ライフサイエンスコーパス: Triassic

1 .9-248.3 million years ago (Upper Permian to Triassic).

2 on events (Guadalupian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic).

3 ar plants dating back possibly as far as the Triassic.

4 and humid tropical archipelago in the Early Triassic.

5 he sea and on land through most of the Early Triassic.

6 to estimate atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic.

7 estern Panthalassic region prior to the Late Triassic.

8 ine ecosystems from PTME by the early Middle Triassic.

9 ariations in the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Triassic.

10 been subject to echinoid predation since the Triassic.

11 g their rise and diversification in the Late Triassic.

12 romere specification since at least the Late Triassic.

13 tric axial dipole field operated in the Late Triassic.

14 d that they may have done so as early as the Triassic.

15 c before ending abruptly early in the Middle Triassic.

16 the dinosaur-dominated faunas of the latest Triassic.

17 cal caecilian cranial apomorphies during the Triassic.

18 fraction of marine sediments since the Late Triassic.

19 they are, then this clade also arose in the Triassic.

20 h's most severe mass extinction, the Permian-Triassic.

21 igh CO2 environmental conditions of the Late Triassic.

22 rains original basement exposure in the Late Triassic (221.3+/-7.0-206.2+/-4.2 Ma) through deep weath

23 fossil coral (Pachythecalis major) from the Triassic (240 million years ago) in which OM is preserve

24 e (>8.6 m) ichthyosaur from the early Middle Triassic (244 Ma), of Nevada.

25 First, we estimate that since the Triassic (250-200 My) until the present, the total paleo

26 the assemblage is early Carnian (early Late Triassic), 5- to 10-Ma younger than previously thought.

27 basal ichthyosauriform from the upper Lower Triassic (about 248 million years ago) of China, whose p

28 Coccomorpha occurred at the beginning of the Triassic, about 245 Ma [228-273], and of the neococcoids

29 n these regions at least by the early Middle Triassic, after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PT

30 The Middle Triassic age and lack of the characteristically-elongate

31 her much less diverse dinosaur precursors of Triassic age, such as lagerpetids [1].

32 otope excursions associated with the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary events.

33 ariation is widespread across Pangaea in the Triassic and Early Jurassic, and among early-diverging t

34 he clade Triadophlebiomorpha during the Late Triassic and expands its distribution and diversity in A

35 attered reports of putative angiosperms from Triassic and Jurassic rocks.

36 han those with smaller ranges throughout the Triassic and Jurassic.

37 rn dates back to the basal archosaurs of the Triassic and may have been present in their nondinosaur

38 t the decrease of desertic belts between the Triassic and the Cretaceous and the subsequent onset of

39 ncrease in species richness between the Late Triassic and the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary,

40 lm and their apparent success throughout the Triassic and the Jurassic, ichthyosaurs became extinct r

41 en oceanic anoxic events of the Early-Middle Triassic and Toarcian that exceed model limits.

42 dict also that soil fauna across the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic boundary events show sign

43 This key interval witnessed the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions, the ons

44 s of their evolution, in the Spathian (Early Triassic), and their true diversity has yet to be fully

45 vertebrate diversity recovered by the Middle Triassic, and that diversity was now dominated by reptil

46 w avian-line archosaur from the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Tanzania.

47 The discovery of a Middle to Late Triassic ( approximately 225 to 230 million years old) t

48 ancestors are classified only to the Middle Triassic ( approximately 240 million years ago).

49 reptile (Dinocephalosaurus) from the Middle Triassic ( approximately 245 million years ago) of south

50 that allotherian mammals evolved from a Late Triassic (approximately 208 million years ago) Haramiyav

51 oic already were in place during the initial Triassic archosauromorph, largely non-dinosaurian, radia

52 The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by decli

53 auromorphs from the Triassic Period and post-Triassic archosaurs demonstrates the early and extensive

54 -clade angiosperms, which center on the Late Triassic, are considerably older than the unequivocal fo

55 ion of morphospace captured in a single Late Triassic assemblage, and we hypothesize that many of the

56 ico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition w

57 nov., is described from the Upper Triassic Baijiantan Formation of Xinjiang, northwestern

58 tuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly early in the Middle Tria

59 Limited Early Triassic benthic recovery was restricted to mid-water de

60 The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) event, which occurred about 251.

61 non-mammalian vertebrates during the Permian-Triassic boundary (~252 Ma).

62 The Siberian Traps at the Permian-Triassic boundary and the Deccan Traps at the Cretaceous

63 sic rocks from south China place the Permian-Triassic boundary at 251.4 +/- 0.3 million years ago.

