ライフサイエンスコーパス: VR1

1 VR1 agonist capsaicin (CAP; 100 nm) reversibly increased

2 VR1 immunoreactivity in terminals in lamina I is in good

3 VR1 is also activated by protons, indicating that it may

4 VR1 is gated by protons, heat, and the pungent ingredien

5 VR1 nerves were also observed within the muscle layers a

6 VR1 responds to noxious stimuli including capsaicin, the

7 VR1 was C-terminally tagged with either the 27-kDa enhan

8 VR1, which binds and is activated by capsaicin and other

9 VR1-/- mice showed normal responses to noxious mechanica

10 VR1-immunopositive cells also were found in the third an

11 VR1-like fibers appear to be predominantly spinal in ori

12 VR1-like immunoreactivity was observed on nerves within

13 VR1-like nerves and other immunopositive cells were also

14 monary C-fibres to the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) agonist capsaicin was dependent on conduction veloc

15 of the heat-sensitive vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and sensitivity to capsaicin were used to character

16 was not affected by a vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) antagonist, capsazepine (10 microM), and was rapidl

17 e an important role of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) in inflammation and injury-induced pain.

18 Vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is expressed by sensory neurons.

19 Vanilloid Receptor 1 (VR1), a member of the TRP family of channels, is activat

20 afferents that express vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), a receptor for noxious heat, are essential for the

21 The CP receptor, vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), has been shown to be highly expressed by nocicepti

22 -rich" neurons; or the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), identifying neurons activated by heat, acid, and c

23 eral afferents express vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), little is known about their functional properties

24 abelling revealed that vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1)-containing afferent nerve fibres were present on th

25 Vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1, TRPV1) is a cation-selective ion channel that is ex

26 The vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1 or TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor pote

27 The vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1 or TRPV1) is a membrane-bound, nonselective cation c

28 The vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel exp

29 erent central terminal vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) receptors and P2X receptors.

30 he capsaicin receptor, vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1), is an important cation channel present on primary

31 Vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1, also known as TRPV1) is a thermosensitive, nonselec

32 Vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is a ligand-gated channel that can be activated by

33 ecently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is a ligand-gated channel that is activated by caps

34 etabosensitive vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), inducing a neurally mediated pressor response, and

35 o known as the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), is a heat-gated ion channel that has been proposed

36 Vanilloid receptor subtype-1 (VR1) is a nonselective cation channel that is expressed

37 a cDNA clone, vanilloid receptor subtype-1 (VR1), was isolated and found to encode an ion channel th

38 The vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR1) is a heat-activated ionophore preferentially expres

39 he transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (VR1) in mediating the altered sensitivity of muscle affe

40 tivation (Hill coefficient congruent with 1, VR1 congruent with 2), is much more selective for Ca(2+)

41 /- 2% I-B4, 41% +/- 7% CGRP, and 39% +/- 14% VR1.

42 +/- 3% I-B4, 44% +/- 3% CGRP, and 32% +/- 6% VR1.

43 CGRP neurons, and 42% +/- 7% and 35% +/- 7% VR1 neurons labeled for CaMKIIalpha.

44 Anandamide, a VR1 agonist in acidic conditions, acts additively with P

45 ptic enhancement of GABA release caused by a VR1-mediated increase in glutamate release from presynap

46 of glutamatergic postsynaptic currents in a VR1-mediated manner.

47 imide, a PKC inhibitor, and ruthenium red, a VR1 ionophore blocker, but not capsazepine, a vanilloid

48 Furthermore, treatment with a VR1 channel blocker, ruthenium red (200 micromol/L), had

49 However, because dorsal rhizotomy abolishes VR1 staining in both laminae I and II, it is suggested t

50 Although VR1 gene disruption results in a loss of capsaicin respo

51 th previous reports, we found that VRL-1 and VR1 are expressed in different dorsal root ganglion (DRG

52 sence of proton-gated subunits ASIC-beta and VR1.

53 Thus, CB1 and VR1 receptors both seem to have roles in regulating adul

54 tive endocannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, and VR1 were expressed in HSCs, specific receptor blockade f

55 ich is related to the dysfunction of P2X and VR1 receptors.

