ライフサイエンスコーパス: activated microglia

1 bit a morphologically distinct population of activated microglia.

2 ere isolated and cocultured with resting and activated microglia.

3 tor mobility in the processes of resting and activated microglia.

4 neutrophil-produced ROS, and MHCII-positive, activated microglia.

5 d the expression of inducible NO synthase in activated microglia.

6 (ras), attenuated the production of ROS from activated microglia.

7 racellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), in activated microglia.

8 neurodegeneration was prevented by removing activated microglia.

9 AD abnormality, are closely associated with activated microglia.

10 fibrillary tangles, reactive astrocytes, and activated microglia.

11 myelitis (EAE), miR-124 was downregulated in activated microglia.

12 campal regions show a pronounced increase in activated microglia.

13 a cells by treatment with CCL8, a product of activated microglia.

14 regulation of neuroinflammatory responses of activated microglia.

15 t delay, the release of toxic cytokines from activated microglia.

16 ed in a parallel shift in the association of activated microglia.

17 ned a morphologically distinct population of activated microglia.

18 densities of senile (neuritic) plaques with activated microglia.

19 interleukin 1, which is overexpressed by the activated microglia.

20 posits in the brain and increased numbers of activated microglia.

21 and is reliably detected by the presence of activated microglia.

22 A to reverse the effect of IL-4 in TNF-alpha-activated microglia.

23 njury sites and detected immunochemically in activated microglia.

24 ase of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide from activated microglia.

25 eased levels of proinflammatory cytokines by activated microglia.

26 the release of proinflammatory factors from activated microglia.

27 tochondrial complex I and the enhancement of activated microglia.

28 n the water maze and had significantly fewer activated microglia.

29 is characterized by increased cytokines and activated microglia.

30 exposure can be prevented by an inhibitor of activated microglia.

31 es revealed the morphological changes in the activated microglia.

32 ated to an inflammatory process dominated by activated microglia.

33 so decreased GFAP staining and the number of activated microglia.

34 the fetal blood-brain barrier, and targeting activated microglia.

35 of blood-borne neutrophils, macrophages, and activated microglia.

36 rion protein, are expressed predominantly by activated microglia.

37 s responsive genes and diminished numbers of activated microglia.

38 on the production of cytokines/chemokines by activated microglia.

39 in the inflamed brain by selectively killing activated microglia.

40 of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) on activated microglia.

41 -VAD-fmk or IETD-fmk resulted in necrosis of activated microglia.

42 t of neurons expressing cleaved caspase-3 by activated microglia.

43 emission tomography using a radiotracer for activated microglia, [(11)C](R)-(1-[2-chlorophenyl]-N-me

44 c emission data with (18)F-GE180 for imaging activated microglia (18-kD translocator protein ligand [

45 that the anatomical distribution pattern of activated microglia, a normally dormant population of re

46 antation significantly reduced the number of activated microglia after cyclophosphamide treatment in

47 istribution volume (TSPO VT) is increased in activated microglia, an important aspect of neuroinflamm

48 , we found significantly decreased levels of activated microglia and Abeta deposits in anti-GM-CSF an

49 mitantly, hsf1-/- aged CNS exhibit increased activated microglia and apoptotic cells that are mainly

50 onotropic P2X4 receptors are up-regulated in activated microglia and are critical for the development

51 alization, meaning that the presence of both activated microglia and astrocytes in a given area leads

52 Activated microglia and astrocytes increased synchronous

53 TIM-3 is distinctively upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes, brain resident immun

54 Neuroinflammation, mediated by activated microglia and astrocytes, is implicated in the

55 Activated microglia and astroglia are known to be involv

56 Chronic inflammation involving activated microglia and astroglia is becoming a hallmark

57 cting to the striatum, and resulted in fewer activated microglia and astroglia.

