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   1  of Pyrococcus furiosus, a hyperthermophilic anaerobe.                                               
     2 4-Mb genome, the smallest known genome of an anaerobe.                                               
     3 are overlapping and complex in this obligate anaerobe.                                               
     4 m botulinum, a spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobe.                                               
     5 ermined using a gradient endpoint method for anaerobes.                                              
     6 icrobiota from Lactobacillus spp. to diverse anaerobes.                                              
     7  (EC(50) = 0.33 mum) but is inactive against anaerobes.                                              
     8 r methyl mercaptan (CHSH) production by oral anaerobes.                                              
     9 hes for isolating and identifying fastidious anaerobes.                                              
    10 d Enterobacteria, both typically facultative anaerobes.                                              
    11 ny bacteria have been classified as obligate anaerobes.                                              
    12 en peroxide and even oxygen itself abound in anaerobes.                                              
    13 uilding blocks and all appear to be obligate anaerobes.                                              
    14 .3 organisms per culture (range, 1 to 9) for anaerobes.                                              
    15 oth aerobes and anaerobes, and 1.3% had only anaerobes.                                              
    16 terium nucleatum, Veillonella sp., and total anaerobes.                                              
    17 e rods, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, and anaerobes.                                              
    18 cally polymicrobial, and almost half include anaerobes.                                              
    19 organisms that have been described as strict anaerobes.                                              
    20 he PO2 and subsequent colonization by strict anaerobes.                                              
    21 nize the colon in the absence of facultative anaerobes.                                              
    22 , has been elucidated in trypanosomatids and anaerobes.                                              
    23 r of metallo-beta-lactamases, especially for anaerobes.                                              
    24 osure to antibiotics that are active against anaerobes.                                              
    25 l infection consisting largely of pathogenic anaerobes.                                              
    26 biofilm to a structure rich in gram-negative anaerobes.                                              
    27 d therefore confers a selective advantage on anaerobes.                                              
    28 one of 10 control samples contained obligate anaerobes.                                              
    29 rtant mechanism for the energy metabolism of anaerobes.                                              
    30  age at birth), the gut is well colonized by anaerobes.                                              
    31 ion that is caused by this pathogen and host anaerobes.                                              
    32  0.84) but poorer for other genera including anaerobes.                                              
  
  
    35 ften observed to be incomplete in many other anaerobes (absence of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activ
  
  
    38 ome features, such as diversity and relative anaerobe abundance, in addition to the detection of MDR 
  
    40 e wounds, aerobes alone from 36 percent, and anaerobes alone from 1 percent; 7 percent of cultures ha
    41 highest reported thus far for a thermophilic anaerobe, although further improvements are desired and 
    42 e is a Gram-positive, spore-forming obligate anaerobe and a major nosocomial pathogen of worldwide co
    43 us sanguinis is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobe and a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavit
  
  
    46 he OI variable from the proteins of obligate anaerobes and aerobes has established that the OI value 
  
    48 iaceae, which contain many known facultative anaerobes and fermenters, were identified as key contrib
  
    50 s studies of heliobacteria, which are strict anaerobes and have the simplest known photosynthetic app
    51 is commonly composed of anaerobes and strict anaerobes and is sometimes associated with vaginal sympt
  
    53 Gram-negative organisms predominate, whereas anaerobes and methicillin-resistant S. aureus are signif
  
    55 tion is budding yeast, which are facultative anaerobes and one of the few organisms for which directe
    56 spp. while the fifth is commonly composed of anaerobes and strict anaerobes and is sometimes associat
  
    58  microbial community consisting primarily of anaerobes and, to a lesser extent, facultative anaerobes
  
    60 ration is a serious threat for this obligate anaerobe, and to cope it employs a set of defences that 
  
  
    63 cations for metabolic control in facultative anaerobes, and for energy homeostasis of the mammalian b
    64 e existence and importance of polyketides in anaerobes, and showcases a strategy of manipulating the 
    65 lone; growth of aerobic gram-positive flora, anaerobes, and yeast was not significantly different.   
    66 Almost one-third of the known H(2)-producing anaerobes appear to contain homologs of the trimeric bif
  
    68 only 1% of bacteria can be grown in culture; anaerobes are especially difficult to identify using sta
  
  
    71 tion changes, indicating that these obligate anaerobes are more accurate than E. coli for fecal sourc
  
  
  
    75 hyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe associated with chronic adult periodontitis.   
    76   Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative anaerobe associated with various human infections, inclu
    77 ssociation between a metronidazole-resistant anaerobe, Atopobium vaginae, and bacterial vaginosis (BV
    78  of human epithelial cells with the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides caccae and LGG results in a transcr
    79 e genes ahpCF, dps, and katB in the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis are controlled by the redo
  
