ライフサイエンスコーパス: absorption

1 een measured by broadband cavity enhanced UV absorption.

2 06 was independent of changes in cholesterol absorption.

3 this conjugate is due to its enhanced brain absorption.

4 y metabolomics profile and intestinal energy absorption.

5 omeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and fat absorption.

6 s of the system, for both one and two photon absorption.

7 coagulability, and increased intestinal iron absorption.

8 t to decoherence originating from two-photon absorption.

9 itions showed the largest lambdamax for both absorption (635-653 nm) and emission (706-707 nm), but a

10 axial ZnO and LaAlO3, which have minimal THz absorption across the measurement bandwidth, the orienta

11 skite semiconductors combine effective light absorption, allowing detection of a wide range of electr

12 itro drug release, and evaluated for in vivo absorption, alveolar macrophage uptake, and safety.

13 vacuum UV photoionization mass spectrometry, absorption and action spectroscopy in the UV and IR regi

14 on processes using reactive and non-reactive absorption and adsorption, membranes, and cryogenic dist

15 are fabricated that exhibit greater than 85% absorption and approximately 100 nm linewidths by patter

16 ion of MOFs shows a surprising potential for absorption and dissipation of mechanical shock.

17 eads to a smaller red shift of the squaraine absorption and emission bands.

18 ain, as was confirmed by ultrafast transient absorption and emission lifetime measurements.

19 semiconducting quantum wells display extreme absorption and emission polarization anisotropy.

20 s, ketones/aldehydes versus quinones, to the absorption and emission properties of a representative s

21 hin these aggregates, a redshift both in the absorption and emission spectra of QDs occured.

22 The absorption and emission spectra were found to be widely

23 ical properties were studied through optical absorption and emission spectroscopy and found to be dep

24 up on the donor side exhibited blue shift in absorption and emission when compared to the analogous d

25 lm material, which exhibited broadband light absorption and excellent stability in high-salinity wate

26 The transient electronic absorption and fluorescence data evidence that this tran

27 ld determination that relies on simultaneous absorption and fluorescence emission (SAFE) measurement

28 studied using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy.

29 Stopped-flow UV-visible absorption and freeze-quench Mossbauer experiments ident

30 ned with the goal of achieving near infrared absorption and high photothermal conversion efficiency.

31 ic iron levels by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption and iron recycling.

32 plays a central role in digestion, nutrient absorption and metabolism, with individual regions of th

33 ght absorption mechanisms such as two-photon absorption and photon upconversion have been employed in

34 al failure, increasing intestinal wet weight absorption and reducing diarrhea.

35 artifacts, and side phenomena related to the absorption and relaxation present in such measurements.

36 VE spectra with each other and with infrared absorption and resonance Raman spectra using a Styryl 9

37 more favorable energy levels, enhanced light absorption and stronger intermolecular packing.

38 This shift in absorption and the effect on electron transfer propertie

39 t these iron requirements, both dietary iron absorption and the mobilization of iron from stores incr

40 Ultrafast and nanosecond transient absorption and time-resolved infrared spectroscopies wer

41 Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectr

42 ar and nonlinear losses including two-photon absorption, and photon-generated free carriers, on the p

43 ent manipulation by radiation, transmission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic waves.

44 ese SFRPs show significantly improved energy absorption, and the 60 vol.% Ap-SFRP has an impact stren

45 paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SQUID, UV-vis absorption, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)) cou

46 x 10(-2) m(2) g(-1) at lambda = 550 nm with absorption Angstrom exponents (AAE) between 3.5 and 6.2.

47 However, glucose absorption, another representative intestinal transport

48 on of HRP-labelled cortisol, through optical absorption at 450nm, using a CMOS silicon photodiode as

49 he dyes in a solution led to the increase in absorption band intensity in diffuse reflectance spectra

50 P) can be excited at the red edge of the Trp absorption band which allows normalisation of the emissi

51 ition, our calculations identify the exciton absorption bands in transient absorption spectra measure

52 is hindered by the superposition of similar absorption bands of carbonyl functional groups summing u

53 The data shows a number of absorption bands that are assigned to one- and two-phono

54 ing agents with multiple and broadly tunable absorption bands.

55 MS drop and a potential decrease in systemic absorption, based on a lack of substantial IOP effects o

56 ided experimental evidence for the suggested absorption behaviour of low and highly permeable compoun

57 lability of diverse BODIPY derivatives, with absorption between 500-700 nm, BODIPY-bacteriochlorin ar

58 formulas exhibit much higher rates of light absorption, but only slightly higher rates of triplet pr

59 Recent global models estimate that light absorption by brown carbon (BrC) in several regions of t

60 The cry1 photocycle is initiated by light absorption by its FAD chromophore, which is most likely

61 owever, roasting led to an increase in water absorption capacity (0.89-3.64g/g), water absorption ind

62 , water absorption index (1.97-3.52) and oil absorption capacity (1.60-3.54g/g).