58 activated TRPM4-like currents (I CAN) in non-activated microglia and cells that were activated by exp

59 plaques in the aged rhesus cortex contained activated microglia and clusters of phosphorylated tau-p

60 led significant inflammatory markers such as activated microglia and cytokines surrounding the plaque

61 Thus, activated microglia and damaged neurons formed a vicious

62 xyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers target activated microglia and damaged neurons in the injured b

63 ical analyses ex vivo included stainings for activated microglia and endogenous neural stem cells (NS

64 Finally, IRF8 activated microglia and exacerbated neuroinflammation.

65 In addition, the number of activated microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes was hig

66 We previously showed that activated microglia and increased cytokine expression ex

67 profile indicating the presence of primed or activated microglia and increased inflammation in the ag

68 , demonstrated by increased levels of Iba-1, activated microglia and increased levels of proinflammat

69 and local CD200R(+) myeloid cells, including activated microglia and infiltrating monocyte-derived ma

70 ral sclerosis (ALS), and is characterized by activated microglia and infiltrating T cells at sites of

71 Neuroinflammation, characterized by activated microglia and infiltrating T cells, is a promi

72 ous system, the CB2 receptor is expressed on activated microglia and is a potential therapeutic targe

73 an uncontrolled inflammatory response, where activated microglia and its cytotoxic agents play a cruc

74 In contrast, the numbers of activated microglia and levels of interleukin-6 were sig

75 l benzodiazepine receptor, is upregulated on activated microglia and macrophages and is, thus, a biom

76 Chronic retinal inflammation in the form of activated microglia and macrophages are implicated in th

77 e to axonal damage directly or indirectly by activated microglia and macrophages, leading to limited

78 h multiple sclerosis (MS) primarily reflects activated microglia and macrophages.

79 eptor, which is selectively expressed in non-activated microglia and mediates process motility during

80 Activated microglia and neuroinflammation are associated

81 The numbers of activated microglia and phagocytes in TREM2 KO mice were

82 s evidenced by the decreased accumulation of activated microglia and reactive astrocytes, diminished

83 er of neuroinflammation, is overexpressed on activated microglia and reactive astrocytes.

84 n responses, which was associated with fewer activated microglia and reduced CGRP expression in the d

85 flammation comprising sporadic occurrence of activated microglia and significant hypertrophy of astro

86 The involvement of activated microglia and their derived cytotoxic products

87 ranslocator protein (TSPO) is upregulated in activated microglia and thus can serve as a marker of ne

88 The developing eyes of Mfsd2a KO mice had activated microglia and up-regulation of lipogenic and c

89 c loss and neuronal death were driven by ERK-activated microglia and were preventable by BRAF inhibit

90 released soluble neuron injury factors that activated microglia and were selectively toxic to dopami

91 ite matter, colocalizing with globoid cells, activated microglia, and astrocytes.

92 f the K+ current surge following exposure to activated microglia, and is neuroprotective.

93 receptor-associated protein (RAP), robustly activated microglia, and its activity was attenuated in

94 heral Th1 cytokines and reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, and T cells in brains of EAE mice.

95 Activated microglia are a universal feature of ALS/FTD p

96 posit that the neurobiological activities of activated microglia are affected by cell-protein and cel

97 microvasculature, astrocyte hypertrophy and activated microglia are among the most conspicuous struc

98 Activated microglia are associated with amyloid plaques

99 Activated microglia are found to be intimately associate

100 Activated microglia are involved in the pathogenesis of

101 Activated microglia are neurotoxic in culture, but this

102 However, the role of activated microglia as Abeta APCs and the induction of a

103 ot detect the treatment-induced reduction in activated microglia as demonstrated by histology.

104 ypes and reduces the levels of expression of activated microglia-associated transcripts.

105 ons and immunocytochemical identification of activated microglia, astrocytes, and hemeoxygenase-1 imm

106 ed by infiltration of phagocytic cells (e.g. activated microglia, astroglia and macrophages) for the

107 ebris that colocalized with the processes of activated microglia at 25 d after immunization, and clea

108 was accompanied by a significant increase in activated microglia at all time-points following LPS.