  
    82  zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide of the anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343, designated poly
  
    84 fy scavenging enzymes that might protect the anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron from the H2 O2 tha
    85 omplete genome sequence of the Gram-negative anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a dominant member
  
  
    88 mpared with those obtained with conventional anaerobe blood agar plates incubated in an anaerobe cham
    89 multi-day recovery from frequent facultative anaerobe blooms, which may be driven by fluctuations in 
  
  
  
    93 rains of E. coli, commensal microbiotas, and anaerobes, but wild-type EPEC and STEC strains were 100 
    94 ow cellular chemistry within living obligate anaerobes by monitoring hydrogen bond structures in thei
  
  
  
    98 uded those related to Clostridium difficile, anaerobes, Candida spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, influ
  
   100  the normal intestinal flora, is an obligate anaerobe capable of long-term survival in the presence o
   101 obacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe, capable of systemic dissemination causing infe
   102 strains tested showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber than with the OxyPlate system, 10 (4.1%
  
  
  
  
  
  
   109 e decarboxylase (4-HOB-DC) from the obligate anaerobe Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum JW/Z-1(T) was sequ
  
   111 e "H cluster," and CpI from the fermentative anaerobe Clostridium pasteurianum, which contains four l
  
   113 robes within the human body are the obligate anaerobes, Clostridium spp., in the internal postmortem 
  
   115      Porphyromonas gingivalis is an obligate anaerobe consistently associated with severe manifestati
  
  
   118  early eukaryotes may have been aerotolerant anaerobes, deep-water dysoxic environments are likely se
   119 toplasmic desulfothioredoxin (Dtrx) from the anaerobe Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough has been i
   120 ism whereby antibiotic-mediated depletion of anaerobes (e.g., Clostridia) and associated decreases in
  
  
   123 otoinactivation of Gram-positive facultative anaerobes (Ent. faecalis, Staph. aureus, and Strep. bovi
  
   125 red a major dental pathogen on its own, this anaerobe facilitates the aggregation and establishment o
   126 ed electron bifurcation has been detected in anaerobes, first in clostridia and later in acetogens an
   127  subspecies of the Gram-negative facultative anaerobe Francisella tularensis: F. tularensis subsp. tu
   128 ing Fusobacterium nucleatum, a Gram-negative anaerobe frequently associated with PTB, as a model orga
  
  
   131 obic cultures also detect high quantities of anaerobes from CF airway samples, including during pulmo
   132 involved in the oxidative stress response of anaerobes from the domain BACTERIA: A potential role for
   133 erse set of novel and clinically significant anaerobes from the human vagina using conventional appro
   134  biofilm formation by G. vaginalis and other anaerobes, from the time of their initial adhesion until
   135 ationship between cyanobacteria and obligate anaerobes, from which cyanobacteria presumably arose, fo
   136 etals and electrodes by the Fe(III)-reducing anaerobe Geobacter sulfurreducens requires proper expres
  
   138  Clostridium difficile, a proteolytic strict anaerobe, has emerged as a clinically significant nosoco
   139 idium difficile, a proteolytic Gram-positive anaerobe, has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathog
   140 llection [ATCC] 25586) or a clinical strain (Anaerobe Helsinki Negative [AHN] 9508) of F. nucleatum w
   141 obacterium nucleatum is a gram-negative oral anaerobe implicated in periodontal disease and adverse p
   142 Tannerella forsythia (Tf) is a Gram-negative anaerobe implicated in the development of periodontal di
  
  
  
  
   147 lts indicate that success of the facultative anaerobes in the intestine depends on their respiratory 
  
   149  lyase pathway common to many methylotrophic anaerobes, in which formaldehyde produced from pyruvate 
  
  
   152 ile of adaptations of the poly extremophilic anaerobe, including a proposed role of cytoplasmic buffe
   153 l click chemistry to label various commensal anaerobes, including Bacteroides fragilis, a common and 
   154     The presence of obligate and facultative anaerobes, including Clostridiales year round, suggests 
  
  
   157 or elevated (Prevotella, Sneathia, and other anaerobes) inflammation and HIV infection and found that
   158 in the viability of 20 species of fastidious anaerobes inoculated on the bench and held at ambient or
   159 o and in vivo experiments indicate that this anaerobe-inspired nanovesicle can efficiently induce apo
   160     Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common oral anaerobe involved in periodontitis that is known to tran
   161 circumcision with reduced PC further support anaerobes involvement as circumcision reduces anaerobe c
  
