons (PVN-RVLM neurons), and on P

133 he PVN, overlapping with the distribution of RVLM-projecting neurons.

134 that estrogens can modulate the function of RVLM C1 bulbospinal neurons either directly, through ext

135 The importance of RVLM in the regulation of cardiovascular function is wel

136 raphe nuclei was most dense at the level of RVLM, but rostral levels of pallidus were devoid of inne

137 The majority of RVLM neurones that received input from the vagus or the

138 Micropunches of RVLM were collected from nonpregnant and late term pregn

139 Photostimulation of RVLM neurons caused a sizable sympathoactivation and ris

140 Photostimulation of RVLM-CA neurons increased breathing in anesthetized and

141 the CVLM can be activated in the presence of RVLM GABA receptor blockade, but sympathoinhibitory infl

142 ere reversed to increases in the presence of RVLM GABA(A) receptor blockade (n=7).

143 These experiments evaluated the role of RVLM gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor subtypes a

144 anges may enhance the overall sensitivity of RVLM neurons to excitatory stimuli and contribute to an

145 al neurons and to identify likely sources of RVLM SST release.

146 due, in part, to changes in the structure of RVLM neurons that control sympathetic activity.

147 d that (1) ACTH exerts excitatory effects on RVLM neurons resulting in pressor and tachycardic respon

148 roles of glutamate, PACAP, and microglia on RVLM catecholaminergic neurons during the cardiovascular

149 The actions of PACAP or microglia on RVLM neurons do not cause sympathoexcitation, but they d

150 oduct of ethanol, caused no changes in BP or RVLM phosphatase activity but it produced significant in

151 ffect on c-jun mRNA expression in the NTS or RVLM.

152 Neuroglucoprivation in the PeH or RVLM was elicited by microinjections of 2-deoxy-D-glucos

153 adrant compared to the contralateral RVLM or RVLM quadrants of control rats.

154 ChR2-positive RVLM-CA neurons expressed VGLUT2 and their projections w

155 We determined whether the bulbospinal PPE(+) RVLM neurons are barosensitive in two ways.

156 urones that tonically inhibit presympathetic RVLM neurones and are essential for the production of nu

157 to CRD-related modulation of presympathetic RVLM neurones and SNA.

158 We sought to determine whether the PVH-RVLM projection activated by water deprivation is glutam

159 Recordings obtained from PVN-RVLM (rostral ventrolateral medulla) projecting neurons

160 Patch-clamp recordings obtained from PVN-RVLM neurons showed a reduction in I(A) current magnitud

161 d potassium current I(A) is expressed in PVN-RVLM neurones, characterized its biophysical and pharmac

162 ls play little role in generating SFA in PVN-RVLM neurones, their activation nevertheless does dampen

163 ults demonstrate the presence of I(A) in PVN-RVLM neurones, which actively modulates their action pot

164 etitive firing discharge was enhanced in PVN-RVLM neurons from hypertensive rats.

165 I(A) availability, action potentials in PVN-RVLM neurons in hypertensive rats were broader, decayed

166 stochemical studies suggest that I(A) in PVN-RVLM neurons is mediated by Kv1.4 and/or Kv4.3 channel s

167 were obtained from retrogradely labelled PVN-RVLM neurons in a slice preparation.

168 onstructions of intracellularly labelled PVN-RVLM neurons showed a diminished dendritic surface area

169 ngs obtained from retrogradely labelled, PVN-RVLM neurones indicate that a 4-AP sensitive, TEA insens

170 activity of RVLM-projecting PVN neurons (PVN-RVLM neurons), and on PVN influence of renal sympathetic

171 he hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN-RVLM) contributes to an imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory

172 n, contribute to setting a basal tone of PVN-RVLM firing activity, and PVN-driven RSNA.

173 s, supporting the presence of subsets of PVN-RVLM neurones differentially modulated by I(A).

174 ased or decreased the firing activity of PVN-RVLM neurones, supporting the presence of subsets of PVN

175 ockade attenuated the firing activity of PVN-RVLM neurons.

176 nd enhanced the input-output function of PVN-RVLM neurons.

177 y over inhibitory inputs was found in OT-PVN-RVLM proximal dendrites.

178 eased in oxytocin-positive, PVN-RVLM (OT-PVN-RVLM) neurons in RVH rats.

179 ensities increased in oxytocin-positive, PVN-RVLM (OT-PVN-RVLM) neurons in RVH rats.

180 SH) inhibit and stimulate, respectively, PVN-RVLM neurons.

181 he rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (PVN-RVLM neurones) of rats.

182 ABAergic or enkephalinergic input to the rat RVLM.

183 and caudal ventrolateral medullary regions (RVLM and CVLM, respectively).

184 At the most rostral RVLM level, 29% of bulbospinal PPE+ cells were tyrosine

185 cardiovascular responses within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla by modulat

186 e (nNOS) protein isoform within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla.

187 e roles of nNOS and eNOS within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in modulat

188 ic oxide synthase (nNOS) within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).

