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1 TRH and six TRH-like peptide levels in STR fell by 0.5h
2 TRH caused extensive receptor endocytosis in the presenc
3 TRH excited LH GABA neurons, and this was also reduced b
4 TRH had no effect on baseline glutamate/aspartate releas
5 TRH has anti-epileptic effects and regulates arousal, sl
6 TRH has been found to be efficacious in treating certain
7 TRH increased spontaneous IPSC frequency without affecti
8 TRH increased the action potential firing frequency reco
9 TRH inhibited seizure activity induced by Mg2+ deprivati
10 TRH inhibition of MCH neurons was attenuated by Na(+)-Ca
11 TRH-induced excitation persisted under conditions of syn
12 TRH-induced inward current had a reversal potential clos
13 TRH-like peptide levels, in general, were highly correla
14 membrane helices of the TRH receptor type 1 (TRH-R1) has been identified based on experimental eviden
15 ng hormone (TRH) receptors, subtypes 2 and 1(TRH-R2 and TRH-R1), can signal persistently in HEK-EM293
16 yrotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2 (TRH-R2), not TRH-R1, has been proposed to mediate the CN
18 a phosphorylation-defective receptor, the 6Q-TRH receptor did not recruit arrestin, undergo the typic
23 ursor (proTRH) into five biologically active TRH peptides and several non-TRH peptides where two of t
24 ze receptor but still promoted high affinity TRH binding, acid/salt resistance, and desensitization.
27 otostomian animals remains unknown, although TRH receptors are conserved in proto- and deuterostomian
28 easing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH(2)) and TRH-like peptides (pGlu-X-Pro-NH(2), where "X" can be an
29 e leptin alone did not evoke any change, and TRH alone caused only approximately 1 degrees C increase
30 creasing the gene expression of both CRH and TRH in hypophysiotropic neurons, and CART-containing axo
31 relationships with hypophysiotropic CRH and TRH neurons, we propose that CART may signal to the nucl
32 the locus in the hindbrain where leptin and TRH act synergistically to increase thermogenesis will b
33 Specifically, exposure to both leptin and TRH elicited a 3.5 degrees C increase in brown adipose t
34 transduction interaction between leptin and TRH occurs within neurons of the solitary nucleus [NST],
36 We tested the hypothesis that leptin and TRH, acting in the hindbrain, co-regulate thermogenesis.
38 aphe nuclei, (2) serotonin, substance P, and TRH activate RTN chemoreceptors, and (3) excitatory effe
41 (TRH) receptors, subtypes 2 and 1(TRH-R2 and TRH-R1), can signal persistently in HEK-EM293 cells unde
42 ollicular heat production, whereas T3/T4 and TRH stimulated ATP production in cultured HF keratinocyt
44 share amino acid similarities to the TDH and TRH proteins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, where they have
51 f leptin to the food-deprived animal, before TRH injection, yields a substantial increase in BAT; whi
52 hemistry, we found close appositions between TRH-immunoreactive nerve terminals and orexin-A-immunore
53 hemistry revealed little interaction between TRH axons and MCH neurons, but showed TRH axons terminat
54 fferent fibers in the hindbrain possess both TRH type 1 receptor and long-form leptin receptor [TRHR1
55 M293 cells under appropriate conditions, but TRH-R2 exhibits higher persistent signaling activity.
57 that the CNS effects of TAL are mediated by TRH-R2, these effects are mediated primarily if not excl
58 knockdown decreased persistent signaling by TRH-R2 by 82%, and overexpression of Galpha(q/11) induce
61 receptor TRHR-1, promote growth in Celegans TRH-like peptides from pharyngeal motor neurons are requ
62 t with a more minor role for the V. cholerae TRH in T3SS-positive strains compared to the functions a
64 e of the four residues that directly contact TRH and other residues that restrain TRH-R1 in an inacti
65 ound that two residues that directly contact TRH, Asn-110 in transmembrane helix 3 (3.37) and Arg-306
67 of d,l polylactide nanoparticles containing TRH was assessed against glutamate toxicity in cultured
68 in uptake/retention of pyridinium-containing TRH analogues (measured by in vivo microdialysis samplin
70 Furthermore, two phosphorylation-defective TRH receptors functionally complemented one another and
71 xis, we have generated mice that lack either TRH, the beta isoforms of TH receptors (TRbeta KO), or b
73 ies suggest that exogenous and/or endogenous TRH may function, in part, to modulate excess glutamate
75 for receptor dephosphorylation, we expressed TRH receptors in fibroblasts from mice lacking beta-arre
79 athway of neuroendocrine cells yielding five TRH peptides and seven to nine other unique peptides.