109 racic spinal cords of rats with CP contained activated microglia (based on increased staining with OX

110 rvations demonstrate that in vivo imaging of activated microglia/brain macrophages provides a dynamic

111 sing PET with [11C] (R)-PK11195, a marker of activated microglia/brain macrophages.

112 dopaminergic neurones and it was present in activated microglia but not in astrocytes.

113 Abeta) deposits are frequently surrounded by activated microglia but the precise role of these cells

114 lasm of mature human hippocampal neurons and activated microglia, but is absent from astrocytes.

115 ional white matter (WM) were correlated with activated microglia, but not with axonal or myelin integ

116 data indicate that physiological IgG levels activated microglia by enhancing recycling endocytosis p

117 nd calcium-dependent manner, and enhanced in activated microglia by the p38 MAPK pathway that selecti

118 r hand, there is also abundant evidence that activated microglia can be harmful to neurons.

119 e data are consistent with the argument that activated microglia can clear Abeta deposits.

120 functions in the adult brain are less clear, activated microglia can closely appose neuronal cell bod

121 Thus, activated microglia can co-exist with degenerating micro

122 tem and suggest under certain circumstances, activated microglia can help rather than harm neurons su

123 Activated microglia can phagocytose dying, stressed, or

124 These results indicate that activated microglia can protect the adult brain by migra

125 By contrast, activated microglia can secrete numerous reactants that

126 Activated microglia (CD11b+ cells) colocalized with Abet

127 It has been demonstrated that activated microglia cells actively participate in the pa

128 active and chronic active cortical lesions, activated microglia closely apposed and ensheathed apica

129 nd increased the accumulation of macrophages/activated microglia compared to vehicle controls (p<0.02

130 inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta from activated microglia, consistent with K(+) loss being nee

131 ed this dependence to determine whether such activated microglia contribute deleteriously to function

132 Activated microglia contribute to cell death in ischemic

133 ted after SCI, we tested the hypothesis that activated microglia contribute to chronic pain after SCI

134 degree, and by what mechanisms, chronically activated microglia contribute to cognitive deficits ass

135 Activated microglia converge on the initial site of axon

136 d process retraction in both resting and LPS-activated microglia cultured in the gelatinous substrate

137 Constitutively increased expression of activated microglia-derived inflammatory molecules such

138 3D electron microscopy, we demonstrate that activated microglia displace inhibitory presynaptic term

139 TNF-alpha was produced by activated microglia during MCMV infection of the retina.

140 LPS-activated microglia exhibited a sialidase activity that

141 ion becomes infiltrated with neutrophils and activated microglia followed by neuronal loss, but littl

142 rain, high levels of reducing equivalents in activated microglia, GSH, trigger superoxide production,

143 Activated microglia have a key role in the brain's immun

144 in vitro is noncytolytic and noncytopathic, activated microglia have been suggested to be responsibl

145 Our results suggest that tPA and activated microglia have complex roles in MS/EAE, and th

146 Activated microglia have contradictory roles in the path

147 Da translocator protein (TSPO), a marker for activated microglia, have been used as positron emission

148 alf-life tracer that reveals the presence of activated microglia in a manner that is superior to (11)

149 (18)F-GE-180 is able to reveal sites of activated microglia in both gray and white matter.

150 suppress TNF-alpha and CXCL10 production by activated microglia in brain diseases.

151 sociated with inflammatory responses such as activated microglia in brain with this disease.

152 e is a significant increase in the number of activated microglia in brain.