189 Collectively, these data demonstrate that RVLM C1 neurons modulate the activity of other central c

190 In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RVLM ser/thr phosphatases dampen the ERK-dependent press

191 optogenetics in tissue slices, we show that RVLM catecholaminergic neurons activate the locus coerul

192 The results also suggest that RVLM-CA neurons may underlie some of the acute respirato

193 The RVLM and CVLM displayed significantly lower (p<0.01) den

194 The RVLM is not the sole source of the muscarinic cholinergi

195 The RVLM of six unanesthetized rats subjected to 2 hours of

196 The RVLM was identified by microinjections (100 nl) of L-glu

197 In both the RVLM and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) as well as

198 l to Fluoro-Gold injection sites in both the RVLM and CVLM, and the remainder were contralateral.

199 In conclusion, the RVLM contains many neurons that express preprosomatostat

200 ra-toxin-B retrogradely transported from the RVLM were detected in: paratrigeminal nucleus, lateral p

201 (CTB-ir), retrogradely transported from the RVLM, were assessed for expression of glutamic acid deca

202 are no direct cortical projections from the RVLM/MCVA, suggesting a relay that diffusely innervates

203 cell count was significantly greater in the RVLM (P < 0.01) and in the neighbouring rostral ventral

204 Finally, blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM abolished the increase in ASNA to neuroglucoprivati

205 (V(1A)) receptor expression increases in the RVLM after CIH conditioning (8 h per day for 10 days).

206 II and III binding site was decreased in the RVLM and DMM of SHR (37% and 13%, respectively).

207 ar potentials from 14 neurons located in the RVLM and investigated their barosensory properties by an

208 l angiotensin binding site is altered in the RVLM and other caudal brainstem regions of SHR, a quanti

209 espiratory output via V(1A) receptors in the RVLM and rVRC, and increased SNA in CIH-conditioned anim

210 activating polypeptide, and microglia in the RVLM and their contribution to cardiovascular autonomic

211 her neuroglucoprivation in the PeH or in the RVLM elicits adrenaline release in vivo and 2) whether d

212 ive comparison of AT receptor binding in the RVLM has been made in SHR versus normotensive rats.

213 Whether CRD-related activity in the RVLM is due to direct inputs from central respiratory ne

214 ed that enhanced functional responses in the RVLM may be due, in part, to changes in the structure of

215 This increased AT receptor binding in the RVLM may contribute to the hypertension of SHR.

216 Thus, the apelin system in the RVLM may play a very important role in central blood pre

217 n by glucoprivation or orexin release in the RVLM modulates the adrenaline release.

218 Finally, increases in the RVLM mRNA and protein expression of Ang II type 1 (AT1)

219 creased the AP-1-DNA binding activity in the RVLM of CHF rabbits compared to the vehicle group (9.14

220 r subunit mRNA and protein expression in the RVLM of nonpregnant and late term pregnant rats.

221 with chronic heart failure (CHF) and in the RVLM of normal rabbits infused with intracerebroventricu

222 pressor action of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 in the RVLM of normotensive rats is not mediated via angiotensi

223 he characteristics of AT(1) receptors in the RVLM of rat, the species in which the most experimental

224 -AT, non-AT, angiotensin binding site in the RVLM of SHR may indicate a role for this binding site to

225 ow that apelin expression is enhanced in the RVLM of SHR versus WKY rats and that overexpression of t

226 ld) increase in c-jun mRNA expression in the RVLM of SO rats versus no effect in the NTS.

227 observed following ethanol treatment in the RVLM of SO rats was abolished in OVX rats and restored t

228 of apelin was significantly enhanced in the RVLM of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared wi

229 and that overexpression of this gene in the RVLM results in chronic blood pressure elevation and car

230 In the RVLM, 54% of bulbospinal PPE(+) neurons were Fos-ir, whe

231 and to a lesser extent MC3 receptors in the RVLM, and (3) the pressor effects of ACTH were mediated

232 ACE expression was increased in the RVLM, PVH, choroid plexus, median preoptic nucleus, and

233 s on up-regulation of V(1A) receptors in the RVLM.

234 siological basis for estrogen effects in the RVLM.

235 but only DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in the RVLM.

236 ion of adrenal presympathetic neurons in the RVLM.

237 s in a specific population of neurons in the RVLM.

238 y could contribute to neuroplasticity in the RVLM.

239 vascular-related neurones that influence the RVLM is not known.

240 ed that blood-borne Ang II can influence the RVLM via a neural connection between the circumventricul

241 summary, most PVH neurons that innervate the RVLM are glutamatergic, and this population includes the

242 se, one of the tracers was injected into the RVLM and another was injected into the NTS.

243 ce blood pressure when administered into the RVLM and PVH.

