ライフサイエンスコーパス: anoxia

1 oxygen), 2% O(2) (hypoxia), and <0.02% O(2) (anoxia).

2 ii results in strong inhibition of CEF under anoxia.

3 ted genes and may have experienced long-term anoxia.

4 nted Src activation and Panx1 opening during anoxia.

5 gradients and areas of near and almost total anoxia.

6 distinguish low oxygen conditions from true anoxia.

7 toresuscitation in response to environmental anoxia.

8 oint convincingly to the transient spread of anoxia.

9 responding increase in the extent of oceanic anoxia.

10 growth, suggesting expression was induced by anoxia.

11 d only during eucapnic anoxia or hypercapnic anoxia.

12 s that become active when cells acclimate to anoxia.

13 ions, and glycogen, which is consumed during anoxia.

14 , promoting tumour growth and survival under anoxia.

15 trate respiration, arsenate respiration, and anoxia.

16 described for wild-type embryos subjected to anoxia.

17 um-free medium for 3 hours prior to onset of anoxia.

18 re was a more complex regulatory response to anoxia.

19 ery of respiration compared to acute hypoxia/anoxia.

20 xpression during acclimation of the cells to anoxia.

21 se conditions, and are motile after 24 hr of anoxia.

22 tal O2, thereby coordinating the response to anoxia.

23 e significantly increased in BMSCs following anoxia.

24 ontrast to [rho(-)] cells, did not die under anoxia.

25 nse of wild-type and daf-2(e1370) animals to anoxia.

26 nd displayed loss of the Mcl-1 protein under anoxia.

27 assessed by exposure of cells to 8 hours of anoxia.

28 lation of the proapoptotic protein Bid under anoxia.

29 osphorylation in cells exposed to hypoxia or anoxia.

30 ent processes in cells exposed to hypoxia or anoxia.

31 ng and excitotoxic cell death resulting from anoxia.

32 evels that depend on the duration of hypoxia-anoxia.

33 n sixfold in cytotoxic brain edema caused by anoxia.

34 to checkpoint stimuli such as nocodazole or anoxia.

35 in areas of more severe oxygen depletion, or anoxia.

36 for neoplastic cells to proliferate despite anoxia.

37 sed by Bcl-2 permitted proliferation despite anoxia.

38 rload occur, such as myocardial ischaemia or anoxia.

39 RNA from the oxic zone to a max of 22% under anoxia.

40 glycogen provisioning when they experienced anoxia.

41 ironment by increasing embryo survival under anoxia.

42 lakes that vary in their vertical extent of anoxia.

43 exposed to five, approximately 37 s bouts of anoxia.

44 ryo survival under one or two generations of anoxia.

45 the effluent source in response to sediment anoxia.

46 stressors such as heat, cold, crowding, and anoxia.

47 usination and cellular resistance to hypoxia/anoxia.

48 of patients who will not recover from brain anoxia.

49 face waters in response to expanded seafloor anoxia.

50 of low atmospheric O(2) or widespread marine anoxia.

51 abundance exhibit better survival under dark anoxia.

52 bal warming and marine long-term hypoxia and anoxia.

53 generate cytotoxic Ca(2+) elevations during anoxia.

54 very observed in modern habitats affected by anoxia.

55 In the present study, brief periods of anoxia (3 h) followed by varying lengths of reoxygenatio

56 control pups to 15 episodes of environmental anoxia (97% N(2), 3% CO(2)).

57 Under anoxia a coordinated, cytoprotective program is induced,

58 h models demonstrated excessive mortality to anoxia (a postulated SIDS stressor) at P5 and P8.

59 Although anoxia activates the p53 response, hypoxia silences the

60 rocurement for these donors included stroke, anoxia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and mening

61 Ischemia is associated with anoxia, aglycemia and loss of flow (i.e. shearing forces

62 mbined with the lack of S-nitrosation during anoxia alone or by NO2(-) during normoxia places constra

63 Exposure to anoxia alone rapidly increased genomic DNA fragmentation

64 tive metabolism of PR-104A and SN30000 under anoxia also showed little change in the POR knock-outs.

65 se include traits for tolerating or avoiding anoxia and enabling underwater photosynthesis, traits th

66 ral waters, but also support hypotheses that anoxia and eutrophication in groundwater facilitate the

67 survival under subsequent longer exposure to anoxia and following engraftment in the infarcted heart.

