1 nty can determine whether they find gambling
addictive.
2 fective analgesics, but they are also highly
addictive.
3 wly discovered genomic action to achieve its
addictive action.
4 attractive enough to make rehearsing them an
addictive activity.
5 eir roles in the metabolism of nicotine, the
addictive agent in tobacco, and activation of the tobacc
6 ement can be generalized across the range of
addictive agents.
7 n) potentially could treat a wide variety of
addictive and depressive disorders.
8 neuropsychiatric-related behaviors, such as
addictive and depressive-like behaviors.
9 eflect the burgeoning literature focusing on
addictive and feeding behaviors across multiple domains
10 How genes support this
addictive and high-risk behavior through their expressio
11 ry, such as engineering junk food to make it
addictive and marketing it to young children.
12 ther subunits (alpha4beta2* nAChRs) regulate
addictive and other behavioral effects of nicotine.
13 The
addictive and reinforcing effects of many drugs of abuse
14 wer pharmacokinetics, which results in fewer
addictive and reinforcing effects than cocaine; the effe
15 y those high in refined sugars and fats, are
addictive and that some forms of obesity can usefully be
16 Opioid drugs are highly
addictive and their abuse has a strong genetic load.
17 and may have important implications for its
addictive and therapeutic properties.
18 Addictive and therapeutic psychostimulants inhibit DA re
19 Nicotine has strong
addictive as well as procognitive properties.
20 Cocaine is thought to be
addictive because it elevates dopamine levels in the str
21 t overeating of palatable food is similar to
addictive behavior and characterized by dysregulation of
22 mus (LH), a target region known to influence
addictive behavior and mood.
23 s depressive-like effects and contributes to
addictive behavior in male nonhuman primates and rodents
24 self-administration drives the appearance of
addictive behavior is unclear, but the mechanistic expla
25 defense functions; the partially selfish and
addictive behavior of the defense systems; and coupling
26 Substantial evidence from rodent models of
addictive behavior points to the involvement of the vent
27 et region amygdala, a key area implicated in
addictive behavior, differs depending on the GATA4 genot
28 e synaptic changes associated with facets of
addictive behavior, supporting partial coincident neurol
29 king behavior, novelty-seeking behavior, and
addictive behavior, we hypothesized alterations of the f
30 plays a critical role in the development of
addictive behavior.
31 d depression-like behavior and bHRs prone to
addictive behavior.
32 Excessive sun tanning can result in
addictive behavior.
33 hereby causing development and expression of
addictive behavior.
34 mon vertebrate model system for the study of
addictive behavior.
35 gmental area (VTA) are pivotally involved in
addictive behavior.
36 he formation of drug-associated memories and
addictive behavior.
37 has an important role in the development of
addictive behavior.
38 ug-induced changes in dendritic spines drive
addictive behavior.
39 er than stopping cigarette smoking, a highly
addictive behavior.
40 y relevant for the control of stress-related
addictive behavior.
41 understanding of their efficacy in reducing
addictive behavior.
42 pendent remodeling that may underlie certain
addictive behavior.
43 ges are entirely dissociable from changes in
addictive behavior.
44 derstanding the neurobiological mechanism of
addictive behavior.
45 -analysis, representing 643 individuals with
addictive behaviors and 609 healthy control individuals.
46 a period of heightened vulnerability both to
addictive behaviors and drug-induced brain damage.
47 o a negative affective state contributing to
addictive behaviors and risk of relapse.
48 mesolimbic dopamine system, suggesting that
addictive behaviors are encoded by changes in the reward
49 The development and persistence of
addictive behaviors comes from a complex interaction of
50 d aggression, impulsivity, and proclivity to
addictive behaviors compared with low-novelty reactive r
51 dopamine stimulation and might contribute to
addictive behaviors in CA.
52 asticity and its synaptic concomitants drive
addictive behaviors or whether they reflect homeostatic
53 ibute to impulsivity, which is a hallmark of
addictive behaviors that underlie compulsive drug seekin
54 ociated memories is critical for maintaining
addictive behaviors, as presentation of drug-associated
55 re central to pain control, drug reward, and
addictive behaviors, but underlying circuit mechanisms h
56 a role in the association between stress and
addictive behaviors.
57 ased stress reactivity and irritability) and
addictive behaviors.
58 rapeutics to better understand and influence
addictive behaviors.
59 xpression in neural circuits responsible for
addictive behaviors.
60 atal dysfunction, is a key characteristic of
addictive behaviors.
61 fy specific circuit components that underlie
addictive behaviors.
62 (LH), are involved in reward processing and
addictive behaviors.