87 ot caused by slower dissociation of TRH from TRH-R2 (t(1/2)=77 +/- 8.1 min) compared with TRH-R1 (t(1
88 ibers immunoreactive (ir) for galanin, GABA, TRH, or methionine-enkephalin (mENK) were dense in the v
90 analog of TRH, 3-Methyl-Histidine TRH (3Me-H TRH), given concurrently with Glu would protect such neu
91 treated with: control media, 10 microM 3Me-H TRH, 500 microM Glu or 500 microM Glu with either 10, 1,
94 molysin (TDH) and the TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), which share amino acid similarities to the TDH and
96 o]propyl)pyridinium (1a) showed the highest (TRH-equivalent) potency and longest, dose-dependent dura
97 is that an analog of TRH, 3-Methyl-Histidine TRH (3Me-H TRH), given concurrently with Glu would prote
98 trally acting thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogues were designed by replacing the central hi
99 ophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons t
100 ns expressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypept
102 rmones, i.e., thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyrotropin (TSH), are expressed in human hair
103 al analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are more efficacious agonists at TRH receptors R1 a
106 en leptin and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the hindbrain to generate thermogenic responses.
108 production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and thyroid-st
110 enesis of rat thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) involves the processing of its precursor (proTRH) i
111 n vertebrates thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that exerts the
113 neuropeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is recognized to play an important role in controll
115 neuropeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the spontaneously active ferret geniculate slice
116 in (5-HT) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) play important roles in fundamental, homeostatic co
117 xpression for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) precursor was increased in rats with heart failure
119 otein-coupled thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor is phosphorylated and binds to beta-arrest
120 and TMH6) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor type I (TRH-R1) during activation were ana
122 ested whether thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors lacking phosphosites in the C-terminal ta
123 ow that mouse thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors, subtypes 2 and 1(TRH-R2 and TRH-R1), can
124 Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secret
126 d (GABA), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were colocalized with histamine in some but not all
127 ng pocket for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) within the transmembrane helices of the TRH recepto
128 modulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), an endogenous stimulant of wakefulness and locomot
129 ormone (MCH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and kisspep
130 population of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-expressing neurons in the PVN (5.93% +/- 1.20% SEM)
131 stimulating hormone (TSH)-releasing hormone (TRH)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus are
132 tin 2 reduced thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated inositol phosphate production and accele
135 reported that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH(2)) and TRH-like peptides (pGlu-X-P
137 en leptin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH] to activate hindbrain generated thermogenic respons
138 en leptin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH] to activate hindbrain-generated thermogenic respons
139 milar in vitro expression patterns, however, TRH is not required for AM-19226 to colonize the infant
141 pin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor type I (TRH-R1) during activation were analyzed by cysteine-scan
143 eral, were highly correlated with changes in TRH concentration, within and between brain regions, and
147 tricted to the heart, because no increase in TRH mRNA abundance was observed in the hypothalamus, kid
148 hemical dimerizer caused a large increase in TRH-dependent phosphorylation within 1 min, whereas a mo
153 2ko mice and 0% for R1/R2ko mice, indicating TRH-R1 is the predominant receptor expressed in the brai
155 The present study shows that the leptin-TRH synergy in controlling brown adipose [BAT] thermogen
158 rol), or KRB containing 0.1, 1, or 10 microM TRH respectively, prior to and during 5 min depolarizati
160 l model, whereby the excitatory neuropeptide TRH depolarizes gap-junction-coupled dopamine neurons, l
164 ogically active TRH peptides and several non-TRH peptides where two of them had been attributed poten
166 easing hormone receptor type 2 (TRH-R2), not TRH-R1, has been proposed to mediate the CNS effects of
167 logs originated from the enhanced ability of TRH-R complexed to the low affinity agonists to directly
168 aps leptin "gates" the thermogenic action of TRH in the hindbrain by invoking this same mechanism.