56 Both VR.5'sv and VR1 mRNA were shown to be expressed in tissues reportedl

57 roM) and inhibited by over 70 % with another VR1 antagonist iodo-resiniferatoxin (1 microM).

58 capsaicin receptor TRPV1 (formerly known as VR1).

59 anilloid receptor TRPV1, previously known as VR1, has been implicated in pain sensation under both ph

60 hemical structure but also to its potency at VR1 receptors.

61 lusively associated with unmyelinated axons, VR1 identifies C-fiber afferent pathways within the brai

62 Because VR1 represents an attractive therapeutic target for cond

63 ator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate blunted VR1 desensitization, and this effect was reversible in t

64 enous cannabinoid, anandamide and blocked by VR1 antagonists.

65 nd that most NK1-positive cells contacted by VR1-positive fibers project to the lateral parabrachial

66 ositive neurons in lamina I are contacted by VR1-positive fibers.

67 nal evidence that the heart is innervated by VR1-expressing afferent nerves and these afferent nerves

68 s but not in RAR-like fibres, is mediated by VR1.

69 , and the response appears to be mediated by VR1.

70 innervation of spinoparabrachial neurons by VR1-positive afferents.

71 which can either enhance (e.g. 5-HT3, CCK1, VR1 and NK1 receptors) or reduce (e.g. ghrelin, leptin,

72 losely related, nonselective cation channels VR1, VRL-1, OTRPC4 (also known as VR-OAC, Trp12, and VRL

73 dentification of the heat-sensitive channels VR1 and VRL-1, demonstrate that TRP channels detect temp

74 The cloned (VR1) and native VRs are non-selective cation channels di

75 sitive lamina I neurons by fibers containing VR1, these results demonstrate a significant monosynapti

76 Compared with the controls, VR1 protein was decreased in DRG whole-cell homogenates

77 ystem, neonatal capsaicin treatment depleted VR1 mRNA from the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

78 sistent with the C-fibre cell bodies display VR1 immunoreactivity.

79 VR1 expression systems as well as endogenous VR1 expressed in dorsal root ganglion cells, we analyzed

80 effort to optimize conditions for evaluating VR1 pharmacology, we found that treatment of Chinese ham

81 primary sensory neurons endogenously express VR1, and resiniferatoxin treatment induced a sudden incr

82 ore the distribution of neurons that express VR1 in rat and in certain areas of human brain.

83 Heterologously expressed VR1 can be activated by vanilloid compounds, protons, or

84 e of the vertebrate immune system, expresses VR1.

85 Ca(2+)](i)) was elevated in cells expressing VR1.

86 DRG neurons or transfected cells expressing VR1.

87 Experiments in cell lines co-expressing VR1 with different sets of PKC isozymes showed that acut

88 investigated in cells ectopically expressing VR1 and primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons

89 both the DRG neurones and oocytes expressing VR1, the chord conductances at -60 and +60 mV were appro

90 ons which was identical to that expected for VR1.

91 l root afferents that are immunopositive for VR1 are predominantly unmyelinated.

92 als in lamina II also are immunopositive for VR1.

93 P, and 37% +/- 7% and 38% +/- 5% labeled for VR1.

94 fore combined immunofluorescent staining for VR1 and NK1 to show that NK1-positive neurons in lamina

95 erve attached native synapses and tested for VR1 and P2X function primarily in spindle-shaped neurons

96 The vanilloid receptor TRPV1 (formerly VR1) has been implicated in the activation of nociceptiv

97 -splice variant (VR.5'sv) which differs from VR1 by elimination of the majority of the intracellular

98 e of thermosensitive receptors distinct from VR1.

99 r dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from VR1-null mice lacked many of the capsaicin-, acid- and h

100 d the genomic organization of the human gene VR1.

101 hat 91% of the P1.19,15 strains analyzed had VR1 and VR2 sequences identical to those of the prototyp

102 Blood vessels within the GI wall had VR1-immunoreactive nerve fibers associated with them.

103 HEK293/VR1 cells and DRG membranes also recognized the novel va

104 ilar K(i) values (18 and 20 microM in HEK293/VR1 cells; 24 and 21 microM in DRGs).