64 Stratotype Section and Point for the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan, China, define an age model

65 we report delta(44/40)Ca across the Permian-Triassic boundary from marine limestone in south China.

66 an enhanced extinction pulse at the Permian-Triassic boundary interval, particularly among the dicyn

67 most severe extinction event at the Permian-Triassic boundary largely reestablished the preextinctio

68 was a possible kill mechanism for the Permo-Triassic Boundary mass extinction, but direct evidence f

69 ical extinction that occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary represents the most extensive loss of

70 ckel abundance have been reported in Permian-Triassic boundary sections in China, Israel, Eastern Eur

71 here in the world containing fluvial Permian-Triassic boundary sections suggests that a catastrophic

72 rted occurrences of impact debris in Permian-Triassic boundary sediments worldwide.

73 ced carbon isotopic excursion at the Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the firs

74 The mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary, 251 million years (Myr) ago, is accep

75 quickly became extinct near the Early-Middle Triassic boundary, during the last large environmental p

76 suggested global impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary.

77 obal delta(13)C excursion across the Permian-Triassic boundary.

78 orded in carbonate rock spanning the Permian-Triassic boundary.

79 ion in Yunnanolimulus luopingensis, a Middle Triassic (ca. 244 million years old) horseshoe crab from

80 By contrast, Late Triassic carbonatites in southernmost Qinling have econo

81 ant 230 million-year-old amber from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of northeastern Italy has previously

82 r, and perhaps 40 Myr if it rivals the Permo-Triassic catastrophe.

83 Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis

84 For example, Late Triassic corals have symbiotic values, which tie photosy

85 rediversified dramatically between the Early Triassic crises.

86 held at low levels of diversity by the Early Triassic crises; because global mass extinctions affect

87 reased provincialism between our Permian and Triassic datasets.

88 mong saurischian assemblages during the Late Triassic, demonstrates that the theropod fauna from the

89 We report a Triassic deposit in southwestern Britain that contains s

90 First discovered in European Late Triassic deposits a century and a half ago, haramiyids h

91 il 30 million years post-extinction in Late Triassic deposits despite time-calibrated phylogenetic a

92 rved fossils of the small-bodied (<1 m) Late Triassic diapsid reptile Drepanosaurus, from the Chinle

93 that were later convergently evolved by post-Triassic dinosaurs.

94 of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs.

95 ed phylogenetic analyses predicting an Early Triassic divergence for those clades.

96 Consequently, hypotheses of a Late Triassic diversification of the Mammalia that depend on

97 The Triassic dragonfly is extremely rare in China with only

98 hat dinosaurs originated early in the Middle Triassic, during the recovery of life from the devastati

99 eflects a close relationship between the two Triassic entomofaunas from Kyrgyzstan and the Junggar Ba

100 Because the Late Triassic environment across Pangaea was volatile and het

101 in the unpredictable, resource-limited Early Triassic environments, and help explain observed body si

102 y marine reptiles that appeared in the Early Triassic epoch, without any known intermediates.

103 nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch.

104 several extinctions in addition to the Permo-Triassic event were particularly severe.

105 ongst terrestrial vertebrates across the end-Triassic event.

106 The end-Triassic extinction (ETE) at 201.4 Ma is among the large

107 as having a causal relationship with the end-Triassic extinction event ( approximately 201.5 Ma).

108 t role in stem turtles surviving the Permian/Triassic extinction event.

109 ses in Hg and Hg/TOC are observed at the end-Triassic extinction horizon, confirming that a volcanica

110 The end-Triassic extinction is characterized by major losses in

111 of paleoecology in the aftermath of the end-Triassic extinction.

112 boundary supports the gradual model of Late Triassic extinctions, mostly predating the boundary itse

113 environments immediately following the Late Triassic extinctions.

114 dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the

115 Late Triassic forests, dominated by low-LMA taxa with inferre

116 diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classi

117 nctions at the times of three negative Early Triassic global carbon isotopic excursions that resemble

118 ypotheses with these new data show that Late Triassic haramiyids are a separate clade from multituber

119 ose anatomical similarity between the Middle Triassic horseshoe crabs and their recent analogues docu

120 Here, we report the identification of Late Triassic HREE-Mo-rich carbonatites in the northernmost Q

121 his is within the age range of several known Triassic impact craters, the two closest of which, both

122 of heterogeneous tetrapod communities in the Triassic implies that the end-Permian mass extinction af

123 Dinosaurs arose in the early Triassic in the aftermath of the greatest mass extinctio

124 e Cambrian and from the Carboniferous to the Triassic indicate a seawater Mg/Ca of approximately 3.3,