153 ficant superoxide generation was observed in activated microglia in injured WT, whereas increased sup

154 These results suggest a crucial role of activated microglia in limiting amyloid accumulation and

155 Moreover, PGRN expression is increased in activated microglia in many neurodegenerative diseases i

156 This could reflect that activated microglia in mild cognitive impairment initial

157 Immunoproteasome levels are elevated in activated microglia in models of stroke, infection and t

158 s associated with phagocytic macrophages and activated microglia in MS lesions and directly correlate

159 talytic domain of recombinant MMP-3 (cMMP-3) activated microglia in primary microglia cultures as wel

160 reactive astrocytes, and IBA1(+) and CD68(+) activated microglia in randomly selected dense-core (Thi

161 ntly expressed on phagocytic macrophages and activated microglia in stroke and progressive multifocal

162 tudy, we set out to determine if chronically activated microglia in the Alzheimer's disease brain are

163 mpletely prevented the increase in number of activated microglia in the ARC, the expression of the pr

164 higher loss of cortical neurons and elevated activated microglia in the bigenic Tg-SwDI/Tg-5xFAD mice

165 alcohol-dependent individuals exhibited less activated microglia in the brain and a blunted periphera

166 adoxically, despite the presence of abundant activated microglia in the brain of AD patients, these c

167 ession of the translocator protein (TSPO) on activated microglia in the brain, has been used in precl

168 ding protein is significantly upregulated in activated microglia in the brains of rats subjected to f

169 atory mediators, and reduced infiltration of activated microglia in the cerebellar tissue.

170 alysis with CD68 showed increased density of activated microglia in the cerebral white matter of the

171 evelopmental-dependent overabundance of CD68-activated microglia in the cerebral white matter of the

172 Finally, activated microglia in the denervated hippocampal stratu

173 tion is associated with a marked increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus, neuroinflammatio

174 Immunohistochemistry confirmed activated microglia in the ipsilateral thalamus with sig

175 These results suggest an important role for activated microglia in the maintenance of chronic centra

176 aloric diet-induced obese mice, persistently activated microglia in the MBH hypersecrete TNFalpha tha

177 munohistochemistry to study beta-amyloid and activated microglia in the mouse brain tissue.

178 We observed a decrease in activated microglia in the rats that received a spirulin

179 y Eli Lilly, resulted in marked reduction of activated microglia in the spinal cord.

180 ks postinfection by a marked accumulation of activated microglia in the spongiform areas of the brain

181 s in the striatum, and a greater increase in activated microglia in the substantia nigra than wild-ty

182 We investigated whether activated microglia in the thoracic spinal cord contribu

183 alysis showed diffuse astrocytic gliosis and activated microglia in the white matter, rare prion depo

184 iazepine receptors (PBR) are associated with activated microglia in their response to inflammation.

185 ations expressed MIP-1alpha: physiologically activated microglia in white matter (P7-P14) and Purkinj

186 al levels of beta2-adrenergic receptors, and activated microglia in wt mice in vivo Thus, most solubl

187 te with (11)C-(R)-PK11195 uptake (marker for activated microglia) in the same brain regions.

188 Collectively our data provide evidence that activated microglia increase neurogenesis through secret

189 When activated, microglia increase the expression of transloc

190 In mice, LPS activated microglia (increased lectin staining of morpho

191 al staining showed dose-dependent changes in activated microglia (increased number and morphologic ch

192 Measures of activated microglia indicated that changes in neurogenes

193 We show that activated microglia induce A1 astrocytes by secreting Il

194 tory leukocyte protease inhibitor, decreased activated microglia-induced neurogenesis.

195 ty for innate immune cells in vivo, labeling activated microglia, infiltrating macrophages, and neutr

196 tein (GFAP)+ and ED1+ cells, suggesting that activated microglia/infiltrating macrophages and activat

197 hese results suggest that Gal-3 expressed by activated microglia/infiltrating macrophages and astrocy

198 ines of evidence support the hypothesis that activated microglia, innate immune cells in the CNS, pla

199 increase in release of beta-glucuronidase by activated microglia into the extracellular space at the

200 In early AD, the highest degree of activated microglia is observed in brain regions involve

201 However, the mechanism by which activated microglia kill oligodendrocytes (OLs) remains

202 nts of Abeta, but not with plaque density or activated microglia levels.