105 saicin inhibited [(3)H]RTX binding to HEK293/VR1 cells with K(i) values of 0.4 and 4.0 microM, respec

106 Using two different heterologous VR1 expression systems as well as endogenous VR1 express

107 site flanking exon-intron 7 in rat and human VR1 diverged from the expected consensus sequence; this

108 d PKA in inflammatory pain hypersensitivity, VR1 phosphorylation at Ser116 by PKA may represent an im

109 In VR1+/+ mice, this effect is inhibited by the VR1 antagon

110 of distinct VR types were identified, 31 in VR1 and 41 in VR2.

111 Vanilloids displaced [(3)H]ANA in VR1-expressing cells, suggesting competition for binding

112 d STEARDA failed to affect calcium influx in VR1-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells o

113 ration of DCs to the draining lymph nodes in VR1+/+ but not VR1-/- mice.

114 ese types comprise nonprototype sequences in VR1, VR2, or both.

115 ular evidence for stimulus-specific steps in VR1 activation and offer strategies for the development

116 ates PKC, acutely activated Ca(2+) uptake in VR1-expressing cells at pH 5.5, but not at mildly acidic

117 Thus, two independent VR1 activation pathways can be discriminated: (i) direct

118 Intradermal NADA also induces VR1-mediated thermal hyperalgesia (EC(50) = 1.5 +/- 0.3

119 activation of protein kinase C (PKC) induces VR1 channel activity at room temperature in the absence

120 trate that sensory neurons from mice lacking VR1 are severely deficient in their responses to each of

121 Although VRL-1 does not bind capsaicin, like VR1 it is activated by noxious heat (>52 degrees C).

122 in neurons that contain nociceptive markers, VR1 and Na(V)1.8.

123 In both laminae, most VR1-positive terminals are distinct from substance P-pos

124 Here we have disrupted the mouse VR1 gene using standard gene targeting techniques.

125 ith different ratios of wild-type and mutant VR1 is consistent with tetrameric stoichiometry for the

126 ependent IB4-positive neurons must use a non-VR1 heat receptor.

127 on which was cell-selective, as glia and non-VR1-expressing neurons were unaffected.

128 s effect is present in DCs of VR1+/+ but not VR1-/- mice.

129 o the draining lymph nodes in VR1+/+ but not VR1-/- mice.

130 Here we characterize two novel VR1 antagonists, KJM429 [N-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-N'-[4-(m

131 In the rat, we observed VR1-expressing neurons throughout the whole neuroaxis, i

132 Thus, activation of VR1 and P2X receptors selectively facilitated presynapti

133 ty of PKC is required for PDBu activation of VR1 ion conductance, and is independent of the vanilloid

134 Activation of VR1 potently enhances glutamate release onto GABAergic t

135 genase-derived eicosanoid, and activation of VR1 receptors on sensory C-fibers.

136 the heat-induced single-channel activity of VR1, in an attempt to localize the temperature-dependent

137 Kinetic analysis of VR1 point mutants using VWF115 as a short substrate reve

138 erologous expression systems for analysis of VR1 properties.

139 of iodo-RTX, a highly specific antagonist of VR1 receptors, blocked capsaicin- but not bradykinin-ind

140 lts suggest that pharmacological blockers of VR1 may provide significant relief of dental pain.

141 e of VR1 may contribute to the complexity of VR1 pharmacology.

142 This effect is present in DCs of VR1+/+ but not VR1-/- mice.

143 xicity were followed by specific deletion of VR1-expressing cells.

144 nd immunostaining to estimate the density of VR1 in colonic tissues of patients with inflammatory bow

145 Capsaicin-induced desensitization of VR1 was down-regulated, whereas VR1 re-sensitization was

146 the expression and intracellular dynamics of VR1 in lamina II neurons are controlled by presynaptic i

147 Engagement of VR1 on immature DCs such as by treatment with CP leads t

148 investigated the function and expression of VR1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from

149 -specific primers verified the expression of VR1 mRNA in cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.

150 l sensitivity in vivo requires expression of VR1, a heat-activated ion channel on sensory neurons.

151 Of interest, the tetrameric form of VR1 increased significantly in DRGs from diabetic rats.

152 ing C-terminally tagged recombinant forms of VR1 with an EC(50) = approximately 10 microm at pH 5.5.