125 nd high precision U-Pb zircon dates from the Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) and Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Pl-T

126 ented between the extinction horizon and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (separated by approximately 2

127 rs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years af

128 nhanced rising CO2 concentrations across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary during flood basalt eruptions

129 t soil fauna across the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic boundary events show significant size

130 The Triassic-Jurassic boundary marks a major faunal mass ext

131 phyte algae 'disaster taxa' also dominant in Triassic-Jurassic boundary strata of other European sect

132 eosaurid diversity immediately following the Triassic-Jurassic boundary supports the gradual model of

133 arine carbonates and organic matter from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary to the present, we modeled ox

134 erous and concludes approximately around the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, indicating a prolonged respo

135 atmospheric carbon dioxide (PCO(2)) near the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

136 in time with a major mass extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

137 stems millions of years later, closer to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

138 interval witnessed the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions, the onset of fragmen

139 to the >95 percent species-level turnover of Triassic-Jurassic megaflora.

140 Here, six geographically widespread Triassic-Jurassic records, representing varied paleoenvi

141 logical response to an ecosystem collapse in Triassic-Jurassic strata of the southwest United Kingdom

142 In Triassic-Jurassic strata, Muller Canyon, Nevada, Hg leve

143 al strategies of vegetation found across the Triassic-Jurassic transition.

144 The Triassic/Jurassic boundary, 208 million years ago, is as

145 mations, spanning a 20-Myr period across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary.

146 ng extreme climatic conditions until the end-Triassic, large-bodied, fast-growing tachymetabolic dino

147 The Triassic, lasting from 252 to 201 million years (Myr) ag

148 Importantly in the Triassic, lower latitude basins in Tanzania and Zambia i

149 However, emerging discoveries of Early Triassic marine reptiles are questioning this traditiona

150 unners of mammals before and after the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME), the most catastrophic c

151 the early Middle Triassic, after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME).

152 phase of diversification following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and increased over time.

153 ations for the rate and magnitude of the end-Triassic mass extinction and subsequent biotic recovery.

154 ems is reached within 8 My after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and within 4 My of the time rep

155 us province known-has been linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction event, however reconciling the

156 The age and timing of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction have been difficult to determin

157 The end-Triassic mass extinction is one of the five most catastr

158 The end-Triassic mass extinction overlapped with the eruption of

159 The Permian-Triassic mass extinction was the most severe biotic cris

160 eakened with increasing proximity to the end-Triassic mass extinction, breaking down altogether acros

161 recovery of life from the devastating Permo-Triassic mass extinction.

162 sotopic perturbation coincident with the end-Triassic mass extinction.

163 Both the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions also triggered abrupt shifts t

164 tinctions, including the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions.

165 We also show that Triassic non-mammalian cynodonts had reduced and densely

166 y of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and oppo

167 It is the second Chinese Triassic odonatopteran and the second largest Mesozoic r

168 onally preserved fossil skull from the Lower Triassic of Brazil, representing a new species, Teyujagu

169 ignis was an unusual archosaur from the Late Triassic of central Asia.

170 Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis from the Middle Triassic of China as the oldest and basalmost phytosaur.

171 e report on a small amphibian from the Upper Triassic of Colorado, United States, with a melange of c

172 illa and other skeletal remains in the Upper Triassic of East Greenland reveals haramiyids as highly

173 t a gigantic nothosaur from the lower Middle Triassic of Luoping in southwest China (eastern Tethyan

174 trates that the theropod fauna from the Late Triassic of North America was not endemic, and suggests

175 aurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) in the Middle Triassic of the Luoping localities in Yunnan, southweste

176 ramiyavia clemmenseni from the Rhaetic (Late Triassic) of East Greenland has held an important place

177 ersification was well underway by the Middle Triassic or earlier.

178 no orders are lost immediately after the end-Triassic or end-Cretaceous mass extinctions).

179 oevolutionary scenarios exist to explain the Triassic origin and subsequent rise to dominance of dino

180 Molecular time estimates support a Triassic origin for the major groups of living reptiles.

181 Our findings also favour a Late Triassic origin of mammals in Laurasia and two independe

182 to that found in western Nevada in the Upper Triassic Osobb Formation (Auld Lang Syne Group, correlat

183 own only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America.

184 structures in rocks younger than the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction have been reported repeatedly

185 microbial community changes across the Permo/Triassic (P/Tr) boundary at Meishan in South China.

186 s and Odontochelys and dates from the Middle Triassic period ( approximately 240 million years ago).

