ライフサイエンスコーパス: altruistic

1 hrough training would make participants more altruistic.

2 same individuals allow for the return of an altruistic act by the recipient.

3 As opposed to an altruistic act that promotes cooperation, punishment is

4 Here, we show that costly donation is an altruistic act when it spreads beneficial MGEs favoured

5 s b and c denote the benefit and cost of the altruistic act, whereas n and m denote the maximum group

6 , b and c denote the benefit and cost of the altruistic act.

7 must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act.

8 must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act.

9 istries is that unrelated HSC donation is an altruistic act; nonpayment of donors is entrenched in th

10 down-regulation of IL-7R on DP cells is an "altruistic" act required for maintaining an adequate sup

11 established over an individual's history of altruistic acts, and the body responses they elicit.

12 nt hypothesis in a sample of extraordinarily altruistic adults, predicting that if punishing inequity

13 t optimal couplings in groups of selfish vs. altruistic agents, reflecting how it can be naturally ex

14 f selection in a diploid population with the altruistic allele dominant to the selfish allele.

15 are similar because neither is biologically altruistic and both require normative motivation to supp

16 re, we present evidences of Hsp12p-dependent altruistic and contact-dependent competitive interaction

17 that medical students are substantially less altruistic and more efficiency focused than the average

18 in an effort to discover the determinants of altruistic and non-altruistic outcomes.

19 ral environments, yeast organisms undergo an altruistic and premature aging and death program, mediat

20 There were both altruistic and self-motivated reasons behind patients' d

21 come can now be a stable equilibrium between altruistic and selfish alleles rather than the eliminati

22 e coexistence in the same population of both altruistic and selfish individuals.

23 prepared to adopt increasingly cooperative, altruistic, and other prosocial norms of interaction fro

24 eir transmission, and flies may even deliver altruistic apoptotic forms to aid transmission of infect

25 Whether or not yeast cell death is altruistic, apoptotic, or otherwise analogous to program

26 This is consistent with our altruistic autolysis model in which H. pylori uses genet

27 e enzyme to the surface of intact bacteria ("altruistic autolysis"), is essential for survival of H.

28 onal responsiveness (using eye-tracking) and altruistic behavior (using the Dictator Game) in 4 to 5-

29 ) costly punishment positively covaries with altruistic behavior across populations.

30 tary and preeusocial competitors, due to the altruistic behavior among nestmates and their ability to

31 theoretical and neuroscientific accounts of altruistic behavior and more effective means of increasi

32 hypothesis by examining the relation between altruistic behavior and the reflexive engagement of a ne

33 Volunteerism was associated with altruistic behavior and with filling the vocational void

34 ytocin induced a context-dependent change in altruistic behavior away from pro-environmental toward p

35 As an altruistic behavior during infection, some cells may ind

36 Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it b

37 onsistent contributors can elicit apparently altruistic behavior from others.

38 ty per se did not influence pain perception, altruistic behavior had an intrinsic analgesic effect fo

39 Altruistic behavior improves the welfare of another indi

40 Variability in altruistic behavior in adults has recently been related

41 Altruistic behavior in humans is thought to have deep bi

42 natural selection can promote cooperative or altruistic behavior is a fundamental question in biologi

43 A leading explanation for this altruistic behavior is Hamilton's idea that helpers gain

44 This suggests that altruistic behavior is linked to our responsiveness to o

45 Although altruistic behavior is well-documented in other primates

46 Human societies depend on the altruistic behavior of their members, but teasing apart

47 The evolution of altruistic behavior through group selection is generally

48 ate the evolution of cooperation by enabling altruistic behavior to be directed at other cooperators

49 propose that religion has evolved to enhance altruistic behavior toward members of one's group.

50 Altruistic behavior towards kin will further decrease th

51 Altruistic behavior varies considerably across people an

52 The results revealed that increased altruistic behavior was associated with a greater respon

53 tionally, only among Indian children greater altruistic behavior was associated with greater sensitiv

54 Human beings have an unusual proclivity for altruistic behavior, and recent commentators have sugges

55 Altruistic behavior, as a particular form of cooperation

56 al altruism is to provide an explanation for altruistic behavior, it would have to depart from direct

57 that the loners make it impossible to define altruistic behavior, winners or losers, without a clear

58 rally 'listen to their heart' to guide their altruistic behavior.

