ライフサイエンスコーパス: antibody titer

1 nt was seroconversion or a >/=4-fold rise in antibody titer.

2 l of the liver to lead to a reduction in the antibody titer.

3 nfection was defined as a 4-fold increase in antibody titer.

4 responding increase in the specific blocking antibody titer.

5 of stool samples or 4-fold increase in serum antibody titers.

6 pite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers.

7 efficacy correlated with serum neutralizing antibody titers.

8 polymerase chain reaction and serum-specific antibody titers.

9 memory B-cell function and influenza A(H1N1) antibody titers.

10 ent but does not always result in protective antibody titers.

11 achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers.

12 sure histamine release (HR) and specific IgE antibody titers.

13 ulted in higher (although not significantly) antibody titers.

14 of preexisting, cross-reactive, HA-specific antibody titers.

15 significant rises in convalescent influenza antibody titers.

16 from all symptomatic dengue disease at high antibody titers.

17 d in intramuscular IPV, resulted in inferior antibody titers.

18 so had significant increases in neutralizing antibody titers.

19 ransgenic expression of BCL2 increased serum antibody titers.

20 both vaccinated groups correlated with H3N2 antibody titers.

21 criteria plus positive antinuclear and other antibody titers.

22 thin a narrow range of preexisting anti-DENV antibody titers.

23 pecific CD4(+) T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers.

24 assay was used to measure patient and donor antibody titers.

25 number of oocysts in control mosquitoes) and antibody titers.

26 rospectively by unusually high ZIKV-specific antibody titers.

27 jects developed protective anti-rabies virus antibody titers.

28 s demonstrated by similar serum neutralizing antibody titers.

29 going lowering of Ig levels and CMV-specific antibody titers.

30 cted in 2015 showed a high prevalence of IDV antibody titers (11.7%), while archive sera from 2009 sh

31 inhibition assay) and a significantly higher antibody titer (112 vs 76; P = .04).

32 0-fold increases in potency, 700-fold higher antibody titers, 400-fold higher cellular responses to a

33 We measured antibody titers (50% plaque reduction neutralization tes

34 t 1 x 10(11) viral particles (v.p.) elicited antibody titers 64- to 256-fold greater than those seen

35 logic infection (P = .01) and maintenance of antibody titer above a potentially protective threshold

36 esponse was impaired in 87% of patients (ie, antibody titer above cutoff and twofold increase between

37 This occurred despite neutralizing-antibody titers above the minimum levels required for pr

38 ikingly, independent of age and pre-existing antibody titers, accurate models could be constructed us

39 , the fold increase in A(H1N1)pdm09-specific antibody titer after infection was inversely correlated

40 While anti-Abeta antibody titers after AV-1953R immunization were similar

41 nded with significantly higher PspA-specific antibody titers after immunization with PspA.

42 ciated with serotype-specific and functional antibody titers after pneumococcal vaccination, with a m

43 mmunoglobulin G concentrations or functional antibody titers after pneumococcal vaccination.

44 gatively correlated with YF-17D-neutralizing antibody titers after vaccination.

45 was detected using ELISA assay, neutralizing antibodies titers against coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), ent

46 fitness advantage by measuring neutralizing antibody titer against reporter virus particles (RVPs) r

47 ed sera demonstrated a >/=4-fold increase in antibody titer against the infecting type.

48 s to evaluate the relationship between serum antibody titers against 19 selected oral microorganisms

49 n based on serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against each vaccine strain.

50 onses against the IZ, but did not affect the antibody titers against Env or HA.

51 sponses to the HIV antigens, leading to high antibody titers against gp140.

52 Adjuvanted vaccines stimulated robust serum antibody titers against HA and neuraminidase compared wi

53 oration into RABV virions resulted in higher antibody titers against HeV G compared to inactivated RA

54 beads, and antibody breadth and neutralizing antibody titers against homologous and heterologous tier

55 Similarly, antibody titers against influenza virus hemagglutinin an

56 sease activity was monitored using serum IgG antibody titers against lipid antigens extracted from a

57 Natural antibody titers against M2FA are elevated in atheroscler

58 mmunogen is able to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers against MERS-CoV.

