ライフサイエンスコーパス: antagonism

1 targeting AR bypass pathways with initial AR antagonism.

2 haustively cover all mechanisms of viral IFN antagonism.

3 ure models of infection, including NF-kappaB antagonism.

4 uld be attributed entirely to competitive AR antagonism.

5 ls did not affect SERINC5 restriction or Nef antagonism.

6 ntable or insurmountable based on functional antagonism.

7 Kenyon cells and is blocked by ACh receptor antagonism.

8 nd this effect was blocked by GABAA receptor antagonism.

9 stablished melanomas can be arrested by C3aR antagonism.

10 ere efficiently prevented by nonsteroidal MR antagonism.

11 ress, which was ameliorated by NMDA receptor antagonism.

12 to BST-2 is important but not sufficient for antagonism.

13 pioid receptor agonism/delta opioid receptor antagonism.

14 lar processes by which plants alleviate this antagonism.

15 ng kinetics as discriminator for simvastatin antagonism.

16 , mimics the effects of intracellular mGluR5 antagonism.

17 scytosis via FcgammaRIIB activation and eNOS antagonism.

18 larly to that seen with dual orexin receptor antagonism.

19 aspect of the brassinosteroid/abscisic acid antagonism.

20 establish and arbitrate Bcl6-Blimp-1 counter-antagonism.

21 he tumor-promoting effects of integrin beta3 antagonism.

22 d in the presence or absence of ETA receptor antagonism.

23 letion blunted postsynaptic responses to D2R antagonism.

24 teraction with the AF-2, thus explaining its antagonism.

25 ppeared correlated to their (in)surmountable antagonism.

26 enic activity of protamine would rely on APJ antagonism.

27 ibrosis mediated by iNOS inhibition and CB1R antagonism.

28 or (PR), and diminished responsiveness to ER antagonism.

29 are differentially influenced by VTA leptin antagonism.

30 pse plasticity, phenotypes rescued by GluN2B antagonism.

31 These deposits were increased by VEGF antagonism, a common wet ARMD treatment, suggesting that

32 This report of density-dependence and sexual antagonism acting on loci within the arginine vasopressi

33 se, here we show that functional 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism acts indirectly, through Bmp signalling from

34 beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism after experimental stroke prevents loss of sp

35 with a close structural congener lacking EP1 antagonism (AGN 197727), AGN 197727 was much less active

36 t a remarkable functional convergence in IFN antagonism, albeit by virus-specific mechanisms.

37 ionally, ADORA2B deletion or pharmacological antagonism along with HIF1A inhibition disrupts AAM diff

38 Systemic KOR antagonism also blocked stress-induced disruptions of DR

39 VEGF antagonism also increased markers of endothelial cell ac

40 Last, beta-adrenergic antagonism also prevented splenic monocyte egress after

41 We tested the hypothesis by screening for antagonism among all possible pairwise interactions betw

42 mpetition, is the driver of the evolution of antagonism among bacteria.

43 ic compounds were simultaneously present, an antagonism among them was observed.

44 Both CB1 receptor antagonism and agonism, in particular by 2-arachidonyl g

45 rse structural foundations of small molecule antagonism and allostery, highlight the inherent physico

46 D2R ligand are driven through both striatal antagonism and cortical agonism of D2R-betaarr2 signalin

47 erial genotypic richness escalates bacterial antagonism and decreases the ability of the bacterial co

48 Venetoclax releases this antagonism and is the first approved drug to target a pr

49 onist, and were attenuated by EPAC-selective antagonism and knockdown.

50 rospectively optimizing ERalpha degradation, antagonism and pharmacokinetic properties.

51 We found a clear association between antagonism and phylogenetic distance, antagonism being m

52 ar side of the receptor, exerting allosteric antagonism and preventing G-protein coupling.

53 a role in HDR independent of the BRCA1-53BP1 antagonism and that its HDR function can become critical

54 press GR-induced resistant phenotype upon AR antagonism and that the dual targeting action of ES on A

55 inations were examined for zones of synergy, antagonism, and additivity based on a whole exposure-res

56 ied linezolid-moxifloxacin zones of synergy, antagonism, and additivity.