153 inactivating mechanism acts independently of VR1, has characteristics similar to acid sensing ion cha

154 from diabetic rats, but increased levels of VR1 protein were observed on plasma membranes.

155 Increased phosphorylation levels of VR1 were also observed in DRG neurons from diabetic rats

156 her eicosanoids act as endogenous ligands of VR1 in a conditional fashion in vivo.

157 iting hypothesis because the localization of VR1 overlaps with that of anandamide and its preferred c

158 responsible for PKA-dependent modulation of VR1.

159 ve isoform by targeting several mutations of VR1 at highly conserved amino acids or at residues of po

160 Large numbers of VR1-positive terminals in lamina I are of the nonglomeru

161 ent with a model in which phosphorylation of VR1 by PKC increases the probability of channel gating b

162 A functional pool of VR1 also was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum that

163 overlapping ligand recognition properties of VR1 and CB(1) might be exploited by medicinal chemistry.

164 was confirmed by a substantial reduction of VR1 immunoreactivity in the epicardium and dorsal root g

165 ular mechanism involved in the regulation of VR1 function after tissue injury.

166 acterization of TRPM8, a distant relative of VR1.

167 The response of VR1 to capsaicin or noxious heat is dynamically potentia

168 We examined the role of VR1 in regulating synaptic inputs to neurons of the dors

169 Given the significant roles of VR1 and PKA in inflammatory pain hypersensitivity, VR1 p

170 ertook this study to identify the type(s) of VR1-positive afferent fibers and terminals.

171 inase C plays a role in the sensitization of VR1.

172 hopeptide mapping, and protein sequencing of VR1 cytoplasmic domains delineate several candidate PKA

173 dy, we have analyzed the oligomeric state of VR1.

174 The oligomeric structure of VR1 may contribute to the complexity of VR1 pharmacology

175 rst in-depth single-channel kinetic study of VR1 to understand its activation mechanism.

176 s unexpected result may reflect synthesis of VR1 by neurons in this lamina.

177 uggest that either native VRs are made up of VR1 subunits, or the incorporation of subunits other tha

178 the present study, we determined the role of VR1s in activation of cardiac spinal afferent nerves cau

179 DA in its chemical structure and activity on VR1.

180 hat activation of PKC does not directly open VR1 channels, but instead increases the probability that

181 ergic terminals into either P2X sensitive or VR1 sensitive that correspondingly identify myelinated a

182 The vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1 or VR1) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TR

183 icin receptor vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1 or VR1) was changed in rectal sensory fibres, and to correl

184 gonist of the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1 or VR1).

185 desensitization and directly phosphorylates VR1.

186 receptor systems in the brain clearly places VR1 in a much broader role than pain perception.

187 strating that capsaicin acts via presynaptic VR1 receptors localized on primary afferents.

188 Thus, consistent with presynaptic VR1 localization, CAP selectively activates a subset of

189 NADA activates both human and rat VR1 overexpressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cel

190 ry (CHO) cells heterologously expressing rat VR1 (CHO/rVR1) with butyrate enhanced rVR1 expression an

191 ), that function as partial agonists for rat VR1 heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary ce

192 ed activity compared with capsazepine on rat VR1 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.

193 have now characterized ligand binding to rat VR1 expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and Chi

194 Reverse transcription-PCR performed with rat VR1-specific primers verified the expression of VR1 mRNA

195 The capsaicin receptor VR1 is a polymodal nociceptor activated by multiple stim

196 hought to operate via the capsaicin receptor VR1).

197 nal cord that express the vanilloid receptor VR1 are from small and medium dorsal root ganglion (DRG)

198 The vanilloid receptor VR1 has attracted great interest as a sensory transducer

199 The cloned vanilloid receptor VR1 has attracted recent attention as a molecular integr

200 The vanilloid receptor VR1 is a nonselective cation channel that is most abunda

201 The vanilloid receptor VR1 is a polymodal nociceptor sensitive to capsaicin, pr

202 The vanilloid receptor VR1 provides one exception.

203 ive neurons expressed the vanilloid receptor VR1, a heat-sensitive receptor expressed by many IB4-pos

204 immunoreactivity for the vanilloid receptor VR1, another protein associated primarily with C-type ne

205 Its molecular target, the vanilloid receptor VR1, was recently cloned and confirmed functionally as a

206 endogenous agonist at the vanilloid receptor VR1.