63 ribute to the acquisition and maintenance of
addictive behaviors.
64 ion in target regions in an effort to dampen
addictive behaviors.
65 entifying new therapeutic targets for opiate
addictive behaviors.
66 ipation and/or outcome; participants showing
addictive behaviors; and healthy control group.
67 ce use or gambling; participants at risk for
addictive behaviors; and studies using the same patient
68 ons, including response to oxidative stress,
addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizin
69 , that regulate motor control, motivated and
addictive behaviours.
70 on phenotype can be abrogated in the cystine-
addictive cells by miR-200c, which converts the mesenchy
71 a drug of abuse that is a potent and highly
addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.
72 s in the rate of metabolism of nicotine, the
addictive chemical in tobacco, affect smoking behavior a
73 ng the neural correlates of demand for other
addictive commodities.
74 ularly vulnerable to nicotine, the principal
addictive component driving tobacco smoking.
75 Nicotine, the
addictive component of cigarettes, accelerates cell prol
76 Nicotine, the
addictive component of cigarettes, promotes lung cancer
77 Nicotine, the major
addictive component of tobacco smoke, can induce prolife
78 rongly contribute to both nicotine, the main
addictive component of tobacco, and alcohol use.
79 ss-reducing effects of nicotine, the primary
addictive component of tobacco, as a principal motivatio
80 Nicotine is the principal
addictive component that drives continued tobacco use de
81 oducts; the impact of altering the levels of
addictive components in tobacco products; the identifica
82 xtracellular transmitter and is a target for
addictive compounds such as cocaine, amphetamine (AMPH),
83 ors (KOR) are involved in mood disorders and
addictive conditions.
84 ucts are cotinine, a major metabolite of the
addictive constituent nicotine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino
85 ecting ethanol withdrawal and thus the whole
addictive cycle.
86 mans on basic biobehavioral functions, or on
addictive diseases and mood disorders.
87 rly interventions for the therapy of chronic
addictive diseases and to reduce the burden of relapse.
88 Addictive diseases, including addiction to heroin, presc
89 Opioid dependence, a severe
addictive disorder and major societal problem, has been
90 sification of obesity and binge eating as an
addictive disorder is merited.
91 exists whether obesity can be regarded as an
addictive disorder or not.
92 e-compulsive (OC) spectrum disorder or as an
addictive disorder.
93 nature and therefore contains elements of an
addictive disorder.
94 We review how
addictive disorders (ADs) are presently diagnosed and th
95 l intermediate phenotype (endophenotype) for
addictive disorders and comorbid externalizing psychopat
96 The striatum has a clear role in
addictive disorders and is involved in drug-related crav
97 Addictive disorders are a major public health concern, a
98 value in this regard, because both pain and
addictive disorders are characterized by impaired hedoni
99 Addictive disorders are chronic, relapsing conditions th
100 t state of knowledge of reward processing in
addictive disorders from a widely used and validated tas
101 One strategy proposed to treat
addictive disorders is to extinguish the association bet
102 cognitive training approaches for mental and
addictive disorders must take into account possible inhe
103 In this sample, high rates of
addictive disorders persisted over 10 years among first
104 ward decisions, all of which are impaired in
addictive disorders such as alcoholism.
105 literature on the use of neuromodulation in
addictive disorders to highlight progress limitations wi
106 idual HR associated with dispensed drugs for
addictive disorders was 0.48 (95% CI, 0.23-0.97), based
107 opmental disorders, 2.7 (95% CI=1.6-4.3) for
addictive disorders, and 3.5 (95% CI=1.6-7.3) for eating
108 depressants, psychostimulants, drugs used in
addictive disorders, and antiepileptic drugs) after pris
109 ge of the importance of genomic variation in
addictive disorders, and provide an addiction CNV pool f
110 allow us to probe affected brain circuits in
addictive disorders, but also seem to have unique therap
111 ntribute to symptoms in eating disorders and
addictive disorders, but little is known about the molec
112 ipsychotics, psychostimulants, and drugs for
addictive disorders, compared with periods in which they
113 atic symptom disorder, substance-related and
addictive disorders, feeding and eating disorders, schiz
114 ariation in addictions, shared mechanisms in
addictive disorders, impact of changing environmental in
115 icits in executive control that characterize
addictive disorders, including alcohol addiction.
116 ed across a network of regions implicated in
addictive disorders, including insula, superior temporal
117 otivation and have been repeatedly linked to
addictive disorders, including nicotine dependence.