57 lated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chemical communication mediated by a div

58 ; isoflurane competitively disrupts A-967079 antagonism, and introducing these mammalian TRPA1 residu

59 was studied using knockout, pharmacological antagonism, and local viral-mediated gene knockdown.

60 CC, reveal variable sensitivity to HIF2alpha antagonism, and provide the foundation for predictive bi

61 We propose binding competition and signaling antagonism are integral functions of the TGF-beta signal

62 chanisms playing a role in this quantitative antagonism are poorly understood but most likely multifa

63 is much support for 5-HT transporter (SERT) antagonism as a basis of antidepressant efficacy, this e

64 ug abuse and support a role for NOP receptor antagonism as a potential treatment option for drug addi

65 cannot be adequately explained solely by its antagonism at muscarinic receptors.

66 Here we characterized BPTU antagonism at various signaling pathways activated by st

67 etween antagonism and phylogenetic distance, antagonism being most likely among closely related speci

68 We show that functional antagonism between CELF and MBNL factors directly contro

69 ng code models, we find evidence of splicing antagonism between CELF2 and the RBFOX family of splicin

70 The antagonism between GIT2 and DOCK5 extends to non-transfo

71 Our data also reveal functional antagonism between GPR88 and DOR activities in vivo.

72 outgrowths, identifies a novel, significant antagonism between p21 and ras(Ha)/ROCK2/NF-kappaB signa

73 to chromatin at active genes and that mutual antagonism between RNA and chromatin underlies the patte

74 he first evidence of DDR-mediated functional antagonism between senescence and MYOD-activated gene ex

75 The antagonism between the GTPases Rac1 and RhoA controls ce

76 In particular, we discuss the antagonism between the immunostimulatory and immunosuppr

77 Antagonism between the sensory neurons results in cellul

78 cell fate commitment is regulated by mutual antagonism between the transcription factors Bcl6 and Bl

79 presence of the ligand and demonstrates the antagonism between the two beta-arrestin isoforms in con

80 h H77.16 and broadly reactive HMAbs revealed antagonism between these antibodies.

81 Cell-autonomous antagonism between these pathways enables cells to switc

82 ate both surfactant and formulation specific antagonisms between thymol and the emulsifying agents.

83 tative extrasynaptic AMPA receptors as their antagonism blocked DHK responses in the intact rat nTS a

84 this hypothesis, we evaluated whether HMGB1 antagonism blocks the protracted neuroinflammatory and s

85 chinery for contact-dependent interbacterial antagonism, but its impact within gut microbial communit

86 losclerosis can be induced by angiotensin II antagonism, but the effect of these treatments on the en

87 -Fc scavenger for extracellular BDNF or TrkB antagonism, but were eliminated by neutralizing antisera

88 enerally to other receptors considering that antagonism by a specific ligand is often not compared at

89 Thus, non-canonical PI3K-antagonism by Itpkb restricts pre-TCR induced metabolic

90 extends beyond simple competitive agonism or antagonism by ligands interacting with the orthosteric b

91 wever, a deletion in human tetherin prevents antagonism by the Nef proteins of SIVcpz and SIVgor, whi

92 erized effectors required for interbacterial antagonism by the plant commensal bacterium Pseudomonas

93 enous MOR agonist endomorphin-1, and a cross-antagonism, by which a MOR antagonist counteracted MAPK

94 ating-type genes, despite the lack of sexual antagonism, calls for a unified theory of sex-related ch

95 Thus, antagonism can be surmountable or insurmountable dependi

96 Though highly effective, AR antagonism can produce tumors that bypass a functional r

97 erapy failure of 3.00 (95% CI, 2.08-4.33) in antagonism concentration range.

98 pe appears to be influenced by NMDA receptor antagonism, consistent with a critical role for glutamat

99 tively, these results indicate that glucagon antagonism could i) be a useful adjuvant therapy in diab

100 We also evaluated whether AHR antagonism could promote innate lymphoid cell differenti

101 Instead, CsrA mutants resistant to FliW antagonism (crw) altered residues of CsrA on an alloster

102 This antagonism decreases the magnitude and the sensitivity o

103 Conversely, leptin antagonism delayed disease progression and increased sur

104 nd uncover an unexpected modulation of SA/JA antagonism depending on the biological context in which

105 ET-1 receptor antagonism did not affect responses to thrombin or A2318

106 Neurokinin-1-receptor antagonism did not alter pneumonia mortality in tail tra

107 Functional integrin antagonism does not contribute significantly to efficacy

108 this phenomenon, including a model of sexual antagonism driving X inactivation (SAXI) [6-8] and a com

109 ering OT under simultaneously induced opioid antagonism during dyadic gaze interactions in monkeys.