68 In addition, both anoxia and GABA decreased excitatory postsynaptic activi

69 ous slow phasic GABAergic activity, and both anoxia and GABA reversibly induced SA by increasing GABA

70 val phenotype in that they survive long-term anoxia and high-temperature anoxia, do not accumulate si

71 ntial regulation of Runx2 and its targets by anoxia and hypoxia, but a long-term inhibition of Runx2

72 ated with the gut micro-habitat (neutral pH, anoxia and increased carbon substrates).

73 t associations were for deaths attributed to anoxia and low Apgar (0-3) for term infants (RR 961.7, 9

74 However, the combination of anoxia and low pH led to colony death within 24 h.

75 hen hydrogen sulfide was added after 12 h of anoxia and low pH, colonies died after an additional 3 h

76 ed the marine biota resulting in episodes of anoxia and mass extinctions shortly after their eruption

77 appaB and ATF4-dependent transcription under anoxia and provides a regulatory feedback loop.

78 Our data suggest that spreading anoxia and redox cycling of harmful metals was a contrib

79 d that both GDH1 and GDH2 are induced during anoxia and reoxygenation and that this induction is medi

80 Functional characterization of anoxia and reoxygenation tolerance following uncoupling

81 After 35-minute anoxia and reoxygenation, preconditioned mitochondria de

82 not acid sphingomyelinase, was modulated by anoxia and reoxygenation.

83 on record of western North Pacific submarine anoxia and sea surface bioproductivity from the Chiba Se

84 oteins become carbonylated during a shift to anoxia and that some of these proteins are the same prot

85 rature proxy data indicate that the onset of anoxia and the extinction horizon coincide with both a r

86 damage 153 (GADD153) protein specifically in anoxia and the lack of induction in hypoxia.

87 ptional level in R. palustris in response to anoxia and the presence of benzoate and/or benzoyl-CoA (

88 obacteria are able to cope with water column anoxia and the role these microorganisms play in the det

89 itrotyrosyl adducts during 20 min of hypoxia-anoxia and undergoing a selective partial reduction afte

90 bility in turtle cortical neurons exposed to anoxia and/or GABA(A/B) receptor (GABAR) modulators.

91 to mimic the fly's natural environments (wet anoxia) and relate findings to a typical gas induced env

92 e, is inducible by severe glucose depletion, anoxia, and acidosis.

93 ns of these mice show sensitivity to hypoxia/anoxia, and decreased adult neurogenesis was observed in

94 egrees C), salinity (26%), low light levels, anoxia, and high concentrations of heavy metals.

95 sand), indicative of an expansion of oceanic anoxia, and higher Th/U ratios (from 0.06 to 0.42), indi

96 ons, such as high light stress, cold stress, anoxia, and low levels of CO(2), fits with a role for Cr

97 showed that separate exposures to darkness, anoxia, and low pH did not cause mortality within 4 d.

98 puts have led to eutrophication, hypoxia and anoxia, and low pH.

99 damage due to herpes simplex encephalitis or anoxia, and one with thalamic stroke) and 25 matching no

100 ASB accumulation may contribute to sediment anoxia, and respiration of ASB and PHY-derived DOC may m

101 is a trait present in a very early phase of anoxia, and that ROS are needed for the regulation of a

102 relationship between cyanobacteria, sediment anoxia, and the ratio of dissolved nitrogen to soluble r

103 ng pressure that builds up upon the onset of anoxia, and this pressure can be relieved either by the

104 in ponds or soils often face hypoxia or even anoxia, and this severely impacts their physiology.

105 n is more damaging to mitochondria than near-anoxia; and (2) O suppresses ROS-induced damage to elect

106 controlling responses to reoxygenation after anoxia are evolutionarily conserved.

107 urface ocean O2 levels and pervasive benthic anoxia are expected in a world with much lower atmospher

108 Mechanisms for survival under anoxia are HIF-1alpha independent in Caenorhabditis eleg

109 Hypoxia and anoxia are important microenvironmental stresses that co

110 prophase, or metaphase arrest in response to anoxia are not completely understood.

