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1 C(5) configuration (equivalent to (1)C(4) in aldoses).
2 of D-[1-(13)C]aldose and D-[1-(13)C; 1-(2)H]aldose.
3 nary center, starting from readily available aldoses.
6 rases from bacteria, and no gene encoding an aldose-1-epimerase has been isolated previously from hig
8 y, gp40 has 28 to 34% amino acid identity to aldose-1-epimerases from bacteria, and no gene encoding
9 The greatest sequence similarity was with aldose-6-phosphate reductase (EC 1.1.1.200), a key enzym
12 Hydrogen atom transfer reactions between the aldose and ketose are key mechanistic features in formos
13 C. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the interconversion of aldose and ketose sugars and has an absolute requirement
14 nterconversion of alpha- and beta-anomers of aldoses and is a recently identified member of the gal o
16 distribution into isotopomers of 13C-labeled aldoses and ketoses, and the fragmentation pathways for
17 sphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the corresponding aldose: arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P) and erythrose 4-phos
18 l anodes and biosensors capable of oxidizing aldoses as cellobiose as well as lactose and glucose and
19 ears to involve the anomeric position (C1 in aldoses, C2 in ketoses), which has a more acidic hydroxy
21 onsible for ring opening of the sugar to the aldose form, an observation that has been difficult to e
22 first step in the assimilation of xylose, an aldose found to be a major constituent monosaccharide of
23 molecular carbon shift (1,2-CS) reactions of aldoses, i.e., various molybdenum oxide and molybdate sp
25 ecause PMP specifically reacts with reducing aldoses, interference from noncarbohydrate components pr
27 acceleration for enzymatic catalysis of the aldose-ketose isomerization of (R)-glyceraldehyde 3-phos
28 chment of dihydroxyacetone obtained from the aldose-ketose isomerization of D,L-glyceraldehyde in D(2
29 echanism involves an initial metal-catalyzed aldose-ketose isomerization reaction, which results in t
30 triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyze the aldose-ketose isomerization reactions of D-xylose and d-
31 ng thermal treatment indicated a tripling of aldose-ketose transformation in the presence of l-pyrogl
32 t molecules including phenolics, low pH, and aldose monosaccharides to activate its pathogenic pathwa
33 on refers to the reversible reaction between aldoses (or ketoses) and amino groups yielding relativel
34 ing hyperglycemic and hypertonic stress, the aldose-reducing property of AR has been accepted as its
36 es involved in BH(4) biosynthesis, including aldose reductase (AKR1B1), carbonyl reductase (CBR1 and
41 he sodium/myo-inositol cotransproter (SMIT), aldose reductase (AR) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)
42 that inhibition of the polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR) by two structurally unrelated inhi
43 -carboxylic acid, non-hydantoin inhibitor of aldose reductase (AR) capable of potently blocking the e
45 and structural changes in recombinant human aldose reductase (AR) due to modification by S-nitrosogl
46 is study, the selectivity and specificity of aldose reductase (AR) for glutathionyl aldehydes was exa
50 ion of glucose via the polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR) has been linked to the development
53 cidate the role of the polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR) in the mediation of ocular inflamm
54 of this study was to evaluate the effect of aldose reductase (AR) inhibition on posterior capsular o
57 hibition of the aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme aldose reductase (AR) inhibits NF-kappa B activation dur
62 e stress and an earlier study has shown that aldose reductase (AR) mediates oxidative stress signals,
63 Sustained increases in glucose flux via the aldose reductase (AR) pathway have been linked to diabet
65 y, the authors showed that the inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) prevents bacterial endotoxin-induc
66 that inhibition of the polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR) prevents the increase in ICAM-1 an
68 rated that, in response to multiple stimuli, aldose reductase (AR) regulates the inflammatory signals
74 e activity and on expression and activity of aldose reductase (AR), a primary enzyme of polyol metabo
75 We have recently shown that inhibition of aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme that catalyzes the redu
77 ee enzymes: triosephosphate isomerase (TIM), aldose reductase (AR), and phosphomannose isomerase (PMI
78 glucose were more potent: Inhibiting NOS or aldose reductase (AR), scavenging superoxide or peroxyni
80 e studies reported here, we examined whether aldose reductase (AR), which reduces hydrophobic aldehyd
83 hibition of the aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme aldose reductase (AR; AKR1B3) modulates NF-kappaB-depend
85 transgenic mice broadly overexpressing human aldose reductase (ARTg) driven by the major histocompati
87 effects of reducing both the Km and Vmax of aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21), an enzyme whose function
88 hyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.2, Akr1a4 (GR)) and aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21, Akr1b3 (AR)) as the enzym
90 are enriched in an "activated" form of human aldose reductase (hAR), a NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase
94 ological inhibition or antisense ablation of aldose reductase (which catalyzes the reduction of GS-HN
95 models, we report that hyperglycemia-induced aldose reductase activation and subsequent reactive oxyg
96 hyperactivation, mitochondrial dysfunction, aldose reductase activation, reactive oxygen species pro