118 central nervous system injury/stroke, mental/
addictive disorders, paediatric/developmental disorders
119 in the risk for and clinical presentation of
addictive disorders, risk for addiction may be different
120 Except for
addictive disorders, significant 1-year findings remaine
121 d dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) availability in
addictive disorders, the role that these systems play in
122 s have been linked to impaired cognition and
addictive disorders, we hypothesized that reduced GABA i
123 eness is shared across other psychiatric and
addictive disorders, we predicted that as rates of smoki
124 ity will be vital for improving treatment of
addictive disorders.
125 ted in several neuropsychiatric diseases and
addictive disorders.
126 ie cognitive dysfunctions in psychiatric and
addictive disorders.
127 emerged as a candidate therapeutic target in
addictive disorders.
128 ed with an increased risk for alcoholism and
addictive disorders.
129 kers and treatment targets for affective and
addictive disorders.
130 ries could be beneficial in the treatment of
addictive disorders.
131 ate phenotype vulnerable for alcohol use and
addictive disorders.
132 icated in the development and maintenance of
addictive disorders.
133 may provide novel therapeutic strategies for
addictive disorders.
134 portant goal for the successful treatment of
addictive disorders.
135 re similar to opioid addiction than to other
addictive disorders.
136 fying amphetamine (AMPH), cocaine, and other
addictive dopamine-transporter inhibitors (DAT-Is) suppo
137 , and its oligomerization may be relevant to
addictive drug effects.
138 a marker for neuroadaptive changes following
addictive drug exposure.
139 Addictive drug reinforcement and stress signaling involv
140 Stress facilitates reinstatement of
addictive drug seeking in animals and promotes relapse i
141 Cocaine is a highly
addictive drug that exerts its effects by increasing the
142 Morphine is a widely abused,
addictive drug that modulates immune function.
143 Addictive drug use causes long-lasting changes in synapt
144 Amphetamine, a highly
addictive drug with therapeutic efficacy, exerts paradox
145 Although cocaine is known to be a highly
addictive drug, there appears to be a select subset of i
146 Nicotine is a widely used
addictive drug, with an estimated 73 million Americans 1
147 Addictive drugs affect acute responses and plasticity in
148 By increasing dopamine in the striatum,
addictive drugs alter the balance of dopamine and glutam
149 ystem can modulate the reinforcing effect of
addictive drugs and the anxiolytic effect of nicotine.
150 The fundamental principle that unites
addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances synapti
151 Environmental stimuli repeatedly linked to
addictive drugs become learned associations, and those s
152 vern activity-dependent synaptic plasticity,
addictive drugs can derail the experience-driven neural
153 Exposure to
addictive drugs can result in maladaptive alterations in
154 Addictive drugs cause persistent restructuring of severa
155 Persistent relapse to
addictive drugs constitutes the most challenging problem
156 Not everyone who tries
addictive drugs develops a substance use disorder.
157 Chronic exposure to
addictive drugs enhances cAMP response element binding p
158 n for and the reinforcement by both food and
addictive drugs extends the argument for a common mechan
159 How do
addictive drugs hijack the brain's reward system?
160 ely used to study motivational properties of
addictive drugs in animals, but has rarely been used in
161 tine, one of the most widely used and highly
addictive drugs in human use.
162 ation and consumption of HP foods as well as
addictive drugs is discussed.
163 red the observation that a common feature of
addictive drugs is to activate, by a double tyrosine/thr
164 It has been recently discussed that
addictive drugs may hijack the learning-and-memory machi
165 a (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons in response to
addictive drugs may underlie the transition from casual
166 SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: It is believed that
addictive drugs often render an addict's brain reward sy
167 Repeated exposure to
addictive drugs or alcohol triggers glutamatergic and ga
168 ressive predominance of rewarding effects of
addictive drugs over their aversive properties likely co
169 ences and prolonged exposure of the brain to
addictive drugs promote its development.
170 Addictive drugs share the ability to increase dopamine (
171 Addictive drugs steepen neuronal temporal reward discoun
172 Addictive drugs subvert normal synaptic plasticity mecha
173 Addictive drugs such as cocaine induce synaptic plastici
174 antagonist of sensitized behavior induced by
addictive drugs such as cocaine.
175 Exposure to
addictive drugs such as psychostimulants produces persis
176 tamate interaction in MSN that is usurped by
addictive drugs to elicit persistent behavioural alterat
177 lecular changes induced by administration of
addictive drugs to rodents.