203 Classically activated microglia (M1) are believed to play a key role

204 In mice, 15-HC activated microglia, macrophages and astrocytes through

205 This scar contains reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, macrophages and other myeloid cells

206 iNOS- and peroxynitrite-positive cells were activated microglia-macrophages, and mild hypothermia si

207 ) spinal cords showed an increased number of activated microglia/macrophages and a larger scar at the

208 owed significantly less numbers of GSI-B4(+) activated microglia/macrophages and ICAM1(+) capillaries

209 in-1beta (IL-1beta), released by a subset of activated microglia/macrophages and infiltrating lymphoc

210 jor targets for chronic ischemic insults and activated microglia/macrophages are possibly involved in

211 eutrophils and lymphocytes, neutrophils, and activated microglia/macrophages in the intracerebral hem

212 Activated microglia/macrophages play a key role in the i

213 TLR2 up-regulation on activated microglia/macrophages resulted in astrocyte ac

214 n of OPCs after SCI, reduced accumulation of activated microglia/macrophages, and reduced astrocyte h

215 d immunostaining for myelin, axonal markers, activated microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, plasma prot

216 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a marker of activated microglia/macrophages, in cortex, cortical les

217 ized by more proinflammatory lymphocytes and activated microglia/macrophages.

218 europrotective gene Ym1 that is expressed by activated microglia/macrophages.

219 use and multi-focal inflammation mediated by activated microglia/macrophages.

220 were primarily produced by granulocytes and activated microglia/macrophages.

221 on with myelin degeneration, interdigitating activated microglia may be contributing to damage contro

222 that nitric oxide and superoxide released by activated microglia may be mediators that link inflammat

223 her with previous observations, suggest that activated microglia may contribute to neurofibrillary pa

224 itrite produced by iNOS and NADPH oxidase in activated microglia may play an important role in the pa

225 sis, lack of EP2 completely suppressed Abeta-activated microglia-mediated paracrine neurotoxicity.

226 ular aggregated human alpha-synuclein indeed activated microglia; microglial activation enhanced dopa

227 urodegeneration in tg7 mice, suggesting that activated microglia might contribute to the degenerative

228 , whereas human immunodeficiency virus-1 tat-activated microglia migrated nearly twice as fast as tho

229 The term activated microglia needs to be qualified to reflect the

230 In addition, neither activated microglia nor astrocytes differed among the th

231 he relative timing suggests that neither the activated microglia nor the amyloid plaques themselves a

232 However, the cortex includes numerous activated microglia, occasionally in a plaque-like distr

233 nse with early upregulation of Iba1-positive activated microglia occurred after both cathodal and ano

234 on days 3, 5, 7 and 9, and more macrophages/activated microglia on days 1, 3, 5 and 9 compared to sh

235 healthy brain, but the functional impact of activated microglia on neural plasticity has so far been

236 L-1beta antibody attenuated the influence of activated microglia on neuronal tau and synaptophysin, b

237 e unchanged and it was not present in either activated microglia or astrocytes.

238 of caspases with Z-VAD-fmk did not kill non-activated microglia, or astrocytes and neurons in any co

239 MMP-3 co-localized with activated microglia (Ox-42+) and ischemic neurons (NeuN+

240 rescence in situ hybridization revealed both activated microglia (OX-6 immunoreactivity) and elevated

241 was altered only within the regions showing activated microglia (OX-6 immunoreactivity), suggesting

242 reated eyes demonstrated significantly fewer activated microglia (P < 0.001) and overall number of mi

243 of spinal tissue occupied by macrophages and activated microglia (P < 0.01) at the site of the spinal

244 Together, our results suggest that activated microglia participate in neuroprotection and t

245 Inflammatory changes, typified by activated microglia, particularly adjacent to Abeta plaq

246 Activated microglia persist around the injury site.

247 Between 5 and 8 months of age, activated microglia persisted and concentrated in the op

248 -PK11195 binding, signifying the presence of activated microglia, persisted many months (>12) after a