63 lity establishes a low percentage of stomach absorption capacity.

64 d interesting water binding capacity and fat absorption capacity.

65 to hours, to days and to years, and variable absorption characteristics, all through tuning of the he

66 nsporter internalization, impairing the iron absorption; clinically manifested as anemia of inflammat

67 Thus, nitrogen doping allows the high absorption coefficient of graphitic CDs to be translated

68 The THz refractive index and absorption coefficient of paraffin-embedded brain tissue

69 ction results from the helical ribbons' high absorption coefficient, good electron mobility, and shar

70 Their high light absorption coefficients and long diffusion lengths sugge

71 ults indicate that these particles have mass absorption coefficients on the same order as black carbo

72 itized CDs show significantly enhanced light absorption compared to amorphous CDs (a-CD) yet undoped

73 Low X-ray absorption contrast in non-mineralised tissue can be enh

74 and registration-free images with endogenous absorption contrasts.

75 ing reciprocity will open avenues for energy absorption, conversion and harvesting, soft robotics, pr

76 itively (R=0.816, p<0.05) with TPC and water absorption correlated positively (R=0.995, p<0.05) with

77 sensing chip was designed for increasing of absorption cross section of the target sample, related t

78 r contributions in the uranium L3-edge X-ray absorption cross section to provide unique information o

79 at of an individual heavy atom with the same absorption cross-section.

80 Spectroelectrochemical X-ray absorption data further reveal systematic spectral chang

81 from upstream wetlands due to demethylation, absorption, deposition, and degradation before reaching

82 Instead, we report that absorption-display electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)

83 single pulse streaking reaching the carbon K-absorption edge (284 eV) by utilizing intense two-cycle

84 Simultaneously, a new absorption edge appeared at 1.1 eV below the conduction

85 ieved through operating above the two-photon absorption edge, representing one of the largest optical

86 0 nm wavelength resides above the two-photon absorption edge, while still possessing large nonlineari

87 on energies corresponding to the fundamental absorption edges of matter, which lie in the soft X-ray

88 efficient, good electron mobility, and sharp absorption edges that are defined by the twisted molecul

89 f particle size-dependent Mie scattering and absorption efficiencies, and, scattering anisotropy are

90 We report the synthesis, UV-vis absorption, electrochemical characterisation, and DFT st

91 t wafer scales that achieved over 160% light absorption enhancement from 800 to 1,200 nm.

92 Absorption enhancement was observed extending 1-2 orders

93 X-ray absorption, EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopy highli

94 y simultaneous ionic liquid gating and X-ray absorption experiments.

95 2 displayed electronic absorption features (lambdamax =460, 610 nm) typical of

96 otoluminescence quantum yields (>50%), sharp absorption features, and narrow emission of the parent C

97 Surprisingly, unexpected absorption features, which are associated with the forbi

98 mediate using Fe- and Mn-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis and multifreq

99 Linear combination fitting of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data using reference o

100 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of these As-be

101 ce elements in minerals using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy constitut

102 Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray absorption fine structure analysis confirm similar plati

103 The in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis shows a Ru horizontal

104 vestigated by direct monitoring of the X-ray absorption fine structure of the catalyst, coupled with

105 y X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure studies.

106 Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy showed red amorph

107 copic determinations showed a typical UV-VIS absorption for furans during the storage of irradiated s

108 uent modifications of the quinone core allow absorption from 400 to 600 nm.

109 the sample solution by monitoring changes in absorption from 540 to 580nm; the linear range and the l

110 r with the meal significantly increased iron absorption from FePP by 2.55-fold (95% CI: 1.48-, 4.37-f

111 Our study aim was to compare iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecuti

112 well understood than the regulation of iron absorption in adults, which is inverse to iron status an

113 Specifically, BTZ and CFZ absorption in both PS and COP were all in the range of a

114 The same compound promotes gut iron absorption in DMT1-deficient rats and ferroportin-defici

115 ient electrical tuning of near total optical absorption in monolayer graphene is reported.

116 pproximately 100-300 nm, whereas BTZ and CFZ absorption in PDMS was approximately 5.0 and approximate

117 re data on the speed of sound and ultrasound absorption in pure ionic liquids (ILs) is presented.

118 ed by a leaky epithelium and reduced bile re-absorption in the intestines.