178 Many studies support a perspective that
addictive drugs usurp brain circuits used by natural rew
179 Addictive drugs usurp neural plasticity mechanisms that
180 ral tegmental area (VTA) are a key target of
addictive drugs, and neuroplasticity in this region may
181 Questions about the molecular actions of
addictive drugs, prominently including the actions of al
182 yle but also the immunomodulatory effects of
addictive drugs, such as cocaine, may account for their
183 esolimbic dopamine-a defining feature of all
addictive drugs-as a neural substrate for these drug-ada
184 at mediate vision, memory, and the action of
addictive drugs.
185 m was stimulated by food, sexual arousal, or
addictive drugs.
186 liking of various rewards including food and
addictive drugs.
187 tural rewards converges with that engaged by
addictive drugs.
188 nt role in homeostatic adaptations caused by
addictive drugs.
189 r system, modulates the rewarding effects of
addictive drugs.
190 ological reward processes may be affected by
addictive drugs.
191 mission and a target for antidepressants and
addictive drugs.
192 an identifying functional characteristic of
addictive drugs.
193 hyperpalatable foods associated with a quasi-
addictive effect and that the prevailing European Union
194 HD sufferers, may be more susceptible to the
addictive effects of amphetamine-like drugs.
195 se data suggest a possible mechanism for the
addictive effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in ju
196 Neuronal acetylcholine receptors mediate the
addictive effects of nicotine and may also be involved i
197 s (MORs) are necessary for the analgesic and
addictive effects of opioids such as morphine, but the M
198 BNA) during smoking and thereby enhances its
addictive effects.
199 l output of NAc neurons, contributing to the
addictive emotional and motivational state.
200 ues become powerfully attractive in a nearly
addictive fashion.
201 idence suggests that UV-seeking behavior has
addictive features.
202 ion that self-efficacy and desire to quit an
addictive habit are inversely related.
203 d test a novel model of intention to quit an
addictive habit such as smoking (the efficacy-desire mod
204 ambling or video-game play may be considered
addictive in the absence of exogenous (i.e. drug-induced
205 Although the
addictive influence of tobacco was recognized very early
206 Nicotine is the
addictive ingredient in tobacco and has been shown to af
207 Condemning food as
addictive is mere polemic, ignoring the contextualised s
208 anxiety-related behavior without sedative or
addictive liabilities.
209 nsistent with these impairments, we observed
addictive-
like behavior in DIO-prone rats, including 1)
210 iet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with
addictive-
like behavior, as well as synaptic impairments
211 en to extremes, exercise can develop into an
addictive-
like behavior.
212 nd serves to protect against cocaine-induced
addictive-
like behavioral abnormalities.
213 ed mechanisms through which morphine-induced
addictive-
like behaviors arise.
214 vely little is known about the regulation of
addictive-
like behaviors by DNA methylation.
215 e of this posttranslational modification for
addictive-
like behaviors was unknown.
216 onfer resilience to poor decision making and
addictive-
like behaviors, although intracellular mechani
217 onfer resilience to poor decision making and
addictive-
like behaviors, such as excessive ethanol drin
218 ities in the nucleus accumbens that underlie
addictive-
like behaviors.
219 terns of neural activation are implicated in
addictive-
like eating behavior and substance dependence:
220 udies have examined the neural correlates of
addictive-
like eating behavior.
221 agonist exposure, and exhibit plasticity in
addictive-
like states.
222 is at the center of a variety of cognitive,
addictive,
mood, anxiety, and developmental disorders.
223 with ADHD were at high risk for antisocial,
addictive,
mood, anxiety, and eating disorders.
224 to play an important role in mediating their
addictive nature.
225 ugh long-term exposure to nicotine is highly
addictive,
one beneficial consequence of chronic tobacco
226 ch engages numerous components of tumor cell-
addictive pathways and highlights the ability to deliver
227 hese results indicate that GRIP may modulate
addictive phenotypes through its regulation of synaptic
228 Both systems have an "
addictive"
plasmid maintenance phenotype.
229 e of the major obstacles is the cocaine-like
addictive potential of the agonists themselves.
230 Such a profile would also suggest a low
addictive potential similar to other hallucinogens and c
231 ing behavior, suggesting significantly lower
addictive potential than cocaine.
232 Methamphetamine (METH) is a drug with a high
addictive potential that is widely abused across the wor
233 edrone and methylone may contribute to their
addictive potential, but this hypothesis awaits confirma
234 demonstrate antidepressant activity without
addictive potential.
235 the mouse mesolimbic DA system to drugs with
addictive potential.
236 tor, speculated to have a role in nicotine's
addictive potential.
237 and use of nicotine, the latter of which has
addictive power and untoward effects.
238 Fentanyl is an
addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more
239 Research has implicated an
addictive process in the development and maintenance of
240 selected clusters are highly relevant to the
addictive process, including regions relevant to cogniti
241 ning and memory is also believed to underlie
addictive processes.