59 , and red-green-named to reflect predominant antibody titers against microorganisms in Socransky's cl

60 tion targeted for vaccination maintains high antibody titers against NmA.

61 Groups of antibody titers against periodontal microorganisms were

62 Neutralizing antibody titers against PV1-RC2010 were significantly lo

63 Antibody titers against the 3 vaccine strains (H1N1, H3N

64 s of Brucella leads to the induction of high antibody titers against the OPS, an unbranched homopolym

65 ocytic phase of the disease and induces high antibody titers against the P. falciparum circumsporozoi

66 s in all regimens significantly boosted EnvA antibody titers, although vaccine order in the heterolog

67 nistration during pregnancy did not decrease antibody titers among infants at birth.

68 ulted in a decrease in average measles virus antibody titers among plasma donors, which is reflected

69 ie, a >/=4-fold increase in the neutralizing antibody titer and a titer of >/=40 from month 13 to mon

70 The antibody titer and avidity of immunoglobulin (Ig) G spec

71 he results showed that sE1E2 elicited higher antibody titers and a greater breadth of reactivity than

72 e infected with CX4C viruses also had higher antibody titers and a Th1-biased T cell memory response

73 and inflammation correlated negatively with antibody titers and B-cell function, which was not enhan

74 The vaccine elicited high virus neutralizing antibody titers and conferred complete protection in all

75 Serial serum anti-alpha-toxin antibody titers and functional alpha-toxin neutralizatio

76 ryl lipid A (MPL) elicited high neutralizing antibody titers and improved survival but did not reduce

77 adjuvantation of VLP increased endpoint and antibody titers and inhibited influenza virus replicatio

78 gative results correlated with lower surface antibody titers and longer time since infusion, suggesti

79 nation of Trl5(-/-) mice resulted in reduced antibody titers and lower frequencies of plasma cells, d

80 ed cells, and were associated with decreased antibody titers and lower numbers of plasma cells.

81 Higher preinoculation serum neutralizing antibody titers and nasal immunoglobulin (Ig) A predicte

82 While antibody titers and neutralization are considered the go

83 mice showed that Fc-d E1E2 elicited anti-E2 antibody titers and neutralization of HCV pseudotype vir

84 immune response was evaluated based on serum antibody titers and production of T cell-derived cytokin

85 ation with M8 increased anti-influenza virus antibody titers and protected animals from lethal influe

86 lysaccharide adjuvants enhances neutralizing-antibody titers and protection against clinical disease

87 t significantly increased serum neutralizing-antibody titers and reduced lung virus titers on day 3 p

88 AP) induced both strong anti-alpha-synuclein antibody titers and regulatory T cells (Tregs).

89 Subsequently, PspA-specific antibody titers and resistance of mice against invasive

90 f a CRM197-MenC vaccine increasing anti-MenC antibody titers and serum bactericidal activity (SBA) ag

91 ciation between preexisting variant-specific antibody titers and subsequent carriage of pneumococcus

92 icited significantly higher total IgG and Nt antibody titers and suggests a novel approach to enhance

93 y of the offspring, measured by neutralizing antibody titers and survival rates after virus challenge

94 vTRAP) and show their ability to induce high antibody titers and T cell responses in mice.

95 The HRV dose increases antirotavirus serum antibody titers and the proportion of infants with detec

96 ant virus particles elicited protective RABV antibody titers, and animals immunized with a combinatio

97 (anti-PT) or anti-filamentous hemagglutinin antibody titers, and by genetic testing (polymerase chai

98 omologous and heterologous neutralizing (Nt) antibody titers, and cross-genotype protection in a muri

99 avidity, measurement of measles neutralizing antibody titers, and genotyping were performed to charac

100 owever, CTD2 induced strong Bmem cell-driven antibody titers, and the CTD2 antibody was neutralizing

101 nstrated that CTD1 induced strong recall IgG antibody titers, and this led to the development of func

102 A decline of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody titers (anti-HCV), ultimately resulting in sero

103 like particles resulted in high neutralizing antibody titers ( approximately 1/100,000) that protecte