110 o-cell heterogeneity controlled by Rac1/RhoA antagonism during epidermal morphogenesis.

111 for the antihyperalgesic effects of sigma-1 antagonism during inflammation.

112 TLR2 antagonism effectively suppressed initiation and growth

113 nses, which can be ameliorated upon receptor antagonism even during injury progression.

114 xpression is protective whereas PK2 receptor antagonism exacerbates dopaminergic degeneration in expe

115 Receptor-antagonism experiments revealed that the increase in pho

116 Both CA and IA also identified antagonism for daphnid growth.

117 in and underscore the importance of tetherin antagonism for efficient viral replication.

118 Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial i

119 Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial i

120 Olig1 function is required downstream of BMP antagonism for response to injury in the neonatal brain.

121 etreated ccRCC, validating direct HIF-2alpha antagonism for the treatment of patients with ccRCC.

122 Consistent with this finding, BDNF/TrkB antagonism had little effect on reducing BRS in CHF anim

123 racted abstinence test sessions, whereas KOR antagonism had no effect on physiological withdrawal sco

124 GABAA receptor agonism and antagonism had opposite effects on cortical ACh levels i

125 Center-surround antagonism has been used as the canonical model to descr

126 However, the nature of their P2Y1R antagonism has not been characterized.

127 esis and provide rationale for dual cytokine antagonism in future studies.

128 ents enrolled in the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan

129 was performed of the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure: Outcome Study with Tolvapta

130 imited data on the impact of selective KOP-r antagonism in humans on basic biobehavioral functions, o

131 We also assessed the protective effect of MR antagonism in IR-induced AKI in the Large White pig, a m

132 was evidence of agonism in female cells and antagonism in male cells of PPARgamma by simultaneous ex

133 mechanistic explanation of their functional antagonism in regulating PGF promoter activity.

134 nitive support for an essential role of SERT antagonism in the acute and chronic actions of two commo

135 The results indicated that site-specific KOR antagonism in the CeA ameliorated escalated alcohol self

136 havioral blocking can occur without receptor antagonism in the nose.

137 The benefits of MR antagonism in the pig provide a rational basis for futur

138 Recombinant virus (rAAV) leptin antagonism in the VTA decreased wheel running in standar

139 RARbeta antagonism in uninjured limbs induced a loss of skeletal

140 B with the IR antagonist S961 shows distinct antagonism in vitro and in vivo.

141 These findings demonstrate that P2X7R antagonism in vivo represents a promising therapeutic st

142 In naive rats, PG EP3 receptor (EP3R) antagonism in vlPAG modulated noxious withdrawal reflex

143 hange capacity (CEC) but less than additive (antagonism) in a low-CEC soil.

144 Insulin receptor antagonism increased pancreatic beta-cell mass threefold

145 distances, we found that the probability of antagonism increased the more metabolically similar the

146 This antagonism involves reduced phosphorylation of SMADs and

147 Thus, BCL-2 antagonism is a clinically relevant intervention with th

148 nd habit-sustaining effects of cocaine, this antagonism is attenuated by cocaine and comes to be atte

149 d the host restriction factor tetherin, this antagonism is carried out via direct interactions betwee

150 la, and Caenorhabditis elegans suggests this antagonism is conserved throughout evolution.

151 Nerve growth factor (NGF) antagonism is on the verge of becoming a powerful analge

152 o several neurological disorders, but direct antagonism is poorly tolerated therapeutically.