59 o correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior.

60 evolutionary explanations for this seemingly altruistic behavior.

61 ts further suggest that single cells exhibit altruistic behavior.

62 ndividual and interindividual differences in altruistic behavior.

63 periences cannot account for early occurring altruistic behavior.

64 e been one of the mechanisms at the basis of altruistic behavioral tendencies in capuchins and in oth

65 also evidence for considerable variation in altruistic behaviors among individuals and across cultur

66 Although the conditions under which altruistic behaviors evolve continue to be vigorously de

67 the numerous examples of cooperative or even altruistic behaviors exhibited by groups of nonrelatives

68 l-documented in other primates, the range of altruistic behaviors in other primate species, including

69 Humans' tendency to engage in altruistic behaviors is unevenly distributed across the

70 search on biological mechanisms that promote altruistic behaviors to include neural mechanisms that s

71 obustly predicts that populations displaying altruistic behaviors will be driven to extinction by mut

72 those who increased the most in empathy and altruistic behaviors, and who decreased the most in nega

73 ersonal priorities away from selfish to more altruistic behaviors.

74 ate the neural mechanisms underlying ingroup altruistic behaviour in male fans using event-related fu

75 in anonymous one-shot interactions, and that altruistic behaviour is motivated, at least in part, by

76 Altruistic behaviour is widespread and highly developed

77 We report here the probable altruistic behaviour of spermatozoa in an eutherian mamm

78 ther microorganisms can also use it to focus altruistic behaviour on relatives.

79 ng with a population of asocial individuals, altruistic behaviour readily emerged.

80 conditions including fixation of selfish or altruistic behaviour under both behavioural contexts, or

81 n of selfish behaviour under one context and altruistic behaviour under the other context.

82 e is a unique link between interoception and altruistic behaviour, likely established over an individ

83 e sensitivity did, however, not lead to more altruistic behaviour.

84 f-reported altruism may not reliably predict altruistic behaviour.

85 ied kidney donors were more engaged in other altruistic behaviours (P<0.001).

86 connections between punishment in the UG and altruistic behaviours outside the laboratory are lacking

87 gifted kidney (and indirectly potentiate the altruistic benefit for the donor).

88 th csA-knockout cells, the wild type is more altruistic, but is also able preferentially to direct th

89 terial abortive infection (Abi) systems are 'altruistic' cell death systems that are activated by pha

90 We propose a neurocomputational model of altruistic choice and test it using behavioral and fMRI

91 suggesting that process-specific inputs into altruistic choices may reflect participants' general pro

92 ntal cortex are distinctively recruited when altruistic choices prevail over selfish material interes

93 provides a more elegant way to identify the altruistic component of behaviors.

94 c stem cell donation is a safe and effective altruistic contribution to the treatment of patients wit

95 tionary puzzle: existing models suggest that altruistic cooperation among nonrelatives is evolutionar

96 we show that an important asymmetry between altruistic cooperation and altruistic punishment allows

97 ive child-rearing, lethal weapon technology, altruistic cooperation and punishment, and the mastery o

98 This challenges evolutionary models of altruistic cooperation and punishment, which predict tha

99 Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges

100 rocess allows both altruistic punishment and altruistic cooperation to be maintained even when groups

101 es to reduce xenophobic sentiment and foster altruistic cooperation with outsiders is scarce.

102 this mode of release may represent a type of altruistic cooperation within a UPEC population during c

103 wledge of others' reputations, thus enabling altruistic cooperation.

104 w a mix of selfish personal reproduction and altruistic cooperative behavior, and the queenless state

105 ypes, close kinship ties, parental care, and altruistic cooperative escape behaviors.

106 cially human societies, are organized around altruistic, cooperative interactions.

107 , we delineated three distinct processes for altruistic decision-making (affective empathy, cognitive

108 distinct psychological mechanisms underlying altruistic decision-making (empathy, perspective taking,

109 er-regarding attention modulates third-party altruistic decision-making at the neural level.

110 Third-party altruistic decision-making has been shown to be modulate

111 t whether the influence of oxytocin benefits altruistic decision-making in the context of ecological

112 r the SCC, a region previously implicated in altruistic decisions and group affiliation, in dovetaili

113 e argue that we must distinguish between the altruistic donation by a stranger and the voluntary dona

114 tation and inequity and diminished voluntary altruistic donation.