104 ond vaccination significantly increased EnvA antibody titers (approximately 20-fold from the median e

105 (gH pentamer), (iv) equivalent neutralizing antibody titers are induced in mice following immunizati

106 Since high antibody titers are required for AD vaccine efficacy, we

107 Antibody titers, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorb

108 Geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers, as measured by the 50% plaque reduction

109 ginine and citrulline levels, anti-ADI-PEG20 antibody titer, ASS1 methylation status, and metabolic r

110 EPD of OVA induced anti-OVA antibody titer at a level comparable to intradermal (ID)

111 1 patients with antibodies, lower anti-PLA2R antibody titer at baseline (P=0.001) and full antibody d

112 asts correlated with and predicted influenza antibody titers at 1 month after vaccination with >80% a

113 H1N1 vaccine (15-microg dose; Novartis), and antibody titers at baseline and after immunization were

114 ndidates with negative anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibody titers at baseline who received standard-dose H

115 produced higher hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers at day 21 in obese compared to nonobese

116 28 days after dose 1 significantly increased antibody titers at day 56, but the effect was diminished

117 titers but significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers at higher doses.

118 (minimum titer of 1:40 and >/=4-fold rise in antibody titer) at 1 month postvaccination based on seru

119 The new formulation induced not only high antibody titers but also a Th1 skewed immune response as

120 AV IgG and IgA titers and virus-neutralizing antibody titers but not hemagglutinin stalk antibody tit

121 ticipants, with similar glycoprotein-binding antibody titers but significantly higher neutralizing an

122 SP boost regime, however, increases anti-CSP antibody titers by an order of magnitude, which is maint

123 come was seroprotection rate (anti-influenza antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition) 21 d aft

124 x vaccinees, women had higher anti-HPV-16/18 antibody titers compared to men.

125 tionic NPs led to enhanced systemic and lung antibody titers compared with anionic NPs.

126 with a reduction in anti-P. gingivalis serum antibody titers compared with wild-type infected control

127 Typically such studies demonstrate improved antibody titer comparing monomeric and nano-arrayed anti

128 Since antibody titers correlated with protection in preclinica

129 Antibody titers decrease with time following influenza v

130 cell recovery, transgene-specific serum IgG antibody titers develop and reach a concentration equiva

131 Anti-HIV antibody titers did not differ between study arms.

132 s JCPyV naive pretransplant, but showed high antibody titers during the neurological symptoms, with t

133 denced by high anti-nucleoprotein (NP) serum antibody titers early, while there is still active viral

134 eolar bone loss and serum anti-P. gingivalis antibody titers equivalent to wild-type infected mice.

135 ixture distributions, we show that 2009 H1N1 antibody titers fall into four titer subgroups and that

136 g primary H1N1 virus infection but increased antibody titers following a sequential infection with ei

137 10 days), which are responsible for boosting antibody titers following infection, and long-lived ASCs

138 enhanced the magnitude and kinetics of serum antibody titers following vaccination, and induced a gre

139 We observed a marked rise in antibody titer from acute-phase to convalescent-phase se

140 tibody half-life was calculated using infant antibody titers from birth to 20 weeks.

141 The fold rise in VZV antibody titers from the time before immunization to 6 w

142 rates and lower hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer geometric mean fold increase against infl

143 seroprotection (hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer >/=1:40 on day 28 after vaccination).

144 cts, 43 (91.5%) subjects had JE neutralizing antibody titers >/=10 (reciprocal serum dilution) agains

145 ees had baseline hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers >/=40 to swine-origin IAVs, but only 1 d

146 th endocarditis had phase I immunoglobulin G antibody titers >800 but did not meet the CSTE case defi

147 e the existence of high-average NDV-specific antibody titers (>4.75 log2).

148 baseline, the seroprevalence of anti-A(H5N1) antibodies (titer, >/=80) among exposed individuals was

149 ll responses were high or when the requisite antibody titers had declined.