111 ia of freshwater lakes leading to deep-water anoxia are still not well understood, thereby constraini

112 Low oxygen gradients (hypoxia and anoxia) are important determinants of pathological condi

113 Ang-1 and Akt (MAAs) were more resistant to anoxia as compared with the nontransduced MSCs or those

114 ion greatly increased with acidosis and near-anoxia as occur in ischemic conditions.

115 ant mechanisms for cellular sustenance under anoxia as well as specific instances of post-transcripti

116 Cyanide-induced artificial anoxia, as well as a direct AMPK activator (A-769662) al

117 age of wines, 24 wines were stored in strict anoxia at 50 degrees C for 3weeks.

118 r quality in the Yamuna was very poor (e.g., anoxia at all sites), and blaNDM-1 abundances were high

119 t cultured rat hepatocytes were incubated in anoxia at pH 6.2 for 4 hours and reoxygenated at pH 7.4

120 ons with the distal slope being the focus of anoxia at these times, as well as short-lived episodes o

121 e, foundering, and marine burial followed by anoxia, bacterial colonization, sulfate reduction, and m

122 0 million years ago, which record deep-water anoxia beneath oxidized surface water.

123 our findings indicate that brief exposure to anoxia (but not 2% hypoxia) down-regulated BMP2 and Runx

124 consumption in FHM1 mice, leading to tissue anoxia, but moderate hypoxia, in WT mice.

125 tial response of cancer cells to hypoxia and anoxia by demonstrating the induction of activating tran

126 BMP2, and that restoring Runx2 levels during anoxia by pretreatment with recombinant BMP2 rescued the

127 ion of AtNIP2;1 expression was observed upon anoxia challenge of Arabidopsis seedlings, with a 300-fo

128 The intensification of oceanic anoxia coincided with, or slightly preceded, the EH and

129 ps survived all 15 episodes of environmental anoxia, compared to 79% of control littermates (P = 0.00

130 ncreases in lipid production at the onset of anoxia, consistent with documented pathways of anoxic da

131 lta(15)N since ~1990 records an expansion of anoxia, consistent with observed O2 trends.

132 cking PLM, and correlates with impaired post-anoxia contractile function.

133 elation to 'traditional' limitations, namely anoxia, decay inhibiting compounds, low nutrients and ac

134 s indicate that [rho(0)] cells survive under anoxia despite the loss of Mcl-1 protein due to residual

135 Anoxia did not directly affect BK, but activated BK via

136 urvive long-term anoxia and high-temperature anoxia, do not accumulate significant tissue damage in e

137 score>/=1, donor age more than 51 years, and anoxia donor brain injury were associated with the highe

138 n biodiversity in response to enhanced ocean anoxia driven by anthropogenic release of greenhouse gas

139 lants from growth inhibition by flooding and anoxia, drought, high salt, the presence of fungal and b

140 dern and ancient sediments indicate expanded anoxia during the mid-Proterozoic compared to the presen

141 ent anion channel in an isoform-specific and anoxia-enhanced manner and may be involved in the regula

142 embryo exposed to severe oxygen deprivation (anoxia) enters a state of suspended animation in which c

143 osynthetic microbes experience conditions of anoxia, especially during the night when photosynthetic

144 s, the inactive state is not detected in the anoxia exposed npp-16 mutant.

145 und that CDK-1 localizes near chromosomes in anoxia-exposed embryos.

146 The half-cut pineapple fruit showed that the anoxia exposure completely inhibited internal transparen

147 The anoxia exposure delayed the increase in total sugar cont

148 In conclusion, the short-term anoxia exposure for 16h maintained postharvest quality,

149 The effects of short-term anoxia exposure for 16h on physicochemical changes of 'P

150 m these conditions but causes sensitivity to anoxia exposure.

151 hough inputs ceased in 1995, as indicated by anoxia extending at least 3 km down-gradient from the di

152 ng this time, episodes of local bottom-water anoxia extending into the photic-zone impacted the slope

153 Apoptosis induced by 12 hours of anoxia followed by 24 hours' reoxygenation was significa

154 isolated mitochondria subjected to 30 min of anoxia followed by reoxygenation were directly protected

155 rifuged and stored at 50 degrees C in strict anoxia for 2weeks (up to 7 in one case).