   163 e-colonization of these sites by facultative anaerobes is essential for reduction of the PO2 and subs
  
   165 ariety of susceptibility testing methods for anaerobes is provided, and the advantages and disadvanta
   166 xylic acid cycle, which in these autotrophic anaerobes is the stage for biosynthesis of all cellular 
   167 s gingivalis, a Gram-negative asaccharolytic anaerobe, is a major causative organism of chronic perio
   168 gingivalis, a gram-negative, black-pigmented anaerobe, is among the microorganisms implicated in the 
   169 gingivalis, a gram-negative, black-pigmented anaerobe, is among the microorganisms implicated in the 
   170    Streptococcus pneumoniae, an aerotolerant anaerobe, is an important human pathogen that regularly 
   171 omycetemcomitans), a capnophilic facultative anaerobe, is associated with localized aggressive period
   172 rphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative oral anaerobe, is associated with periodontal diseases that, 
   173 gingivalis, a black-pigmented, gram-negative anaerobe, is found in periodontitis lesions, and its pre
   174    Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is implicated in the etiology of adult periodo
   175 om Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 7757, an anaerobe, is irreversibly damaged by O2, surviving only 
   176 rphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative oral anaerobe, is strongly associated with adult periodontiti
   177 nother group of oral bacteria, gram-negative anaerobes, is associated with chronic dental infections,
  
   179  steroidal compounds on the growth of faecal anaerobes isolated from diosgenin-administered mice was 
   180  strain MR-1, a nonfermentative, facultative anaerobe known to respire exogenous electron acceptors, 
   181  relationships with normally dormant vaginal anaerobes lead to increases in the latter which contribu
   182 that, despite its classification as a strict anaerobe, M. thermoacetica contains a membrane-bound cyt
   183 n abundance of both obligate and facultative anaerobes, many of which play significant roles in human
  
  
  
   187 or follow antibiotic treatment, and obligate anaerobes may be copathogens in ischemic or necrotic wou
   188 tochrome d oxidase, which is prevalent among anaerobes, may diminish intracellular H(2)O(2) formation
   189 number of taxa containing known cellulolytic anaerobes (members of the bacterial genus Fibrobacter, l
  
   191 tained a greater proportion of gram-negative anaerobes/microaerophiles and primarily correlated with 
   192  with B. thetaiotaomicron has shown how this anaerobe modifies many aspects of intestinal cellular di
   193 the human intestinal commensal flora, is the anaerobe most frequently isolated from intra-abdominal a
  
   195    Transcriptome analysis of the facultative anaerobe, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, revealed that many gene
   196 ing to most oxidizing: methanogens, obligate anaerobes (nonmethanogenic), facultative aerobes, and ob
   197  Despite this growth inhibition, many strict anaerobes of the Bacteroides class of eubacteria can sur
  
  
  
   201 e genital bacterial communities dominated by anaerobes other than Gardnerella were at over 4-fold hig
  
  
   204  mediates oxalate catabolism in the obligate anaerobe Oxalobacter formigenes, O. formigenes formyl co
  
   206 Significantly more S. aureus (P = 0.005) and anaerobes (P < 0.001) were recovered from the FAN anaero
   207 umbers of Capnocytophaga spp. (P <0.001) and anaerobes (P <0.001) were present in diseased sites in D
   208  other than Escherichia coli (P = 0.02), and anaerobes (P = 0.01) were recovered from the FAN aerobic
  
  
   211 ith periodontal disease is the Gram-negative anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis, and in this report, w
  
  
   214 ly due to increased numbers of the following anaerobes: Porphyromonas (5.2 x 10(7) 16S rRNA gene copi
  
  
   217 obacterium hafniense, a Gram-positive strict anaerobe present in both the environment and human intes
  
   219 , we chose Akkermansia muciniphila, a common anaerobe previously associated with metabolic effects.  
   220 te pathogens were identified and include the anaerobe Prevotella denticola, a Lysobacter sp., and mem
  
  
   223 ficantly different from the mean OI value of anaerobe proteins, while it is different from that of ae
  
   225 eroxide reductase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobe Pyrococcus furiosus uses electrons from reduced
   226 erobic bacteria previously identified by the Anaerobe Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease
   227 st infections referred to the United Kingdom Anaerobe Reference Unit between 1988 and 2014, and cases
   228 of putative Actinomyces spp. referred to the Anaerobe Reference Unit of the Public Health Laboratory 
  