150 Preexisting Ad26- or Ad35-neutralizing antibody titers had no effect on vaccine safety and litt

151 iruses 1 to 4 (DENV1-4), a specific range of antibody titer has been shown to enhance viral replicati

152 tivity to avian influenza (AI) via low-level antibody titers has been reported in the general populat

153 hows that donors with high ZIKV neutralizing antibody titers have expanded clones of memory B cells t

154 Natural human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody titers have shown protection against subsequent

155 uding higher polysaccharide-specific capsule antibody titers, higher interferon gamma and interleukin

156 The measles virus antibody titer, however, is a potency requirement for IV

157 xes not only induced multi-fold higher serum antibody titer in comparison to all other formulations i

158 e serially monitored 24-hour proteinuria and antibody titer in patients with primary MN and long-last

159 ELISA method was used for detection of NapA antibody titer in the serum of H. pylori infected indivi

160 o of infant cord blood to maternal serum RSV antibody titers in 149 mother-infant pairs was 1.01 (95%

161 dified Rankin Scale scores, and VGKC-complex antibody titers in 5 adult patients (median age, 65 year

162 performed cross-sectional analysis of serum antibody titers in 546 adult subjects stratified by age

163 Antibody titers in a subset of subjects were determined

164 vaccines could also boost RSV neutralization antibody titers in African green monkeys that had been i

165 urified recombinant SLTRiP protein gave high antibody titers in both inbred and outbred mice.

166 High ZIKV-specific antibody titers in cases were unrelated to prior dengue

167 nts with and without detectable anti-GM1 IgM antibody titers in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, bu

168 the ZEBOV-specific cTfh data correlated with antibody titers in human vaccines and unexpectedly with

169 To mitigate the decline in measles virus antibody titers in IVIGs and to ensure consistent produc

170 f vaccine were required to induce detectable antibody titers in most participants.

171 mation (DS-Cav1 F) induces high neutralizing antibody titers in naive animals, but it remains unknown

172 However, the value of anti-PLA2R1 antibody titers in predicting patient outcomes is unknow

173 that are widely used to measure Dsg3 orDsg1 antibody titers in PV.

174 Both binding and neutralizing antibody titers in relation with age of the donors mirro

175 tes, confirmed by high ZIKV immunoglobulin M antibody titers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

176 se absorption, zonulin levels in plasma, and antibody titers in serum were unaffected by buserelin tr

177 This study describes specific antibody titers in the general population 11 months late

178 30-fold increases of RSV-neutralizing serum antibody titers in the presence and absence of added com

179 zing (VN) antibodies, as the heterologous VN antibody titers in the sera of G9P[13]-inoculated pigs w

180 Maternal RSV antibody titers in the third trimester and at birth were

181 After vaccination, antibody titers increased a median of 64-fold.

182 EBOV GP and RABV GP-specific antibody titers increased exponentially during the trial

183 l 24 (100%) individuals during CONV; binding antibody titers increased from AIM through CONV, reachin

184 in vivo, caused up to a 10(4)-fold boost in antibody titers, increased Th1-associated responses, and

185 combined with a potent adjuvant in boosting antibody titers induced by a preceding DNA/MVA immunizat

186 However, the antibody titers induced by H7 viruses were significantly

187 n the standard IPV dose without reduction in antibody titers is possible through intradermal administ

188 In contrast, VZV antibody titers measured 6 weeks after immunization did

189 uenza viruses, protection is correlated with antibody titers measured by hemagglutination inhibition

190 Varicella zoster virus (VZV) antibody titers (measured by a VZV glycoprotein-based en

191 iant than male patients with postvaccination antibody titer measurements.

192 e patients should be motivated to return for antibody titer measurements.

193 Alum increased antibody titers; MF59(R) induced strong antibody and IL-

194 ble HAI-antibodies but high flu-specific IgG-antibody titers mounted rapid functional antibodies afte

195 nvelope antibody response, including binding antibody titers, nAb titers, and nAb breadth.

196 ponse, we measured anti-HCV envelope binding antibody titers, neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers, and

197 antigenic maps constructed from neutralizing antibody titers obtained from African green monkeys and

198 diphtheria as defined by a protective serum antibody titer of >/=0.01 IU/mL.