156 nditions can switch rapidly between oxia and anoxia, forcing soil bacteria to remodel their energy me

157 cific NO synthases, NO is also formed during anoxia from nitrite reduction, and xanthine oxidase (XO)

158 One such condition, anoxia, has yet to be extensively researched in V. vulni

159 derlies adaptation to a fluctuating normoxia-anoxia hatching environment by increasing embryo surviva

160 ions facing irregularly fluctuating normoxia-anoxia hatching environments failed to evolve randomizin

161 Periods of oceanic anoxia have had a major influence on the evolutionary hi

162 The expansion of anoxia highlights the potential for rapid and discontinu

163 In vitro, anoxia/hypoxia induced an enrichment of miR-24 in endoth

164 taneous electrical activity is suppressed by anoxia (i.e., spike arrest; SA) and cell death does not

165 additional molecular events are triggered by anoxia in a HIF-1-independent manner, and these changes

166 unting for the continual PCr decrease during anoxia in both muscles.

167 is crucial for acclimation to high light and anoxia in both organisms.

168 Physical evidence of widespread anoxia in Cambrian oceans has remained elusive and thus

169 ooms and thermohaline stratification lead to anoxia in Chesapeake Bay bottom waters.

170 sponse to prolonged episodes of bottom water anoxia in Ediacaran shelf and platform environments.

171 ibition of DHPS or DOHH induced tolerance to anoxia in immortalized mouse renal proximal cells.

172 is frequently subject to periods of dark and anoxia in its natural environment.

173 genetic and cellular responses to hypoxia or anoxia in oxygen-deprivation-tolerant organisms such as

174 report the novel rise of water-column shelf anoxia in the northern California Current system, a larg

175 Widespread anoxia in the ocean is frequently invoked as a primary d

176 Pervasive anoxia in the subsurface ocean during the Proterozoic ma

177 ery period, yet the vertical distribution of anoxia in the water column and its temporal dynamics thr

178 e catabolism modulates conditions like pH or anoxia in their symbionts' habitat.

179 portant inducer of apoptosis during chemical anoxia in vitro and ischemic injury in vivo.

180 Anoxia increased endogenous slow phasic GABAergic activi

181 presence of NO under normoxia but not under anoxia indicating that H(2)S does not react with NO but

182 of this pathway instigated a rapid onset of anoxia induced death in infected flies and increases in

183 Water column anoxia induced Fe(II) and As(III) fluxes from the sedime

184 However, chemically induced anoxia induced Ser(392)-site phosphorylation as well as

185 Collectively, these results demonstrate that anoxia-induced cell death requires the loss of Mcl-1 pro

186 am regulators of Bax or Bak, did not prevent anoxia-induced cell death.

187 t in Bax and Bak or caspase-9 do not undergo anoxia-induced cell death.

188 ensitivity to viral infection by using DXV's anoxia-induced death pathology.

189 developmental responses to external stimuli: anoxia-induced developmental arrest in Drosophila embryo

190 GC7 treatment also attenuated anoxia-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in

191 ized from the aerobic metabolism of glucose; anoxia-induced impairment in retinal synaptic transmissi

192 Notably, anoxia-induced prophase arrest is suppressed in mutant e

193 We present evidence that by imposing an anoxia-induced reversible arrest of the cell cycle, the

194 The anoxia-induced shift of cells from an actively dividing

195 worms are first transitioned into a state of anoxia-induced suspended animation before cold exposure,

196 During anoxia-induced suspended animation, embryos lacking func

197 ability after prolonged arrest in a state of anoxia-induced suspended animation, implying that in suc

198 tablishment and/or maintenance of a state of anoxia-induced suspended animation.

199 totic death-related cellular pathways during anoxia-induced vascular injury in endothelial cells (ECs

200 al of alternative reductant sinks (nitrate), anoxia induces autofermentation of carbohydrates with a

201 In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, dark anoxia is characterized by the activation of an extensiv

202 monstrates that the regulation of ATF3 under anoxia is independent of 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, HIF

203 Thus, the response to anoxia is mediated by three pathways independently of HI

204 ility of animals exposed to brief periods of anoxia is prematurely arrested in gpd-2/3(RNAi) and daf-

205 How cells die in the absence of oxygen (anoxia) is not understood.

206 ATF3 induction occurred most robustly under anoxia, is common, and it is not dependent on presence o

207 tions, including repetitive neuronal firing, anoxia, ischemia and hypoglycemic coma.