115 ted whether introducing payment would hinder altruistic donations by comparing participants' willingn

116 ntations, initiated in July 2007 by a single altruistic donor (i.e., a donor without a designated rec

117 Benefits of non simultaneous extended altruistic donor chains are limited in case of low numbe

118 red donation) or nonsimultaneously (extended altruistic donor chains) to benefit many.

119 paired donation or non simultaneous extended altruistic donor chains, what the length of the segments

120 sychosocial and functional outcomes of these altruistic donors to a stranger (ADs) with donors with a

121 ere performed, which included 53 pairs and 2 altruistic donors.

122 been suggested that regulation must require altruistic environmental alterations by organisms and, t

123 The decision to donate is immediate and altruistic for most parents, although some fathers expre

124 xplain the evolutionary success of both: (a) altruistic forms of human sociality towards unrelated me

125 fits of altruism are reaped by copies of the altruistic gene in other individuals, a mechanism called

126 lticellular Volvox carteri by showing how an altruistic gene may have originated through cooption of

127 y evolved through the action of kin-selected altruistic genes is still lacking.

128 By contrast, under asexual reproduction, non-altruistic genotypes seem to be favoured, at least when

129 ypes in a complex manner, it is possible for altruistic genotypes to spread through a metapopulation

130 members reproduce whereas others function as altruistic helpers.

131 hould restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences.

132 tion in aggregations remote from the egg are altruistic in that they help sperm transport to the egg

133 relevance of altruism, suggesting that more altruistic individuals are more likely to engage in sust

134 The neural basis of this fundamental altruistic instinct is not well understood.

135 ess a population of extraordinary altruists: altruistic kidney donors who volunteered to donate a kid

136 Unspecified (nondirected altruistic) kidney donation is becoming increasingly com

137 are started with deceased donors rather than altruistic living donors.

138 ters have begun to accept kidneys donated by altruistic living strangers.

139 is may represent an evolutionarily conserved altruistic mechanism to eliminate cells during metabolic

140 ral systems bridging group belongingness and altruistic motivation remain to be identified.

141 isions and group affiliation, in dovetailing altruistic motivations with neural valuation systems in

142 ptions of the benefits of organ donation and altruistic motives had the greatest impact on the suppor

143 f the research team and consent process, and altruistic motives play significant roles in the decisio

144 participants--a combination of personal and altruistic motives.

145 Despite the potential for altruistic nondirected donors (NDDs) to trigger multiple

146 donors through cycles or chains initiated by altruistic (nondirected) donors, thereby increasing the

147 d but as the scheme evolves, with the use of altruistic, nondirected donors to start a "chain" of tra

148 loaded from hypoxic cells onto metabolically altruistic normoxic neighbors.

149 imon's explanation of altruism, showing that altruistic norms can "hitchhike" on the general tendency

150 ntered by pairing oxytocin with peer-derived altruistic norms, resulting in a 74% increase in refugee

151 cells benefits the group, but may be costly (altruistic) or beneficial (synergistic) to individual co

152 of the tumour can be used as a novel form of altruistic organ donation.

153 cover the determinants of altruistic and non-altruistic outcomes.

154 nd defectors, and the most generic models of altruistic phenotypes or genotypes invading non-altruist

155 eeding seems to enhance the probability that altruistic phenotypes will be eliminated.

156 ruistic phenotypes or genotypes invading non-altruistic populations under inelastic density regulatio

157 tem to combine the collaborative and largely altruistic possibilities of wikis with explicit authorsh

158 ing low on xenophobic attitudes exhibited an altruistic preference for the outgroup, which further in

159 tionary anomaly: There is ample evidence for altruistic preferences in our own species and growing ev

160 of evidence shows that humans are remarkably altruistic primates.

161 Collectively, our findings demonstrate that altruistic priorities vary as a function of oxytocin sys

162 elf-reported unprofessional conduct and less altruistic professional values among medical students at

163 present a simple evolutionary model in which altruistic punishers can enter and will always come to d

164 complicates characterizations of humans as "altruistic" punishers and supports theories of cooperati

165 periments can help shed light on the role of altruistic punishment "in the wild."