199 Proportions achieving day 42 antibody titer of 40 or greater or seroconversion (a min

200 on these participants had RSV-A neutralizing antibody titers of >/=1:512, and >70% had titers of 1:10

201 Most subjects achieved HBGA-blocking antibody titers of >/=200.

202 The higher total anti-HRV antibody titers of asthmatic children and their higher a

203 Neutralizing antibody titers of secondary patients reached >80 000 mI

204 a positive value (mean+2SD of pretransplant antibody titers) of IgM AVA (50% versus 37.5%, respectiv

205 Antibody titers often increased across pediatric groups

206 essive therapy without inducing a rebound of antibody titer or an increase in proteinuria.

207 Because antibody titer or isotype does not strictly correlate wi

208 wo groups in the elicited HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers or antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response

209 .5%) reduction in postvaccination functional antibody titers per year.

210 Re-emergence of or increase in antibody titers precedes a clinical relapse.

211 etected in PBMCs were highly correlated with antibody titers prechallenge and protection in the RRR c

212 Circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific antibody titers, prechallenge, were associated with prot

213 ate and <2-fold difference in geometric mean antibody titer ratio.

214 Geometric mean antibody titer ratios (3D/2D) for HPV-16 and HPV-18 were

215 Antibody titers remained at similar levels from 1 to 2 y

216 directly compared and determine the minimal antibody titers required to halt transmission in differe

217 % of older children and adults had >/=4-fold antibody titer rise against influenza A(H3N2) and B anti

218 nce of infection based on fourfold influenza antibody titer rises.

219 Despite a decline in stalk-specific serum antibody titers, sequential sH1N1 influenza virus-infect

220 ry cells is directly correlated with insulin antibody titers, suggesting insulin-specific T- and B-ce

221 Ad26-Ad35 elicited significantly higher EnvA antibody titers than Ad35-Ad26.

222 ificantly higher anti O-antigen bactericidal antibody titers than coupling to K37/39, and in comparab

223 ed a stronger increase in anti-P. falciparum antibody titers than Dutch volunteers, indicating simila

224 sition elicited higher GP neutralizing serum antibody titers than the N-P viruses, and unmodified GP

225 Ps induced significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than the post-F/F-containing VLPs or the

226 enter B cell responses that generated higher antibody titers than the soluble trimers and liposome-be

227 ganglia but induced lower serum neutralizing antibody titers than those obtained with gD2t in adjuvan

228 owed that VLPs generated higher neutralizing antibody titers than those with the DNA vaccines, with C

229 F mutant did not induce higher neutralizing antibody titers than wild-type F.

230 nt formulation will be required to establish antibody titers that persist for several malaria transmi

231 fferent adjuvants elicited HCMV neutralizing antibody titers that persisted to high levels over time

232 Further, NP-cdGMP promoted durable antibody titers that were substantially higher than thos

233 y antibody-based with hemagglutinin-directed antibody titer the only universally accepted immune corr

234 tes (ranging from 63%-92% vs 36%-40%), lower antibody titers through postpartum week 24, and overlapp

235 53%) paired sera had a >/=4-fold increase in antibody titer to cluster-related strains as well.

236 A population's natural distribution of antibody titers to an endemic infectious disease may inc

237 V shedding and potential utility of maternal antibody titers to corroborate congenital ZIKV infection

238 Antibody titers to H1N1pdm09 persisted above the protect

239 nly promoted higher binding and neutralizing antibody titers to homosubtypic influenza isolates but a

240 The higher neutralizing antibody titers to HSV-1 offer an explanation for the He

241 Neutralizing antibody titers to HSV-1 were 3.5-fold higher than those

242 Antibody titers to influenza HA and NA antigens may pers

243 Antibody titers to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neur

244 e fit mathematical models of the dynamics of antibody titers to P. falciparum antigens from longitudi

245 We describe the distributions of antibody titers to subtypes 2009 H1N1 and H3N2.

246 d between 2009 and 2013 from which we report antibody titers to the influenza virus HA1 protein using

247 responses demonstrates significantly higher antibody titers to tprK variable region sequences found

248 Serum antibody titers to vaccine-related antigens were measure

249 Following vaccine-mediated boosting of antibody titers to viral interleukin-10, there was modes

250 ased 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) neutralizing antibody titers (up to 4.9-fold) in up to 72% of samples

251 ed to assess NmA-specific serum bactericidal antibody titers using rabbit complement (rSBA) and NmA-s

252 The ratio of IgG1 to IgG2A antibody titer was 3-fold to 10-fold higher for untreate

253 ver 18 months; overall, a 2-fold decrease in antibody titer was estimated to take >600 days for all H

254 ction in humoral/cell-mediated immunity, and antibody titer was observed.