208 e (AD)-type neurofibrillary degeneration and anoxia-ischemia.

209 We conclude that activation of NMDARs during anoxia/ischemia recruits SFKs to open Panx1, leading to

210 cessive glutamate release during exposure to anoxia/ischemia.

211 sting activation by increased [Ca2+]c during anoxia, itself partly attributable to glutamate release.

212 After 7weeks of anoxia levels of free H2S and MeSH were high and similar

213 s elegans embryos, which can survive both in anoxia (<0.001 kPa O(2)) by entering into suspended anim

214 d DX-52-1 and exposed to etoposide in air or anoxia (<0.01% oxygen).

215 egulated by chronic (48 h) rather than acute anoxia (<24 h) by a complex set of pathways and mechanis

216 In response to environmental signals such as anoxia, many organisms enter a state of suspended animat

217 ronmental challenges presented by widespread anoxia may have been a prevalent if not dominant influen

218 hat increased endogenous GABA release during anoxia mediates SA by activating an inhibitory postsynap

219 Post-anoxia MEND is ablated in DHHC5-deficient hearts, inhibi

220 Our findings suggest that tissue anoxia might be a mechanism for prolonged aura in FHM1.

221 , the PHS donor was younger, male, died from anoxia, more likely to be HCV and antibody reacting to h

222 were rapidly converted from normoxia to near-anoxia ([O(2)], <1 micromol/L), the increase in H(2)DCF

223 een investigating the effects of hypoxia and anoxia on expression of the proto-oncogene c-jun and the

224 production and concentration as a result of anoxia or dysoxia are often the exception rather than th

225 Anoxia or exogenous NMDA activated Src family kinases (S

226 t-I discharges occurred only during eucapnic anoxia or hypercapnic anoxia.

227 by nitrite administered both in vitro during anoxia or in vivo 24 h before mitochondrial isolation.

228 ls are able to activate HIF-1 in response to anoxia or iron chelators during normoxia.

229 After a few minutes of anoxia or ischaemia, neurons in brain slices show a rapi

230 t are caused by enhanced metabolic activity, anoxia, or ischemia.

231 Under strict anoxia, other oxidants restored lactate production to ra

232 on of all three RAP2s conferred tolerance to anoxia, oxidative and osmotic stresses, and enhanced the

233 logies, epigenetic factors such as perinatal anoxia (PA) have been argued to be contributors, or caus

234 d that not only is the daf-2(e1370)-enhanced anoxia phenotype dependent upon gpd-2 and gpd-3, but als

235 es direct-rather than inferred-evidence that anoxia played a role in shaping a landmark Ediacaran eco

236 otheses of an extended period of whole-ocean anoxia prior to the end-Permian extinction.

237 al activation of the NF-kappaB pathway under anoxia protected cells from negative consequences of the

238 In contrast to anoxia-related enhanced carbon storage in coeval open ma

239 rozoic deep ocean characterized by pervasive anoxia relative to the Phanerozoic (at least approximate

240 c assays showed that the level of GDH during anoxia-reoxygenation decreased in the ethylene-insensiti

241 chondria display increased tolerance against anoxia-reoxygenation in association with modifications i

242 attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis during anoxia-reoxygenation injury by activating MKK3/p38alpha

243 trategies to prevent ischemia-reperfusion or anoxia-reoxygenation injury in the vasculature.

244 In parallel, following anoxia-reoxygenation these mitochondria generate less hy

245 n-2 depletion alone significantly attenuates anoxia-reoxygenation tolerance but uncoupling protein-3

246 roduction in viable cardiomyocytes following anoxia-reoxygenation.

247 inferred the putative targets of EIN3 during anoxia-reoxygenation.

248 GDH activity in metabolic adjustment during anoxia-reoxygenation.

249 hepatocytes and mouse livers were exposed to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) and I/R, respectively.

250 human neuroblastoma cell line) subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R), a process that has been show

251 Mechanistic studies (in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation) demonstrated a mitochondrial site

252 TGF-beta expression are necessary to prevent anoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in mphi.

253 tects cultured lung epithelial cells against anoxia/reoxygenation-induced injuries.