98 monstrate that ischemia increases myocardial aldose reductase activity and that these increases are,
100 The results support the role for increased aldose reductase activity in functional and structural c
101 Diabetic mice, known to have much lower aldose reductase activity in other tissues when compared
105 ent, the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, aldose reductase activity, and levels of sorbitol and ga
109 ic histidine residues in the key proteins in aldose reductase and heat-shock protein-70 within living
110 bitors that are able to discriminate between aldose reductase and other members of the aldo-keto redu
111 mice, glucose consumption is accompanied by aldose reductase and polyol pathway activation in steato
112 data also support the idea of activation of aldose reductase and polyol pathway as an important mech
115 inhibitor (zopolrestat) or transfection with aldose reductase antisense oligonucleotide blocked the p
116 inhibitors with the carboxy-terminal loop of aldose reductase are critical for the development of inh
117 eover, osmotic stress response genes such as aldose reductase are not induced upon T cell activation.
120 tudy show that pharmacological inhibition of aldose reductase by sorbinil or knockdown of the enzyme
124 tat, an acetic acid-type inhibitor, bound to aldose reductase complexed with either NADPH or NADP+.
132 , using an ORE.AP-1 reporter from the target aldose reductase gene or the same reporter with a mutate
133 levels, we partially characterized the human aldose reductase gene promoter present in a 4.2-kb fragm
137 t and human retinal endothelial cells showed aldose reductase immunoreactivity, and human retinas exp
139 lic regulation due to increased flux through aldose reductase in diabetic hearts may influence the ab
140 safety; as a result, the pathogenic role of aldose reductase in diabetic retinopathy remains controv
143 further test the possible pathogenic role of aldose reductase in the development of diabetic retinopa
148 nil Retinopathy Trial, a randomized trial of aldose reductase inhibition among patients aged 18-56 ye
150 INSIM, with the conclusion that all reported aldose reductase inhibition can be rationalized in terms
153 tion cannot be regarded as an alternative to aldose reductase inhibition in eliminating antioxidant a
159 (butylated hydroxytoluene; 1% by diet) or an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) (sorbinil; 25 mg/kg/day
160 abetic rats were treated with or without the aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) fidarestat (16 mg . kg(
163 onic treatment with insulin or ICI222155, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) previously shown to pre
164 erous attempts over 16 years, the results of aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) trials for the treatmen
167 se transporter inhibitor cytochalasin B, the aldose reductase inhibitor alrestatin, and the advanced
172 ecedented non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, 24, which shows remarkably p
175 on by sorbinil, a classic negatively charged aldose reductase inhibitor, results from binding to the
177 strating protection of ischemic hearts by an aldose reductase inhibitor, the presence and influence o
179 11A mutant by several commercially available aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) was variable, with to
182 es have demonstrated that negatively charged aldose reductase inhibitors act primarily by binding to
184 se results are confirmed in patient tissues, aldose reductase inhibitors could have some therapeutic
185 dependent manner by treating these dogs with aldose reductase inhibitors from the onset of galactosem
187 group suggests an efficacious application of aldose reductase inhibitors in treating diabetic retinop
190 ent of vascular smooth muscle cells with the aldose reductase inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil preve
191 ion of extant literature findings with other aldose reductase inhibitors, including zopolrestat, resu
196 the bioactive constituent possessing potent aldose reductase inhibitory action, with an IC50 value o
197 studies of the novel compounds clarified the aldose reductase inhibitory profile observed, thus ratio
203 ctase, these results support the notion that aldose reductase is the key relay that converts hypergly
204 viously, to explore the mechanism regulating aldose reductase levels, we partially characterized the
205 determine whether the polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase mediates diabetes abnormalities in vasc
207 GT1) and sodium-myo-inositol transporter and aldose reductase mRNA expression under hypertonic condit
208 s we report that the hypertonic induction of aldose reductase mRNA in HepG2 cells as well as the osmo
209 ibitors (tolrestat or sorbinil) or antisense aldose reductase mRNA prevented hyperproliferation of cu
210 in inhibition of the hypertonic induction of aldose reductase mRNA, ORE-driven reporter gene expressi
215 time, demonstrate JAK-STAT signaling by the aldose reductase pathway in ischemic hearts and is, in p
217 cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio independent of the aldose reductase pathway inhibition, also blocked JAK2 a
218 vestigated signaling mechanisms by which the aldose reductase pathway mediates myocardial ischemic in
220 tion of neutral endopeptidase, inhibition of aldose reductase plus lipoic acid supplementation, and i
221 njury and that pharmacological inhibitors of aldose reductase present a novel adjunctive approach for
222 ly, these results suggest that inhibition of aldose reductase prevents glucose-induced stimulation of
223 uciferase reporter gene construct containing aldose reductase promoter sequence from -1,094 base pair
225 response to ischemia and that inhibition of aldose reductase reduces myocardial ischemic injury.