207 The capsaicin (vanilloid) receptor VR1 is a cation channel expressed by primary sensory neu

208 as antagonists of the vanilloid 1 receptor (VR1 or TRPV1).

209 us ligand for the vanilloid type 1 receptor (VR1).

210 express the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor (VR1).

211 Activation of vanilloid receptor (VR1) by protein kinase C (PKC) was investigated in cells

212 The vanilloid receptor (VR1) is a nonselective cation channel that is activated

213 The recently cloned vanilloid receptor (VR1) is postulated to account for heat and capsaicin sen

214 expressing the wild-type vanilloid receptor (VR1) were investigated.

215 homolog of the capsaicin/vanilloid receptor (VR1, or TRPV1).

216 The capsaicin receptor, VR1 (also known as TRPV1), is a ligand-gated ion channel

217 TRPV1; also known as the vanilloid receptor, VR1) in nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root and trige

218 The recently cloned rat vanilloid receptor, VR1, can be activated by capsaicin, acid, and heat.

219 The capsaicin (vanilloid) receptor, VR1, is a sensory neuron-specific ion channel that serve

220 Vanilloid type-1 receptors (VR1) are abundant in the dorsal vagal complex, where the

221 this study, we demonstrate that PKA reduces VR1 desensitization and directly phosphorylates VR1.

222 -acid extracellular domain variable regions (VR1 and VR2), whereas intratypic variability localizes p

223 ecificity, we identified 3 variable regions (VR1, -2, and -3) in the ADAMTS family metalloprotease do

224 ischemia, or traumatic injury can sensitize VR1 to eicosanoids and transduce pain from the periphery

225 Topical application of a specific VR1 antagonist, iodoresiniferatoxin (50 micromol/L), to

226 hannel opening in response to these stimuli, VR1 and six channels containing charge neutralization po

227 In summary, VR1-like immunoreactivity was found in several locations

228 Swapping VR1 (E184-R193) of ADAMTS13 with that of ADAMTS1 or ADAM

229 Co-immunoprecipitation of differently tagged VR1 molecules indicated that VR1 can form oligomers.

230 or the incorporation of subunits other than VR1 does not influence the functional properties.

231 We conclude that VR1 can account for both the ligand binding and calcium

232 We conclude that VR1 is required for inflammatory sensitization to noxiou

233 Colocalization studies demonstrated that VR1 expression was increased in large myelinated A-fiber

234 The finding that VR1 is expressed not only in primary sensory neurons but

235 Our study results indicate that VR1 immunoreactivity is greatly increased in colonic ner

236 These data indicate that VR1 undergoes conformational changes upon capsaicin bind

237 These results indicate that VR1-expressing nociceptive primary afferents form functi

238 ferently tagged VR1 molecules indicated that VR1 can form oligomers.

239 pathways in VR activation; it is known that VR1 is also expressed in non-sensory tissue and may medi

240 ciception and hyperalgesia, we reasoned that VR1-positive fibers may terminate onto NK1-expressing do

241 Our results clearly show that VR1 forms multimers in each of the expression systems wi

242 tivity, and biochemical studies suggest that VR1 associates with this complex.

243 Results of these studies suggest that VR1-containing glutamatergic terminals contact DMV neuro

244 The VR1 antagonist capsazepine (10-20 microm) attenuated CAP

245 The VR1 on the cardiac sensory nerve may function as a molec

246 The VR1-mediated facilitation of synaptic inhibition was red

247 Furthermore, although the VR1-null mice appeared normal in a wide range of behavio

248 rons that also expressed substance P and the VR1 vanilloid receptor.

249 the discovery of new drugs that can bind the VR1 receptor, or antagonise endogenous inflammatory subs

250 The current was suppressed by the VR1 antagonist capsazepine.

251 VR1+/+ mice, this effect is inhibited by the VR1 antagonist capsazepine.

252 pH approximately 5.0 was not affected by the VR1 antagonists.