255 No elevation of anti-PT antibody titers was observed in the patient.

256 Mean antibody titers were 3.6 and 0.35 IU/mL against tetanus

257 Neutralizing measles virus antibody titers were above the threshold for protective

258 events after column reuse, and anti-A/anti-B antibody titers were assessed.

259 Higher cord blood RSV antibody titers were associated with a lower risk of ser

260 Higher cord blood antibody titers were associated with protection from ser

261 Additionally, stalk-specific antibody titers were boosted following sequential infect

262 The z-score antibody titers were clustered into four mutually exclus

263 anti-PT IgG, anti-Prn IgG, and anti-FHA IgG antibody titers were comparable for both groups.

264 obulin G concentrations and opsonophagocytic antibody titers were demonstrated 1 month after each of

265 Significantly lower antibody titers were detected in HIV-infected mothers an

266 tion-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition antibody titers were determined in subjects >/=13 years.

267 tion-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition antibody titers were determined to assess susceptibility

268 No differences in anti-V3 fHbp antibody titers were elicited by the wild-type V3 fHbp,

269 Safety data, viremia, and neutralizing antibody titers were evaluated.

270 No significant differences in anti-HPV-16 antibody titers were found among vaccine groups.

271 No sex-specific differences in antibody titers were found in the Gardasil group.

272 The 19 antibody titers were grouped into 4 categories via clust

273 Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody titers were higher in cases, CMV-specific T-cel

274 Anti-HPV-18 antibody titers were higher in the Cervarix group compar

275 Consistently, high levels of antibody titers were induced, even at the lowest dose te

276 antibody titers but not hemagglutinin stalk antibody titers were lower in progestin-treated mice tha

277 Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers were measured at baseline and 30 and 180

278 Measles antibody titers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosor

279 -cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, and antibody titers were measured by using standard techniqu

280 after the booster dose, significantly lower antibody titers were measured in the Tdap group for anti

281 YF neutralizing antibody titers were measured using a microneutralizatio

282 CD4 T cells was quantified; and neutralizing antibody titers were measured.

283 Highest antibody titers were observed in the 7.5 microg + 0.25 m

284 261/surf or SL3261/sec, peak total serum IgG antibody titers were reached more rapidly in mice that r

285 hole-cell inclusion immunofluorescence serum antibody titers were recorded among infertile women seen

286 ZIKV-specific antibody titers were significantly higher in cases than

287 Neutralizing antibody titers were similar in immunized CD8alpha(-/-),

288 Initial alpha-toxin-specific antibody titers were similar, compared with those in the

289 Low (<1:64) neutralizing antibody titers were similarly detected in CMV-infected

290 Glycoprotein-binding antibody titers were sustained through 180 days in all p

291 Increases in virus-specific antibody titers were variable and transient in infected

292 accine responsiveness (>/=4-fold increase in antibody titer) were lower in HIV-infected participants

293 T-PCR) for MERS-CoV and showed high MERS-CoV antibody titers, whereas his nasopharyngeal swab was rRT

294 izing immunity with a saturated neutralizing antibody titer, which no longer increased after challeng

295 igh EBOV-specific IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibody titers, which exceeded or equaled titers observ

296 rvive VHSV infection and maintain detectable antibody titers while harboring viral RNA.

297 ombination showed increased antigen-specific antibody titer with an overall balanced Th1/Th2 response

298 ce of highly elevated serum immunoglobulin G antibody titers with a high avidity index (>/= 55%), abs

299 D2 to form a trivalent vaccine, neutralizing antibody titers with and without complement were signifi

300 may be at least partly related to measuring antibody titers with the traditional HI and MN assays, w