227 reatment with aldose reductase inhibitors or aldose reductase siRNA did not affect mannitol-induced N
231 chieved by increased catalytic efficiency of aldose reductase toward hemithioacetal (product of gluta
233 normoglycemic levels via rapid increases in aldose reductase transcription and expression, which hav
235 ivity and the osmotic stress response of rat aldose reductase transcription in a rat liver cell line,
240 ndole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat, 9) inhibits aldose reductase with an IC(50) of 5 nM, while being 540
241 reductase)-null, cardiospecific-akr1b4 (rat aldose reductase), and akr1b8 (FR-1)-transgenic mice.
242 al cells (HUVECs) and C57 wild-type, akr1b3 (aldose reductase)-null, cardiospecific-akr1b4 (rat aldos
244 e of FR-1 shows striking homology with human aldose reductase, an enzyme linked to the pathogenesis o
245 probe vibration to the active site of human aldose reductase, and the response of the nitrile stretc
246 dehydrogenase flavoprotein [SDH Fp] subunit, aldose reductase, and TIM17 preprotein translocase); (4)
247 aracterize the kinetic properties of cardiac aldose reductase, as well as to study the impact of flux
248 ion of mRNA for hypertonicity-induced genes (aldose reductase, betaine/gamma-amino-n-butyric acid tra
249 enes of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily (aldose reductase, bile acid binder, and type I and type
250 romol/l zopolrestat, a specific inhibitor of aldose reductase, for 10 min, followed by 20 min of glob
254 of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, aldose reductase, Mn superoxide dismutase, and probably
255 moprotective genes, including those encoding aldose reductase, Na+/Cl--coupled betaine/gamma-aminobut
256 When exposed to sorbinil, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, no GS-DHN was recovered in the coronar
258 through hyperglycemia-induced activation of aldose reductase, reactive oxygen species, and c-Myc.
259 idney cortex characterized by high levels of aldose reductase, sorbitol and endogenous fructose.
260 studies have demonstrated that activation of aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the polyol pathway
263 09 is a novel chemotype highly selective for aldose reductase, these results support the notion that
265 CD was also screened against the drug target aldose reductase, which can undergo large conformational
266 s pathway, we examined whether inhibition of aldose reductase, which catalyzes the first step of the
267 sepsis depend on the activity of the enzyme aldose reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of lipid
268 ly, these results suggest that inhibition of aldose reductase, which prevents PKC-dependent nonosmoti
271 metabolism of the GS-HNE conjugate involves aldose reductase-mediated reduction, a reaction catalyze
287 se, xylose or arabinose) solution with a 4:1 aldose:sodium tetraborate molar ratio reacted with catal
288 e reactions, with no detectable admixture of aldoses, stands in stark contrast to the formose reactio
289 ediate required for the attack of the second aldose substrate, changing the chemistry from aldolase t
291 t into the characteristic anomeric carbon of aldose sugars and will facilitate the global analysis of
292 enzyme is able to act upon a broad range of aldose sugars, encompassing hexoses, pentoses, disacchar
294 reacts spontaneoulsy with ribose (and other aldoses) to give a mixture of four ribosides: alpha and
295 lysts are revealed: Bronsted acidity retards aldose-to-ketose isomerization by decreasing the equilib
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