253 which are both likely to be derived from the VR1 gene product, account for the membrane responses to

254 de substitutions at defined locations in the VR1 (variable region 1) segment of the mtd (major tropis

255 cts were blocked by co-administration of the VR1 antagonist iodo-resiniferatoxin (10 nm for HEK cells

256 nsmembrane domain disrupts activation of the VR1 receptor by both capsaicin and resiniferatoxin.

257 l horn from birth and that activation of the VR1 receptor increases spontaneous glutamate release via

258 with altered cell-specific expression of the VR1 receptor that is coupled to increased function throu

259 f CHF rats whereas the immunostaining of the VR1 receptors was decreased in IB4-positive neurons.

260 lar free calcium and confocal imaging of the VR1-green fluorescent fusion protein revealed that, at l

261 lpha) in dorsal root ganglion neurons or the VR1 cell lines, whereas only partially influencing PKCbe

262 such non-CB1, SR141716A-sensitive site, the VR1 vanilloid receptor, was tested by administering SR14

263 We have shown that the VR1 is expressed on sensory nerve endings of the heart.

264 VR1, providing functional evidence that the VR1 receptor forms a multimeric complex.

265 Sustained exposure to the VR1 agonist capsaicin (CAP; 100 nm) blocked ST EPSCs (CA

266 ist or were pretreated systemically with the VR1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX).

267 c spinal afferent nerves is mediated through VR1s.

268 Thus, VR1 is essential for selective modalities of pain sensat

269 g frame, transcribed from a gene adjacent to VR1, and is structurally homologous to VR1.

270 Antibodies to VR1 make it possible to determine the location of these

271 cells, suggesting competition for binding to VR1.

272 results emphasize that VRL-1, in contrast to VR1, is present in a diverse population of neurons and u

273 nt to VR1, and is structurally homologous to VR1.

274 Since VR.5'sv is otherwise identical to VR1 throughout its transmembrane spanning domains and C-

275 es to painful stimuli in animals have led to VR1 being considered as important for pain sensation.

276 we hypothesized that the pressor response to VR1 stimulation would be smaller and the sensitizing eff

277 control animals, cardiovascular responses to VR1 stimulation are blunted and P2X-mediated responses a

278 or, was tested by administering SR141716A to VR1-KO mice, in which the ability of SR141716A to enhanc

279 levels, of the heat-gated ion channel TRPV1 (VR1) in these cells, which is then transported to periph

280 Animals expressing the mammalian TRPV1 (VR1) channel in ASH nociceptor neurons avoid the TRPV1 l

281 y neurons where it is coexpressed with TRPV1/VR1 (the capsaicin/heat receptor) but not TRPM8.

282 ive mutation when coexpressed with wild-type VR1, providing functional evidence that the VR1 receptor

283 ore sensitive to capsaicin than is wild-type VR1, whereas none differed in their activation by acidic

284 Unlike VR1, however, VRL-1 is primarily expressed by medium- an

285 ar to those of cells expressing the untagged VR1.

286 dominantly spinal in origin, but a few vagal VR1-like fibers exist in the stomach.

287 -L-arginine methyl ester or by the vanilloid VR1 receptor antagonist capsazepine.

288 Vanilloid (VR1) and purinergic (P2X) receptors are found in cranial

289 ol/L, 20 minutes), or blockade of vanilloid (VR1) receptors using capsazepine (3 micromol/L) inhibite

290 enhance inhibitory input to DMV neurons via VR1-mediated presynaptic mechanisms.

291 oral root ganglion (DRG) of CHF rats whereas VR1 receptors were significantly downregulated.

292 itization of VR1 was down-regulated, whereas VR1 re-sensitization was up-regulated in DRG neurons fro

293 Here, we examined whether VR1 modulates afferent synaptic transmission.

294 ly expressed, VRL3 is able to associate with VR1 and may modulate its responses.

295 n for an optimal functional interaction with VR1 receptors.

296 pressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons with VR1.

297 in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with VR1.

298 nor in HEK293 cells stably transfected with VR1.

299 ones or HEK293 cells stably transfected with VR1.

300 ar in DRG neurons and cells transfected with VR1.