242 Foods identified as having potential
addictive properties include sweets, carbohydrates, fats
243 otential participation of this system in the
addictive properties of cannabinoids is unknown.
244 olimbic system are involved in mediating the
addictive properties of chronic alcohol use.
245 cent brain is particularly vulnerable to the
addictive properties of cocaine.
246 attachment-like mechanism underpinned by the
addictive properties of defense systems such as toxins-a
247 can profoundly affect the physiological and
addictive properties of drugs of abuse, including morphi
248 , which may contribute to the reinforcing or
addictive properties of drugs of abuse.
249 ediate some of the reinforcing, aversive and
addictive properties of drugs of abuse.
250 oward a better understanding of the proposed
addictive properties of food, the components and the mec
251 responsible for mediating the analgesic and
addictive properties of most clinically relevant opioid
252 Tobacco smoking, driven by the
addictive properties of nicotine, continues to be a worl
253 VTA) plays a key role in the reinforcing and
addictive properties of opioids.
254 VTA) plays a key role in the reinforcing and
addictive properties of opioids.
255 vity, a mechanism that may contribute to the
addictive properties of the drug.
256 be associated with different reinforcing or
addictive properties of these drugs.
257 thought to be primarily responsible for the
addictive properties of tobacco.
258 nconsistent with its therapeutic effects and
addictive properties, which are thought to be reliant on
259 se is limited due to its psychotomimetic and
addictive properties.
260 treatment of severe pain conditions that has
addictive properties.
261 s in the brain, leading to its rewarding and
addictive properties.
262 Methamphetamine is a highly
addictive psychomotor stimulant yet the neurobiological
263 d is a major target for both therapeutic and
addictive psychostimulant amphetamines.
264 Methamphetamine is a highly
addictive psychostimulant drug of abuse that causes neur
265 The use prevalence of the highly
addictive psychostimulant methamphetamine (MA) has been
266 Amphetamine is a highly
addictive psychostimulant, which is thought to generate
267 anisms underlying the effects of this highly-
addictive psychostimulant.
268 molecular events underlying the emergence of
addictive responses remain unknown.
269 specificity and how these self-contained and
addictive RNA-protein pairs can confer different adaptiv
270 This overactivity may be associated with the
addictive scratching and/or neural hypersensitization.
271 s is thought to critically contribute to the
addictive state.
272 have important implications for learning in
addictive states marked by elevated direct pathway activ
273 nvolved in the neurobiological regulation of
addictive states, and of mood.
274 racterization of peptidomic regulation by an
addictive substance along two distinct projection system
275 be the primary target of nicotine, the main
addictive substance in cigarette smoking.
276 Nicotine, the major
addictive substance in tobacco, activates nicotinic rece
277 Nicotine, the main
addictive substance in tobacco, is known to play a role
278 Nicotine (NIC) is a highly
addictive substance that interacts with different subtyp
279 with those that influence the rate at which
addictive substance use is taken up during adolescence a
280 ., cola, soft drinks, and energy drinks) and
addictive substances (nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, canna
281 s at genetic risk for both escalating use of
addictive substances and poor abilities to quit may prov
282 Addictive substances are known to increase dopaminergic
283 atent class that displayed low use of common
addictive substances during adolescence (P=0.0004) and (
284 Addictive substances elicit changes in brain circuitry i
285 Addictive substances mediate positive and negative state
286 in tobacco, is one of the most heavily used
addictive substances, and its continued use is driven th
287 large amounts of sugar also tend to use more
addictive substances, but it is unclear whether this is
288 s of drug addiction: high motivation to seek
addictive substances, despite adverse consequences, and
289 lity traits, intelligence, happiness, use of
addictive substances, parental separation, age, and gend
290 Because opiate analgesics are highly
addictive substances, their use in the treatment of chro
291 developmental trajectories of use of common
addictive substances.
292 eterminant underlying sensitivity to diverse
addictive substances.
293 common genetic modulators of sensitivity to
addictive substances.
294 lar to, but less strong than, the effects of
addictive substances.
295 Here I discuss examples of these
addictive symbiotic relationships and how they are a lik
296 withdrawal has been linked to allostasis in
addictive types.
297 These 2 effects may combine to explain the
addictive use of levodopa after loss of midbrain dopamin
298 Cocaine may be potentially more
addictive when it reaches the brain rapidly because (1)
299 reating chronic pain, but opioids are highly
addictive when repeatedly used because of their strong r
300 whereby marijuana could exert rewarding and
addictive/
withdrawal effects.