   230 ited in 40.1% of combined responses, whereas anaerobes represented the fifth most prevalent cultured 
   231 e sole, thiol/disulfide redox system in this anaerobe required for survival and abscess formation in 
  
   233 in, was identified in the cellulolytic rumen anaerobe Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17 as part of a gene 
  
   235 rphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative oral anaerobe, senses environmental changes, and how such inf
  
  
   238 cultures of the Fe(III)-reducing facultative anaerobe Shewanella oneidensis manipulated under control
   239 me of hyperthermophilic and sulfate-reducing anaerobes shown to possess superoxide reductase activity
   240 is is a gram-negative, black-pigmented, oral anaerobe strongly associated with adult periodontitis.  
   241 onas gingivalis is a gram-negative, obligate anaerobe strongly associated with chronic adult periodon
   242      Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative anaerobe strongly associated with chronic human periodon
   243 e was known about the biochemistry of strict anaerobes such as clostridia, methanogens, acetogens, an
   244    Historically, easily cultured facultative anaerobes such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, or 
   245 obacillus species and an increase in diverse anaerobes such as Peptoniphilus, Prevotella, and Anaeroc
   246 ut BV is also associated with other numerous anaerobes, such as Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus mulieri
   247 aerobes and, to a lesser extent, facultative anaerobes, such as Escherichia coli, which we have shown
   248 lmonary SCFAs correlated with increased oral anaerobes, such as Prevotella in the lung, and with M. t
  
   250     Shewanella putrefaciens is a facultative anaerobe that can use metal oxides as terminal electron 
   251  division in Clostridium difficile, a strict anaerobe that causes serious diarrheal diseases in peopl
  
   253 roides 2.4.1 is a facultative photosynthetic anaerobe that grows by anoxygenic photosynthesis under a
   254 ngivalis is a gram-negative, black-pigmented anaerobe that has been associated with advanced periodon
   255 monas gingivalis is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe that has been implicated in the etiology of adu
   256 eroides thetaiotaomicron (B.theta), a common anaerobe that is a prominent component of the normal adu
   257 of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe that is endemic in the human population and lar
   258 -negative, motile and rod-shaped facultative anaerobe that is increasingly being recognized as a caus
   259   Fusobacterium nucleatum is a gram-negative anaerobe that is prevalent in periodontal disease and in
   260 s Fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative anaerobe that resides in the oropharynx and possesses nu
   261 ur knowledge of the taxonomical diversity of anaerobes that cause bloodstream infections is extremely
   262 res, but can be prevented by CO-metabolizing anaerobes that coexist with D. mccartyi, resulting in an
   263  the levels of colonization by five of eight anaerobes that comprise altered Schaedler's flora (P < 0
   264 ch as Streptococcus gordonii are facultative anaerobes that initiate biofilm formation on tooth surfa
   265  rooted tree suggest that early Archaea were anaerobes that may have had the ability to reduce CO2 to
   266 tigated this aspect in methanarchaea--strict anaerobes that produce methane, a fuel and greenhouse ga
   267 d are found in many facultative and obligate anaerobes that produce UFAs but lack fabA, suggesting th
   268 e-arabinosidase (xarB) from the thermophilic anaerobe Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW200 was cloned
   269 one such signaling protein from the obligate anaerobe Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis at 1.77-angstr
  
   271 ted multi-enzymatic nanomachines produced by anaerobes to effectively deconstruct plant structural ca
   272    Buccal cell invasion may allow fastidious anaerobes to establish themselves in aerobic sites that 
   273 inomycete Mycobacterium smegmatis, adopts an anaerobe-type strategy by activating fermentative hydrog
  
   275 s thetaiotaomicron, a gram-negative obligate anaerobe, utilizes polysaccharides by binding them to it
  
  
  
  
   280 reover, inspired by the oxygen metabolism of anaerobes, we construct a light-induced hypoxia-responsi
  
  
  
  
   285 00 specimens from 94 animals from which only anaerobes were isolated (25 dogs, 8 cats, and 61 horses)
  
  
  
  
  
   291  and HBD-3, whereas only 21.4 and 50% of the anaerobes were susceptible to HBD-2 and HBD-3, respectiv
  
  
   294 le is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of a
   295 Tannerella forsythia is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe which contributes to the development of periodo
   296 ently, molecular methods have targeted fecal anaerobes, which are much more abundant in humans and ot
  
  
   299 agar for aerobes and brucella blood agar for anaerobes) with 138 challenge strains: Acinetobacter spp
   300 ds, because it more accurately characterizes anaerobes within taxonomically related clusters and ther
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