187 rms, a widely distributed radiation from the Triassic period (around 252-201 million years ago), are

188 any of those "dinosaurian" body plans in the Triassic Period [6-8].

189 onvergence between archosauromorphs from the Triassic Period and post-Triassic archosaurs demonstrate

190 saurus-like taxa have been reported from the Triassic period of both Gondwana and Laurasia, but their

191 or at low paleolatitudes throughout the Late Triassic Period, a pattern persisting 30 million years a

192 rn ecological roles had developed during the Triassic Period, over 200 million years ago.

193 rocodilians and birds, which occurred in the Triassic period.

194 origin at 220 million years ago, in the Late Triassic period.

195 stability at low diversity through the Early Triassic period.

196 2, and higher atmospheric CO2 for the entire Triassic Period.

197 dinosaurian dominance through the end of the Triassic Period.

198 y marks the boundary between the Permian and Triassic Periods at circa 252 Ma and has been linked wit

199 of the early conifer Notophytum from Middle Triassic permineralized peat of Antarctica.

200 One of these groups from the Late Triassic, Phytosauria, is well known from a near-Pangean

201 High temperatures drove most Early Triassic plants and animals out of equatorial terrestria

202 Triassic predatory guild evolution reflects a period of

203 The poorly understood Triassic reptile Drepanosaurus is known for its excessiv

204 lead zircon data from Late Permian and Early Triassic rocks from south China place the Permian-Triass

205 Sandstone from the Upper Triassic Santa Rosa Sandstone (Dockum Group) from northw

206 Triassic sauropterygians have dorsoventrally compact, an

207 changes during the transition from nearshore Triassic sauropterygians to the later, pelagic plesiosau

208 possesses the largest known lower jaw among Triassic sauropterygians.

209 suggests parallel evolution of gigantism in Triassic sauropterygians.

210 rrence of arborane biomarkers in Permian and Triassic sediments, which predates the accepted origin o

211 t form was unexpected, particularly with the Triassic species already having many of their present-da

212 The Triassic specimens are a nematoceran fly (Diptera) and t

213 We introduce a new Triassic stem archosaur that is unexpectedly and remarka

214 e that sustained morphological innovation in Triassic stem-group mammals culminated in a global adapt

215 emonstrate that the diversity of Permian and Triassic stereospondyls also falls within this group.

216 reported Peronosporomycetes from Devonian to Triassic strata at widely separated localities elsewhere

217 ion of Amniota from the Carboniferous to the Triassic, subjecting a new supertree to analyses of tree

218 racted and complex than their simple Permian-Triassic switch in diversity.

219 ry and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extin

220 tetrapod groups common in later Permian and Triassic temperate communities were already present in t

221 poses a succession of Upper Permian to Lower Triassic terrestrial strata containing abundant terrestr

222 lesced into the single landmass Pangea, Late Triassic terrestrial tetrapod assemblages are surprising

223 volutionary radiation during the Middle-Late Triassic that produced distinct morphological and behavi

224 se to exceptionally high values in the Early Triassic that were inimical to life in equatorial latitu

225 volutionary history dating back to the lower Triassic, the group has received comparatively little at

226 ly arose between the early Jurassic and late Triassic; they diversified worldwide and now occupy many

227 leoriver connected Texas with Nevada in Late Triassic time.

228 biogeographically fragmented fauna by Middle Triassic times (Anisian, approximately 242 Ma).

229 iberian Basin in central Russia during Permo-Triassic times.

230 ermian mass extinction, and radiating in the Triassic to dominate Mesozoic ecosystems.

231 With a Late Triassic to Early Jurassic origin (226-187 Ma) it is the

232 he North Qinling Belt ( 45-55 km) during the Triassic to Jurassic but fluctuates in the South Qinling

233 le basaltic units interbedded with uppermost Triassic to lowermost Jurassic sediments.

234 The Permian-Triassic transition in the Karoo Basin of South Africa w

235 redox history for the Late Permian to Early Triassic, using multiple sections across a shelf-to-basi

236 The Triassic was a time of turmoil, as life recovered from n

237 t that the equatorial humid belt in the Late Triassic was about as wide as it is today.

238 saurs, which began diversifying in the Early Triassic, were likely beneficiaries of this ecological r

239 tary divergence (27.6%) occurred in the late Triassic, when Iguania and Scleroglossa split.

240 evolution of modern marine ecosystems in the Triassic where the same level of complexity as observed

241 maximal morphological disparity by the Late Triassic, which is essentially the same evolutionary pat

242 erse and had a wide distribution by the Late Triassic, with a novel ornithodiran bauplan including le