249 Furthermore, we showed that activated microglia physically ensheathe cortical projec

250 Activated microglia play a central role in the inflammat

251 Collectively, these data suggest that activated microglia play a direct role in contributing t

252 Infected and/or activated microglia play a pathogenic role in HIV-associ

253 Recent studies have demonstrated that activated microglia play an important role in dopamine (

254 associated neuronal dysfunction mediated by activated microglia play an important role in the pathog

255 icospinal tract and the wide distribution of activated microglia, primary signals from CST neurons pe

256 Activated microglia produce a factor or cocktail of fact

257 regulated by chemokine gene expression, and activated microglia produce substances that can be detri

258 direct concordance with GAD65 expression and activated microglia: proximal to the circumventricular o

259 erminal layer, descending granule cells, and activated microglia rarely expressed CCR1.

260 We conclude that activated microglia release Gal-3 and a neuraminidase th

261 Activated microglia represent a common pathological feat

262 Here we investigated whether activated microglia secrete factors that promote the gen

263 Activated microglia secrete TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, whic

264 Optic nerve cells cocultured with activated microglia showed a significant increase in the

265 Abeta plaques are surrounded by activated microglia, some of which are believed to be de

266 activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), because activated microglia stimulated p38-MAPK phosphorylation

267 nt neuroinflammatory reactive astrocytes and activated microglia strongly associated with the cerebra

268 with a significant increase in the number of activated microglia, supporting the idea that inflammati

269 histochemistry further demonstrated that the activated microglia surrounded dopaminergic neurons in o

270 d by the presence of reactive astrocytes and activated microglia surrounding amyloid plaques, implica

271 cephalitis, CD163 expression was detected in activated microglia surrounding SIV encephalitis lesions

272 Vaccinated animals developed activated microglia that colocalized with Abeta fibrils,

273 ovel mechanism of lysosomal pH regulation in activated microglia that is required for fAbeta degradat

274 ound a significant increase in the number of activated microglia that lasted at least 90 d.

275 rotein 18 kDa (TSPO) is overexpressed in the activated microglia that surround the beta-amyloid plaqu

276 exhibiting characteristics of alternatively activated microglia, the SVZ/RMS microglia were clearly

277 These activated microglia then secrete additional tPA, which p

278 We have previously shown that activated microglia, through an ERK (extracellular signa

279 eakdown product of extracellular ATP, caused activated microglia to assume their characteristic amoeb

280 c neuronal lesion in mice for 25 d and found activated microglia to increase inflammation, alter syna

281 raphy with (11)C-(R)-PK11195, a biomarker of activated microglia, to investigate the normal-appearing

282 peripheral benzodiazepine receptor sites in activated microglia--using small-animal PET.

283 In the optic nerve, the highest density of activated microglia was found within the optic nerve hea

284 ortant element of the mechanism by which RAP activated microglia was its ability to cause LRP1 sheddi

285 Phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons by activated microglia was poor in animals with unmanipulat

286 nterferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or LPS/IFN-gamma-activated microglia were added to mixed neuronal culture

287 ED-1-labeled activated microglia were counted.

288 icroglia during disease progression, not all activated microglia were ED1-positive.

289 Expression of markers associated with activated microglia were examined by immunofluorescent s

290 When such activated microglia were placed in coculture with primar

291 Activated microglia were prominent in zones of frank inf

292 Activated microglia were the main source of IL-10 in bra

293 L3 mice showed accumulation of alternatively activated microglia, whereas TTBK1 and TTBK1/JNPL3 mice

294 sion of both ClC-7 and Ostm1 is increased in activated microglia, which can account for the increased

295 n the hippocampus occurs in association with activated microglia, which can promote excitotoxic injur

296 roxynitrite as a mediator of the toxicity of activated microglia, which may play a major role in Abet

297 Chronic LPS activated microglia, which was not reduced by ERT.

298 he absence of a damaged blood-brain barrier, activated microglia within and beyond lesions, increased

299 strate that a peripheral nerve injury causes activated microglia within reward circuitry that result

300 ing macrophages from resident surveillant or activated microglia within tissue sections and by flow c