254 We show that anoxia represents a powerful hierarchical preservation m

255 Cellular oxygen deprivation (hypoxia/anoxia) requires an acclimation response that enables su

256 In addition to their anti-fatigue and anti-anoxia roles in traditional medicine, Rhodiola total ext

257 tion component, such as transient hypoxia or anoxia, root waterlogging, or complete submergence.

258 e pathway resulted in similar rapid onset of anoxia sensitivity, it also resulted in decreased viral

259 ed oocytes by heat shock, osmotic stress, or anoxia, similar to the induction of stress granules in m

260 ed variations in the extent of North Pacific anoxia since 1850 using a geochemical proxy for denitrif

261 ced bioreductive metabolism of PR-104A in an anoxia-specific manner.

262 s exquisitely sensitive to water logging and anoxia stress.

263 We found that hif-1 mutants survive anoxia, suggesting that the mechanisms for anoxia surviv

264 npp-5 mutants are hypersensitive to anoxia, suggesting that the spindle assembly checkpoint

265 e anoxia, suggesting that the mechanisms for anoxia survival are different from those required for hy

266 s, the daf-2(e1370) animals have an enhanced anoxia-survival phenotype in that they survive long-term

267 enes that suppress the daf-2(e1370)-enhanced anoxia-survival phenotype.

268 ameliorates the uncoupling protein-depleted anoxia-susceptible phenotype.

269 (S-MIF), an Archean signature of atmospheric anoxia that begins to disappear from the rock record at

270 als of cooling and deepening of water column anoxia that expanded the habitable mid-water refuge zone

271 etazoans, and be responsible for the oceanic anoxia that has puzzled so many researchers for so many

272 gs to a typical gas induced environment (dry anoxia) that is commonly used in a laboratory.

273 the subsequent development of shallow-water anoxia, the hallmark of the T-OAE.

274 During anoxia, the naked mole-rat switches to anaerobic metabol

275 esis in this mutant when it was placed under anoxia; the two other ADH homologs encoded on the Chlamy

276 synthetic organisms like C. reinhardtii from anoxia to high light to limitations imposed at the level

277 tic carbon fixation during a shift from dark anoxia to light.

278 to elevated extramitochondrial Ca, P(i), and anoxia to simulate ischemic conditions, the selective mi

279 se (dtps1) increases the trehalose level and anoxia tolerance in flies.

280 uncoupling protein-3 in modulating ischemia/anoxia tolerance in heart-derived cells.

281 coupling protein-3 depletion does not reduce anoxia tolerance.

282 Conversely, in anoxia-tolerant turtle brain, spontaneous electrical act

283 For example, the most anoxia-tolerant vertebrates, painted turtles and crucian

284 iratory rate of the fruit was induced by the anoxia treatment.

285 Anoxia triggered the loss of the Mcl-1 protein upstream

286 Cold shock and anoxia upregulates a homologue of HU (Hlp) in Mycobacter

287 ability to withstand episodic environmental anoxia via autoresuscitation.

288 transcription of target genes in response to anoxia via the assembly-disassembly of oxygen-labile iro

289 xygenation after prolonged and acute hypoxia/anoxia was compared.

290 By applying RNAi, ATF-4 induction in anoxia was shown to be independent of HIF-1alpha, and de

291 Etoposide IC(50) values in anoxia were 3-fold higher than those in air for HT1080 (

292 osphorylation in cells exposed to hypoxia or anoxia were found to be dependent on the presence of HIF

293 nce sulfate incorporation in cartilage under anoxia were themselves reduced; that is, they functioned

294 t levels of hypoxia (mild, moderate, severe, anoxia) were used to produce a wide range of [Ca(2+) ]i

295 ical quenching mechanism, in relationship to anoxia where the activity of cyclic electron flow is sti

296 Under anoxia, where CEF is induced, quantitative proteomics ev

297 al to the pattern that occurs before hypoxia-anoxia, with nitration levels that depend on the duratio

298 may be released during flooding-induced soil anoxia, with the degree of mobilization being affected b

299 urnover events occurred: (i) at the onset of anoxia, with the extinction of most benthic species and

300 vive 18 minutes of total oxygen deprivation (anoxia) without apparent injury.

301 This enhanced bioproductivity and anoxia would have resulted in elevated rates of organic