119 were compared and revealed efficient defect absorption in the nanocrystalline grain size regime, but

120 The constant absorption in the sample is extracted from depth depende

121 ne interactions by investigating the optical absorption in the SLG, the density of optical states at

122 covered in the ileum in agreement with their absorption in the upper GIT.

123 otent in vitro and delays intestinal glucose absorption in vivo to improve glycemic control.

124 ally non-reflecting absorbers.Reflectionless absorption independent of the angle of incidence usually

125 er absorption capacity (0.89-3.64g/g), water absorption index (1.97-3.52) and oil absorption capacity

126 phenols from smoked food sample and analytes absorption into a NaOH solution in a specially designed

127 hing "green" absorber subcell, complementary absorption is achieved, resulting in PCE of approximatel

128 urple chromophore with characteristic 550 nm absorption is formed due to a specific orientation of th

129 that it occurs under conditions where photon absorption is minimal.

130 nance, the threshold intensity for nonlinear absorption is reduced by a factor of about 30 compared t

131 tes as well as dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics.

132 As the ejecta expands, broad absorption-like lines appear on the spectral continuum,

133 The main absorption lines for Cu, Zn and Si and secondary lines f

134 The CH(+) absorption lines reveal highly turbulent reservoirs of c

135 ns involving over half a million atmospheric absorption lines, providing a highly accurate descriptio

136 (PVSCs) because of a better balance between absorption loss of sub-bandgap photons and thermalizatio

137 hermal stability without affecting the dyes' absorption maxima originates from the twisted geometry o

138 with red-shifted (D380E, lambdamax = 533 nm) absorption maxima relative to the wild-type protein (lam

139 e accompanied by a hypsochromic shift of the absorption maximum of the photoinduced form, whereas no

140 In contrast, the absorption maximum of the red-shifted beta-carotene was

141 ample, compared to any future direct optical absorption measurement using classical light.

142 Interestingly, the solution absorption measurements do not accurately approximate th

143 tely 1000 nm, as confirmed by our pump-probe absorption measurements.

144 The broadband absorption measures >87% from 1,200 nm to over 2,200 nm

145 Nonlinear light absorption mechanisms such as two-photon absorption and

146 This illustrates how optical absorption methods have become a competitive alternative

147 H3NH3PbI3) thin films by ultrafast transient absorption microscopy, demonstrating three distinct tran

148 and were measured using NIR spectroscopy in absorption mode in the wavelength range from 700 to 2500

149 ry to formulation, was confirmed using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, suggesting substituti

150 d that the U M4 high energy resolution X-ray absorption near edge structure (HR-XANES) method is capa

151 Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at t

152 ing structures were investigated using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), valence-band pho

153 n, resonance Raman, (1)H NMR, EPR, and X-ray absorption (near-edge) spectroscopy, ESI mass spectromet

154 with axial ligand substitutions, electronic absorption, near-UV circular dichroism, and electron par

155 on of colonic pH, including epithelial water absorption, nutrient inflow, and luminal buffering capac

156 unt of soybean oil in salad dressing and the absorption of 1) carotenoids, phylloquinone, and tocophe

157 rom 1,200 nm to over 2,200 nm with a maximum absorption of 98.1% at 1,550 nm and remains large for hi

158 The absorption of a photon usually creates a singlet exciton

159 tate quantum memory prepared by the heralded absorption of a single photon.

160 arge BrC molecules dominated the total light absorption of aged biomass burning BrC.

161 Dermal absorption of BPA from thermal paper receipts occurs but

162 Compared to dietary BPA exposure, dermal absorption of BPA leads to prolonged exposure and may le

163 0.0001).Within the linear range, the average absorption of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins could

164 We blocked intestinal absorption of cholesterol in milk fed to newborn mice by

165 stable salt, which enables the simultaneous absorption of CO2 and SO2/SO3 from the flue gas.

166 ue fluid homeostasis, immune trafficking and absorption of dietary fats in the human body.

167 The absorption of energy from these processes can be used to

168 Bile plays an important role in digestion, absorption of fats, and the excretion of waste products,

169 Herein we show how the absorption of hemiindigo is shifted to the red part of t

170 Finite-element modeling suggests that the absorption of laser pulses by MGNCs can produce temperat

171 Aminated linkers are known to enhance the absorption of light and afford photocatalysis with MOFs

172 lphide in the transducer layer increases the absorption of light in the medium which enhances the LMR

173 onic nano-antenna gratings, that enhance the absorption of light over a broadband spectrum, and permi

174 e possibility of an enhancing effect on iron absorption of lipid-rich RUTFs, but more research is nee

175 Intestinal absorption of mercury is influenced by interactions with

176 on spectrometry (HR-CS GF MAS) via molecular absorption of phosphorus monoxide.