153 RF1R, also known as CRHR1), given that CRF1R antagonism is sufficient to prevent acute SSRI-induced e

154 Thus, selective OX2R antagonism is sufficient to promote REM and NREM sleep a

155 This antagonism is suggested to be a consequence of the abili

156 A third proposed mechanism of immune antagonism is that poorly neutralizing antibodies bindin

157 sults demonstrate that FGF-TGFbeta signaling antagonism is the primary regulator of the SMC phenotype

158 his siderophore-based mechanism of microbial antagonism may be one of many elements contributing to t

159 d suggest that administering OT under opioid antagonism may boost the therapeutic efficacy of OT for

160 Thus, Nef-mediated SERINC5 antagonism may determine the ability of primate lentivir

161 ice, and suggest that long-term ETA receptor antagonism may provide a strategy for the prevention of

162 his study provides insight into a new immune antagonism mechanism by which the binding of antibodies

163 We speculate that interbacterial antagonism mediated by LXG toxins plays a critical role

164 uggesting mechanisms by which angiotensin II antagonism mediates regeneration of capillary segments.

165 Estrogen receptor antagonism might be of value in reducing oxidative stres

166 LPAR antagonism might provide complementary beneficial effect

167 Specifically, let-7 and miR-148 antagonism modified PTH secretion in vivo and in vitro,

168 nism to pathogen facilitation, with pathogen antagonism most commonly reported.

169 7 inhibition potentiated the effect of SDF-1 antagonism, most probably by downregulating SDF-1 and th

170 Highlighting the clinical potential of CXCR7 antagonism, nebulization of the agent before and after t

171 vel phosphomimetic-based mechanism for viral antagonism of 14-3-3-mediated immunity, which might guid

172 tes working and reference memory through the antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) controllin

173 These effects were mimicked by antagonism of adenosine receptors with 8-(p-sulfophenyl)

174 ing of the leukocyte-endothelium adhesion by antagonism of alpha4 integrin reduces infarct volumes an

175 r the alpha7-nAChR, showing no activation or antagonism of alpha4beta2-nAChR or 5-HT3AR at concentrat

176 rAmy(8-37) Y37P exhibited enhanced antagonism of AMY1 while retaining selectivity.

177 Simultaneous antagonism of apoptosis and RNAseL increased viral repli

178 fall in the BP of HS rats (33%), and central antagonism of AT1 receptors (losartan) microinjected int

179 of browning in WAT and could be reversed by antagonism of beta3 adrenergic receptors.

180 Although antagonism of cell-surface NMDA receptors (NMDARs) may t

181 Antagonism of CRF-R1 with CP-154526 caused an accumulati

182 Intra-VTA antagonism of CRF1R and activation of CRF2R resulted in

183 Antagonism of D2R signaling in the striatum is thought t

184 f multiple prostanoid receptors, with absent antagonism of EP2 and IP, may provide more effective ant

185 In obese subjects, antagonism of ETA receptors by BQ-123 increased forearm

186 osteric agonist CP55,940 while exhibiting an antagonism of G-protein coupling activity.

187 DPA antagonism of GABArho1 was strongly enhanced by preincub

188 e data support the contention that prolonged antagonism of GCS in the CNS can affect alpha-synuclein

189 for their aggression following preferential antagonism of GluN2D-containing NMDARs.

190 ncer regulation via its GPER receptor; thus, antagonism of GPER represents a potential new target for

191 We also introduce antagonism of GPR55 as a potential therapeutic approach

192 s some of its untoward metabolic effects via antagonism of HTR2C.

193 F206) whose Vpu protein evolved an effective antagonism of human tetherin.

194 2 genes by TonEBP knockdown was abrogated by antagonism of IL-10 by either neutralizing antibodies or

195 excite rat cortical neurons, consistent with antagonism of inhibitory channels and a mechanism of dep

196 elation between NS2's ubiquitin function and antagonism of innate immune signaling to enhance viral r

197 However, while antagonism of mGluR5 may reduce fear conditioning, it ma

198 Importantly, antagonism of miR-128-3p potently reverses metastasis an

199 Systemic antagonism of miR-204 rescues impaired endothelium-depen

200 Antagonism of miR-29 improves in vivo and in vitro featu

201 RNA-29 (miR-29) family upregulation and that antagonism of miR-29 would attenuate pulmonary hypertens

202 erve-gut preparations in mouse, or following antagonism of NaV 1.7 in resected human appendix stimula

203 (iii) Antagonism of orexin receptors with a dual orexin recept

204 Antagonism of P2X3 receptors also reduces arterial press

205 Antagonism of PAR-1 and PAR-2 reduced FXa-induced Ca(2+)

206 Together our results show that antagonism of PKR by HCMV pTRS1 and pIRS1 is critical fo

207 This antagonism of PKR by NSs is essential for efficient RVFV

208 KR activation during HCMV infection and that antagonism of PKR is critical for efficient viral replic

209 ed a Trithorax phenotype, normally linked to antagonism of Polycomb function.