244 idine (AGN; 1.0 microM), for 60 min into the RVLM attenuated increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP

245 enous apelin-13 (200 pmol in 50 nL) into the RVLM caused a 20 mm Hg elevation in blood pressure and a

246 0 nl) of ACTH (0.5, 1 and 2 mmol/l) into the RVLM elicited increases in MAP and HR; tachycardic respo

247 Microinjection of ACTH into the RVLM increased the efferent discharge in the greater spl

248 ually absent when AAV2 was injected into the RVLM of DbetaH(Cre/0);VGLUT2(flox/flox) mice, into the c

249 nnelrhodopsin2(ChR2)-mCherry (AAV2) into the RVLM of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase Cre transgenic mice (D

250 ent protein or mCherry was injected into the RVLM of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre rats.

251 ion of the AAV2-apelin viral vector into the RVLM of WKY rats.

252 ade tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into the RVLM or CVLM of these animals, and immunofluorescence st

253 that microinjection of AAV2-apelin into the RVLM resulted in a significant increase in apelin expres

254 subunit (CT-beta) was microinjected into the RVLM to retrogradely label the PVN neurons.

255 zole (TRIM, 1.0 microM) for 120 min into the RVLM, potentiated cardiovascular responses during a stat

256 GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor blockade of the RVLM (400 pmol BIC+400 pmol CGP35348, 100 nl), inhibitio

257 ardiovascular regulation at the level of the RVLM and highlight that this system is a possible potent

258 dulla, which included the full extent of the RVLM and the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM).

259 dence that non-baroreceptive neurones of the RVLM are involved in coordination of somatic and viscera

260 osensitive bulbospinal (BSBS) neurons of the RVLM express preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA.

261 , and electrophysiological recordings of the RVLM presympathetic neurons in in situ preparations from

262 Inhibition of the RVLM ser/thr phosphatase activity by okadaic acid (OKA,

263 interneurons identify a narrow region of the RVLM that appears to be coextensive with the pre-BotC of

264 ffects were abolished by pretreatment of the RVLM with the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49

265 nance are also reflected at the level of the RVLM, particularly at the right nucleus ambiguus (NA).

266 ed most of the SST-ir neuronal somata of the RVLM.

267 ssure-regulating presympathetic cells of the RVLM.

268 encompassing the rostrocaudal extent of the RVLM.

269 lso examined the effect of ICV Tempol on the RVLM of CHF rabbits.

270 itic branching was consistent throughout the RVLM.

271 d if AVP neurons project from the PVN to the RVLM and if arginine vasopressin (V(1A)) receptor expres

272 tion of strychnine (300 pmol, 100 nl) to the RVLM eliminated responses to CVLM inhibition, suggesting

273 As a group, cells projecting to the RVLM were located slightly rostral to those with termina

274 nucleus; whereas, neurons projecting to the RVLM were more abundant ventrally.

275 ventrally, whereas neurons projecting to the RVLM were more evenly dispersed within the PVN.

276 a glutamatergic pathway from the PVH to the RVLM.

277 st all the labelled neurons projected to the RVLM.

278 e from these brain regions projecting to the RVLM.

279 ABAergic and/or enkephalinergic input to the RVLM.

280 Together, the RVLM phosphatase activity acts tonically to attenuate th

281 examined whether nNOS antagonism within the RVLM and CVLM affected cardiovascular responses during t

282 These results demonstrate that NO within the RVLM and CVLM differentially modulates cardiovascular re

283 he endothelial NOS (eNOS) isoform within the RVLM and CVLM might also play a role in integrating card

284 we investigated the role of iNOS within the RVLM and CVLM on cardiovascular responses and glutamater

285 nd after blocking V(1A) receptors within the RVLM and rVRC with SR49059 (0.2 nmol).

286 increased MAP, HR and GABA levels within the RVLM area (from 0.53+/-0.09 to 1.22+/-0.10 ng/10 microl)

287 is specific population of neurons within the RVLM is challenging.

288 These data demonstrate, that within the RVLM of both nonpregnant and late term pregnant rats, th

289 ogically altered by nNOS blockade within the RVLM or CVLM, which in turn might have contributed to th

290 blot analysis of nNOS expression within the RVLM showed significant attenuation of the protein when

291 Levels of GABA within the RVLM were increased.

292 Within the RVLM, 79% of the bulbospinal C1 cells contained DNPI/VGL

293 apelin pressor response may occur within the RVLM.

294 ephalin tonically inhibit neurons within the RVLM.

295 on of SNA, potentially by changes within the RVLM.

296 tors are probably located within or close to RVLM and not in the NTS or in the rVRG-pre-Botzinger/CVL

297 ABA(B) receptors nor a contralateral CVLM to RVLM GABAergic pathway explains residual responses to CV

298 nt sympathoinhibitory influence from CVLM to RVLM is mediated by glycine receptors.

299 Photostimulation of ChR2-transfected RVLM neurons (473 nm, 20 Hz, 10 ms, 9 mW) increased BP (

300 opic evidence that the axons of rostral VLM (RVLM) catecholaminergic neurons contact locus coeruleus,