177 tinal digestion may substantially affect the absorption of polyphenols and carotenoids present in lea

178 Furthermore, the post-prandial absorption of sapotexanthin to human plasma was proven f

179 t of a variety of cancers.Background optical absorption of several biomolecules impedes an effective

180 nother important protective function, namely absorption of stray light.

181 The absorption of Tac and cyclosporin was greater than expec

182 red to their solid counterparts, the near-IR absorption of the HNPs is blue-shifted owing to the holl

183 the differential circularly polarized light absorption of the sample but is independent of concentra

184 We see strong evidence of absorption of the spectrum of the quasar redwards of the

185 However, owing to the low radiation absorption of tumors, high doses of ionizing radiations

186 ectrons and guanine radicals, generated upon absorption of UV radiation directly by TEL21/Na(+).

187 ements do not accurately approximate the dye absorption on TiO2 films with up to a 250 nm blue-shift

188 ms with up to a 250 nm blue-shift of the dye absorption onset on TiO2.

189 simetry, crystallinity, water solubility and absorption, pasting properties, reconstitution test, pro

190 ed Miner2 [2Fe-2S] clusters produces a major absorption peak at 422 nm without releasing iron or sulf

191 0.6) is studied experimentally using optical absorption, photomodulated transmission, contactless ele

192 The absorption process of an emitter close to a plasmonic an

193 to one- and two-phonon and impurity-related absorption processes.

194 distribution of leaf nitrogen and the light absorption profile.

195 Absorption profiles of the investigated aquatic macrophy

196 f a major biomass burning event on the light absorption properties of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC).

197 ulted in changes to the photoluminescent and absorption properties of the C-dots.

198 The absorption properties of these materials in the visible

199 d MOFs, with a closer look at the two-photon absorption property.

200 One of the alternatives to improve the absorption range involves the use of down-shifting nano-

201 ted parameters were as follows: 0.80 for the absorption rate [h(-1)], 52.6 for Kprest, 0.01 for the b

202 of bioelectronic devices; however, Specific Absorption Rate and size limitations reduce power effici

203 nning the spectrum within the characteristic absorption regime, our mid-IR waveguide successfully per

204 expected to yield advanced transmission and absorption regimes.

205 antum efficiency of 31% for a 2 microm-thick absorption region, which results in a specific detectivi

206 Our design uses two different bandgap absorption regions separated by an electron barrier that

207 demonstrated through a combination of UV-vis absorption, resonance Raman, (1)H NMR, EPR, and X-ray ab

208 Through the analysis of neutron absorption resonances the spatial distribution of pallad

209 nt unique infrared spectrum with a series of absorption resonances, which reveals the underlying elec

210 optimization of 25 to mitigate pH-dependent absorption resulted in identification of the correspondi

211 atograms of the expected [M-H](-) ion and UV absorption revealed the presence of five possible reacti

212 We also demonstrated ultrafast saturable absorption (SA) with a modulation depth of 0.43%.

213 ere then systematically compared to the FTIR absorption spectra collected for kerogen samples isolate

214 Based on the in situ-obtained UV/Vis absorption spectra during the reaction, we propose two d

215 X-ray absorption spectra indicated that U(IV) in both hematite

216 fy the exciton absorption bands in transient absorption spectra measured by our group for oligomers (

217 we apply this theory to study near-infrared absorption spectra of excitons in oligomers of the ubiqu

218 sized with the goal of providing red-shifted absorption spectra relative to previously synthesized CO

219 py, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectra, and photoluminescence spectra.

220 nction with experimentally measured N K-edge absorption spectra, reveals the different nature of the

221 s can rapidly measure high-resolution linear absorption spectra.

222 er Mo loadings, indicated by Mo K-edge X-ray absorption spectra.

223 We find that the TT excited-state absorption spectral shape correlates with the binding en

224 hin-film electrode chip for fluorescence and absorption spectroelectrochemistry has been developed.

225 However, the inherent advantages of UV-vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry should overcome some

226 s by high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS AAS) after leaching Cr(VI

227 We present an ultrasensitive absorption spectrometer based on a 30 Hz/s stability, su

228 was developed and combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for pre-concentration and

229 continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF MAS) via molecular abs

230 s, corn, and fungi) by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Perkin Elmer, SIMAA 6000) was d

231 Se determination with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

232 ollowed by its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

233 results obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

234 Browning was monitored by UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry and UHPLC-DAD.

235 ombined (57)Fe Mossbauer and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) techniques to assess soli

236 luated using both steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopies as well as computational analy

237 by chemical extractions, Mossbauer or X-ray Absorption spectroscopies.