172 ons to test the hypothesis that an analog of TRH, 3-Methyl-Histidine TRH (3Me-H TRH), given concurren
173 ical studies showed that bath application of TRH caused concentration-dependent membrane depolarizati
177 ulation of PCs in the PVN, concentrations of TRH in the PVN and ME were substantially reduced in the
180 We conclude that the efficacy differences of TRH analogs originated from the enhanced ability of TRH-
181 ing was not caused by slower dissociation of TRH from TRH-R2 (t(1/2)=77 +/- 8.1 min) compared with TR
184 t for an important neuroprotective effect of TRH/analogs against glutamate toxicity in primary hippoc
191 ies suggested that the thermogenic impact of TRH in the hindbrain is amplified by the action of lepti
192 To elucidate the relative importance of TRH and TH in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyr
193 Ajp, as well as the potential involvement of TRH neurons within this region in metabolic disease asso
199 ainstem pathways reduced the total number of TRH neurons contacted by CART from 99.4 +/- 0.9% on the
200 ues that form the putative binding pocket of TRH receptors further verified the binding modality of t
205 umber of CART varicosities on the surface of TRH neurons from 6.0 +/- 0.9 to 2.3 +/- 0.4 CART-IR vari
206 hanisms by which CART mediates its effect on TRH and CRH neurons, we determined whether the exogenous
210 expressing the TRH precursor peptide, prepro-TRH (ppTRH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hy
211 g AtT20 cells stably transfected with prepro-TRH cDNA, we found that two specific N- and C-terminal p
214 Rat prothyrotropin-releasing hormone (pro-TRH) is endoproteolyzed within the regulated secretory p
216 ion to catecholamine and angiotensin II, pro-TRH/TRH may be another important axis that affects hemod
219 we show that after MI, the expression of pro-TRH is induced in the heart coordinately with the protea
221 y be necessary for downstream sorting of pro-TRH-derived peptides as it occurs before Golgi exit and
223 that initial processing action of PC1 on pro-TRH in the trans-Golgi network, and not a cargo-receptor
224 ely secreted form of PC1 does not target pro-TRH peptides to the constitutive secretory pathway but r
228 or amplitude of spontaneous excitatory PSCs, TRH (100 nm) increased the frequency of spontaneous inhi
232 At 30 min, endogenous beta-arrestins reduced TRH-stimulated inositol phosphate production by 48% (bet
233 hat intranasal delivery of sustained-release TRH-NPs may be neuroprotective and can be utilized to su
235 contact TRH and other residues that restrain TRH-R1 in an inactive conformation were screened by muta
239 h was reported to be critical in stabilizing TRH-R1 in an inactive state but not for TRH binding, was
240 ced in BN rats, and injections of the stable TRH analogue Taltirelin (TAL) stimulated breathing dose-
247 exes are established and maintained and that TRH-R2 forms and maintains these complexes more efficien
249 -clamp recording, we unexpectedly found that TRH and its agonist, montrelin, dose-dependently inhibit
250 ansmission in the hippocampus and found that TRH increased the frequency of GABAA receptor-mediated s
251 e-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that TRH robustly increased the action potential firing rate
252 campal slices, we tested the hypothesis that TRH could inhibit evoked glutamate/aspartate release in
253 ults are consistent with the hypothesis that TRH modulates behavioral arousal, in part, through the H
255 Taken together, these results indicate that TRH is specifically induced in the heart after MI and th
256 PSC frequency or amplitude, indicating that TRH also reduces the probability of glutamate release on
257 Cas9 and RNAi reverse genetics, we show that TRH-like neuropeptides, through the activation of their
260 uced membrane depolarization suggesting that TRH increases the excitability of interneurons to facili
263 hat generated by picrotoxin, suggesting that TRH-mediated increase in GABA release contributes to its
269 ance, we first mapped neurons expressing the TRH precursor peptide, prepro-TRH (ppTRH) in the paraven
270 endocrine TRH receptor was measured for the TRH analogues reported here; therefore, our design affor
273 the brainstem to the CART innervation of the TRH neurons in the PVN, the major ascending brainstem ax
274 TRH) within the transmembrane helices of the TRH receptor type 1 (TRH-R1) has been identified based o
276 iquitination are an inherent property of the TRH/TSH feedback mechanism and indicate that only consta
281 substitution experiments suggested that the TRH-induced inward current was mediated in part by Ca(2+
283 sal glutamate/aspartate release, whereas the TRH pre-pulsed slices failed to release glutamate/aspart
284 glutamate/aspartate release, while all three TRH doses significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited peak 50 mM
286 d to be important in its binding affinity to TRH receptors; the most potent stereoisomer was noted to
287 the complex suggest that midazolam binds to TRH-R1 within a transmembrane helical pocket that partia
294 We used our previous model of the unoccupied TRH-R1 to generate a model of the TRH-R1/midazolam compl
297 ed in organ-cultured human scalp HFs whether TRH (30 nM), TSH (10 mU ml(-1)), thyroxine (T4) (100 nM)
299 TRH-R2 (t(1/2)=77 +/- 8.1 min) compared with TRH-R1 (t(1/2)=82 +/- 12 min) and was independent of int
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