166 asymmetry between altruistic cooperation and altruistic punishment allows altruistic punishment to ev

167 This process allows both altruistic punishment and altruistic cooperation to be m

168 We find that cooperation and altruistic punishment does not evolve with larger popula

169 We tested the altruistic punishment hypothesis in a sample of extraord

170 The rarity of altruistic punishment in small-scale societies should no

171 These findings support suggestions that altruistic punishment in the UG is better termed costly

172 Altruistic punishment is a behaviour in which individual

173 in hunter-gatherer societies is sustained by altruistic punishment is a scientifically legitimate con

174 Finally, our findings show that altruistic punishment is differentially involved in enco

175 s should not be interpreted as evidence that altruistic punishment is not an important determinant of

176 Altruistic punishment is suggested to explain observed h

177 us, applying such models to the evolution of altruistic punishment leads to the prediction that peopl

178 The discovery of the altruistic punishment mechanism as a replicable experime

179 If altruistic punishment provides benefits to nonpunishers

180 Altruistic punishment refers to a class of behaviors tha

181 cooperation and altruistic punishment allows altruistic punishment to evolve in populations engaged i

182 Although such "altruistic punishment" may explain the high levels of co

183 perceived similarity substantially increases altruistic punishment, a key mechanism underlying human

184 se levels, we consider how phenomena such as altruistic punishment, prosocial contagion, self-other s

185 ile it is essential to collect field data on altruistic punishment, this kind of data has limitations

186 ws that many people are willing to engage in altruistic punishment, voluntarily paying a cost to puni

187 g models on the evolution of cooperation and altruistic punishment, we explore the consequences of th

188 s, a finding that echoes recent evidence for altruistic punishment.

189 a cost to punish inequity is commonly termed altruistic punishment.

190 p identity, which has the opposite effect on altruistic punishment.

191 id not alter their willingness to donate for altruistic reasons (P = 0.40).

192 ity to recognise and thereby only help their altruistic relatives may evolve.

193 result raises the fundamental question: how altruistic should one be?

194 volve via kin selection, in which a gene for altruistic sterility is favored when the altruism suffic

195 he majority of centers would not consider an altruistic stranger, a sizeable minority (38%) would.

196 lity of kidney donation by close friends and altruistic strangers and the willingness of respondents

197 Organs donated by altruistic strangers do not go necessarily to patients w

198 any transplant centers, organ retrieval from altruistic strangers is accepted practice; patients use

199 e that living kidney donation by friends and altruistic strangers is an acceptable practice and many

200 suggest that kidney donation by friends and altruistic strangers should be considered as acceptable

201 Altruistic strangers should be educated to allocate thei

202 It is argued that altruistic strangers should be permitted to select the r

203 about the general acceptability of allowing altruistic strangers to direct donations, the willingnes

204 bed a protocol to accept as potential donors altruistic strangers who offer to donate a kidney to any

205 e live organ donation, including donation by altruistic strangers.

206 % feel the same way about kidney donation by altruistic strangers.

207 al breakthrough for understanding apparently altruistic systems.

208 It has been suggested that altruistic tendencies can depend on costs, benefits and

209 the population, and individual variation in altruistic tendencies may be genetically mediated.

210 t support heightened or extreme prosocial or altruistic tendencies.

211 Preferences for pain were more altruistic than for money, with several participants ass

212 ding the top-ranked medical schools are less altruistic than those attending lower-ranked schools.

213 g higher-paying medical specialties are less altruistic than those choosing lower-paying specialties.

214 , growing evidence suggests that PCD can be 'altruistic': the dead cells may directly or indirectly b

215 Polymer secretion is altruistic to cells above a focal cell: it pushes later

216 sly debated, there is general agreement that altruistic traits involving an absolute cost to altruist

217 ffect, in the form of a fluid association of altruistic traits with a recognition tag, can be much mo

218 y to remedy this unfair situation is through altruistic unbalanced paired kidney exchange (AUPKE) whe

219 Altruistic unbalanced paired kidney exchanges (AUPKE) us

220 5% CI, 1.45-2.13) or holding at least 1 less altruistic view regarding physicians' responsibility to

221 nout were also less likely to report holding altruistic views regarding physicians' responsibility to

222 ade in models that consider punishment to be altruistic--which brings in the free-rider problem and t

223 rmite colonies to retain high proportions of altruistic worker caste members, thus apparently enhanci