210 Antagonism of PPARgamma blocked the effect of selenium.

211 Antagonism of pro-inflammatory transcription factors by

212 express elevated CRF tone within the VTA and antagonism of pVTA CRF-R1 or aVTA CRF-R2 reverses cocain

213 es of adipogenesis, which can be reversed by antagonism of RA receptors or knockdown of WT1.

214 ing to 14-3-3varepsilon showed impairment in antagonism of RIG-I and elicited a markedly augmented in

215 Furthermore, pharmacological antagonism of T-channels, as well as global deletion of

216 However, the exact mechanism of Vpu-mediated antagonism of tetherin restriction remains to be fully u

217 oids specifically inhibit quorum sensing via antagonism of the autoinducer-binding receptors, LasR an

218 Antagonism of the CAR represents a key strategy for stud

219 as reduction of food intake mediated by the antagonism of the CB1Rs and antifibrotic effect in the a

220 Antagonism of the CXCR4 pathway with AMD3100 (an SDF1/CX

221 n in macrophages and associate with enhanced antagonism of the host restriction factor BM stromal cel

222 use orthotopic lung transplant model of BOS, antagonism of the LPA receptor (LPA1) or ATX inhibition

223 dependent increase in PSD-95 is prevented by antagonism of the mGluR5 receptor.

224 of DNA double-strand breaks in part through antagonism of the nonhomologous end-joining factor 53BP1

225 Antagonism of the P2-type nucleotide receptors, P2X1 and

226 Antagonism of the postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate su

227 This provides the first report of viral antagonism of the splicing factor SRSF2 and identifies t

228 thus supporting a mechanistic link with the antagonism of the viroid on the virus in co-infected tom

229 iciently the Hedgehog pathway through direct antagonism of the wild-type and drug-resistant form of t

230 aling was found to regulate glycolysis, with antagonism of this pathway resulting in anabolic deficit

231 results provide the first evidence of viral antagonism of this splicing factor and suggest that down

232 ease and forskolin-induced cAMP, the mode of antagonism of ticagrelor also appears noncompetitive, at

233 uction of Tie1 in inflammation leads to ANG2 antagonism of Tie2 and initiates a positive feedback loo

234 of both the activation of NF-kappaB and the antagonism of virion entrapment.

235 itive/negative allosteric modulation or full antagonism) of mGluR5 modulation required to translate e

236 We found that the effect of haloperidol antagonism on D2R metabolic signaling events is largely

237 rgic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic receptor antagonism on individual computations of uncertainty dur

238 Finally, we show a clear temporal antagonism on the occupancy of H3K9me3 and H3S10ph modif

239 he various mechanisms by which this nematode antagonism operates or may operate are discussed.

240 STN activity was rescued by NMDA receptor antagonism or the break down of hydrogen peroxide.

241 Altogether, we show that MR antagonism, or deletion of the MR gene in SMCs, limited

242 ity did not correlate with Dectin-1 agonism, antagonism, or potency.

243 reviously undocumented phenomenon that P2Y1R antagonism patterns could vary in different signaling pa

244 Sigma-1 antagonism potentiates the antinociceptive effects of op

245 TGF-beta antagonism prevented these effects.

246 er of platelets (obtained with alphaIIbbeta3 antagonism preventing continued platelet deposition) was

247 In rodents, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism prevents AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion

248 ven peripheral opioid analgesia, and sigma-1 antagonism produces local opioid analgesia by enhancing

249 l experiments, combined ETA and ETB receptor antagonism provided only some of the protection observed

250 P2X4 antagonism (PSB-12062 or BX430) inhibited ATP-mediated i

251 maintained responding, and that NOP receptor antagonism, rather than agonism, blocks nicotine self-ad

252 GluN2B antagonism reduced NMDA receptor-mediated currents more

253 CXCR7 antagonism reduced the most potent PMN chemoattractants

254 We aimed to investigate whether sigma-1 antagonism reduces inflammatory pain through the disinhi

255 PAR4 antagonism reduces the maximum thrombin response by over

256 However, the mechanism for this antagonism remained unknown.

257 n FFA4 antagonist; however, its mechanism of antagonism remains unknown.