238 Here, few-femtosecond extreme UV transient absorption spectroscopy (FXTAS) at the vanadium M2,3 edg

239 progress (2008-2016) in infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) studies on oxide powders

240 , we describe the use of ligand K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electronic structure c

241 Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and rR studies have been u

242 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an electronic absorptio

243 I) biouptake pathway, we have employed X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the relatio

244 e (EPR), SQUID, UV-vis absorption, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)) coupled with advanced the

245 X-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering

246 )CDOM*, was directly observable by transient absorption spectroscopy and was used to probe basic phot

247 X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectros

248 d rapid-scan X-ray Kbeta emission and K-edge absorption spectroscopy as well as quantum chemistry to

249 ) to Co(III), as evidenced by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Co K-edge.

250 both supports, while x-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy demonstrate a change in electron

251 Spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy documented a reduction of the hi

252 co-localization results to iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy fitting results allowed to quant

253 anning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray absorption spectroscopy have been performed.

254 In operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy identified reduced Pt covered wi

255 Herein, infrared absorption spectroscopy of the S=O stretching mode combi

256 and holes with extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy paves the way for investigating

257 rther characterization of Co-MFU-4l by X-ray absorption spectroscopy provided evidence for discrete,

258 Specifically, (57) Fe Mossbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy provided unique insights into ho

259 X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides firm evidence for the p

260 Simultaneous measurement using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy provides information on temporal

261 Finally, a characterization by absorption spectroscopy showed that FaEO has specific fl

262 electron microscopy (TEM) and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that oxygen species can s

263 We used X-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize the structural o

264 We have used transient absorption spectroscopy to compare the rates and mechani

265 n film square wave voltammetry and transient absorption spectroscopy to obtain a comprehensive thermo

266 eans of femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with global analysis.

267 alysis of chemical reactivity, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory c

268 Using electronic absorption spectroscopy, electrical transport measuremen

269 long-range structure probes, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, pair distribution function anal

270 tions was investigated by the conjugation of absorption spectroscopy, stopped-flow, NMR, and X-ray cr

271 single-crystal X-ray diffraction, transient absorption spectroscopy, theoretical calculation, and de

272 d tyramine was carried out, using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy.

273 ingle photon counting studies, and transient absorption spectroscopy.

274 ion was performed by using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy.

275 Cu K-edge, Cu L2,3-edge, and Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

276 ically characterized by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.

277 ssion electron microscopy and operando X-ray absorption structures to study the mechanical properties

278 X-ray absorption studies of the geometric and electronic struc

279 mical labeling, radical clock, and transient absorption studies support the electron transfer mechani

280 UV-Vis absorption study of these solutes has also been carried

281 Based on specific UV-absorption (SUVA), aromatic DOM was preferentially adsor

282 sorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an electronic absorption technique for which the initial state is a de

283 ient mice were accompanied by impaired lipid absorption that was consistent with altered bile acid me

284 By reducing Fe(III), HPLA boosts Fe(II) absorption through the DMT1 channels of enterocytes.

285 e element and site selectivity of soft X-ray absorption to sensitively follow the ultrafast pipi*/npi

286 -x nanocrystals with Sn(2+) red-shifts their absorption to the visible region and simultaneously prod

287 of IR probe groups with spectrally isolated absorptions to avoid the congestion inherent to protein

288 ysical discussion of the indirect two-photon absorption (TPA) occuring in silicon carbide with either

289 The methods each use two infrared absorption transitions and a resonant Raman transition t

290 oporous graphene disclosing strong plasmonic absorptions tunable from terahertz to mid-infrared via c

291 we discuss strategies for optimizing photon absorption via modulation of the structural organization

292 e erythrocyte iron incorporation method.Iron absorption was 5.7% +/- 8.5% (TM-1), 3.6% +/- 4.2% (TM-2

293 Iron absorption was assessed by isotope incorporation in eryt

294 Fractional iron absorption was estimated by the erythrocyte iron incorpo

295 In experiments a high broadband absorption was maintained even when the fill factor of t

296 lective, omnidirectional, tunable, broadband absorption when closely packed.

297 ghtness supernovae, but with strong titanium absorption, which is commonly seen in the spectra of sub

298 ible to processes that lead to reduced light absorption, while larger-molecular-weight species may re

299 rom FeSO4 There was a trend to increase iron absorption with the MNP+RUTF meal, which did not reach s

300 see this absolute improvement for up to 50% absorption, with a maximum observed factor of improvemen