258 We concluded that ER antagonism rescues estrogen-mediated neutrophil dysfunct

259 atients selected for an enhanced vasopressin antagonism response.

260 In vivo, EP3 receptor antagonism reversed the effect of cancer-induced thrombo

261 Consequently, antagonism should mostly be prevalent among phylogenetic

262 In contrast, miR-122 antagonism shows extensive antiviral effects among all H

263 as feedforward and feedback loops or ligand antagonism, sometimes can be understood as solutions to

264 titumor antibody, with incorporation of CD47 antagonism substantially improving response rates.

265 Although ecological antagonisms such as predation, parasitism, competition,

266 , may also include elements of interspecific antagonism, such as competition for nutrients and its ab

267 As previously reported, pharmacologic antagonism supports a role for PGR signaling in the regu

268 Here we show that RSPO3 antagonism synergizes with paclitaxel based chemotherapi

269 below which there is concentration-dependent antagonism that reduces 2-month sputum culture conversio

270 e spores of chimeras indicates strong social antagonism that should result in low genotypic diversity

271 do not appear to depend on dopamine receptor antagonism, this agent may represent a new class of trea

272 We validate this functional antagonism through knockdown and overexpression experime

273 cis and provide mechanistic insights on Ang2 antagonism, Tie1/Tie2 heterodimerization, and Tie2 clust

274 d mutagenesis, we were able to restore BST-2 antagonism to an inactive Env protein by a single-amino-

275 In summary, the addition of miR-122 antagonism to DAA single treatments had additive or syne

276 The potential for single OX2R antagonism to effectively promote sleep has yet to be de

277 is the symbiosis expected to transition from antagonism to mutualism.

278 disease span the full spectrum from pathogen antagonism to pathogen facilitation, with pathogen antag

279 ng" technology that effectively reduces such antagonism to very low levels.

280 control of its own transmission, needed for antagonism-to-mutualism transition in heritable symbiose

281 pAIOB loci confer dual benefits; they direct antagonism toward non-self bacteria and promote cooperat

282 th either SPHK1 inhibition or S1P receptor 2 antagonism triggered synergistic AML cell death.

283 volutionary strata can evolve without sexual antagonism using fungi that display suppressed recombina

284 ontact-dependent mechanism of interbacterial antagonism utilized by Firmicutes has not been elucidate

285 Receptor affinity, selectivity, and agonism/antagonism varied upon enlarging macrocycle size, giving

286 r results were not compounded by whether the antagonism was between sympatric or allopatric strains.

287 dditional effect of ticagrelor beyond P2Y12R antagonism was in part as a consequence of ticagrelor in

288 The reason behind this antagonism was investigated through oxidation reactions

289 Interestingly, an antagonism was observed as T. halophilus only proliferat

290 In this study, antagonism was the predominant effect.

291 and the antihyperalgesic effects of sigma-1 antagonism were abolished by reducing the neutrophil loa

292 h converted promoter methylation during DMOG antagonism were associated across several categories of

293 SERINC5 restriction and Nef antagonism were not associated with significant alterati

294 to avoid ADCC, including Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism, which decreases the overall amount of Env pr

295 crescentic nephritis, that of glucocorticoid antagonism, which was at least as effective as high-dose

296 on during renal IR that can be blocked by MR antagonism with BR-4628.

297 the Gwl-ENSA pathway emerges from its mutual antagonism with PP2A:B55.

298 Isoniazid had concentration-dependent antagonism with rifampin and pyrazinamide, with an adjus

299 AD and whether protease-activated receptor 1 antagonism with vorapaxar reduced ALI overall and by typ

300 cally between host generations, originate as antagonisms with parasite dispersal constrained by the h