ライフサイエンスコーパス: apelin

1 tion of EC targets of BMP signaling, such as apelin.

2 echanical stretch and the endogenous peptide apelin.

3 ciated damage, which could not be rescued by apelin.

4 f target genes including APLN, which encodes apelin.

5 equence similarity to the established ligand apelin.

6 abrachial infusions of apelin-36 and (Pyr(1))apelin-13 (0.1 to 30 nmol/min) and subsequently in the p

7 assessed under IV osmotic pump infusions of apelin-13 (0.25 mug/kg/min) or dobutamine (7.5 mug/kg/mi

8 addition, direct microinjection of exogenous apelin-13 (200 pmol in 50 nL) into the RVLM caused a 20

9 Systemic infusions of (Pyr(1))apelin-13 (30 to 300 nmol/min) increased cardiac index a

10 infusions of the apelinergic agonists ELA or Apelin-13 (39 and 15 microg/kg/hr, respectively) versus

11 he improved method, we detected pyroglutamyl apelin-13 [(pyr)apelin-13] as the major apelin isoform p

12 We show that [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 acts as a modulating neurotransmitter in the n

13 s2235312T were associated with low levels of apelin-13 and nitrite (P < 0.05).

14 Apelin-13 and nitrite levels and apelin and NOS3 express

15 However, ELA proved better than Apelin-13 by improving fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular

16 del and in both in vivo and ex vivo studies, apelin-13 compared with dobutamine provoked distinctive

17 dilation (p < 0.0001), apelin-36 and (Pyr(1))apelin-13 had no effect on dorsal hand vein diameter (p

18 suggest that the pressor action of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 in the RVLM of normotensive rats is not mediat

19 By contrast, the [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 induced pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects

20 ions of APJ agonism during prolonged (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusion and renin-angiotensin system activati

21 Prolonged 6-hour (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusion caused a sustained increase in cardia

22 his inflammatory cardiovascular dysfunction, apelin-13 infusion delivers distinct and optimized hemod

23 f the apelinergic system by exogenous ELA or Apelin-13 infusion improves cardiovascular function and

24 Systemic intravenous (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusion increased cardiac index, whereas redu

25 or prolonged systemic (30 nmol/min) (Pyr(1))apelin-13 infusions in the presence or absence of renin-

26 Bilateral microinjection of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM),

27 Apelin-13 is a powerful inotropic candidate that could b

28 ed luminal secretion of the pyroglutaminated apelin-13 isoform ([Pyr-1]-apelin-13) in the small intes

29 ociated with decreased apelin expression and apelin-13 levels.

30 dult males) to assess the effects of ELA and Apelin-13 on vascular and cardio-renal function.

31 Since Apelin-13 signals through its receptor (Apelin peptide j

32 Bilateral RVLM microinjection of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13 significantly increased ABP (9 +/- 1 mmHg) com

33 Apelin-13 was recently proposed as an alternative to the

34 Acute cardiac effects of ELA-32 and [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 were assessed by MRI and cardiac catheterizati

35 pyroglutaminated apelin-13 isoform ([Pyr-1]-apelin-13) in the small intestine of mice.

36 Intrabrachial infusions of (Pyr(1))apelin-13, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside cause

37 ns (0.1 to 3 nmol/min) of apelin-36, (Pyr(1))apelin-13, and sodium nitroprusside (0.6 nmol/min).

38 se beneficial renal effects were superior to Apelin-13, likely because full-length ELA enabled a dist

39 ssion was also reduced with the treatment of apelin-13, which deacetylates histones.

40 Our study identified new potent analogues of apelin-13, which represent valuable probes to better und

41 y can robustly measure endogenous Ang II and apelin-13-converting activities involved in the renin-an

42 In vitro studies confirmed that these apelin-13-driven processes encompassed a significant and

43 erine residues had no demonstrable impact on apelin-13-induced G protein activation and its intracell

44 e vasopressin V1a receptor but that [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13-induced sympathoexcitation is independent of a

45 etion and angiotensin II coinfusion, (Pyr(1))apelin-13-induced vasodilatation was preserved (P<0.02 f

46 nisms involved in the regulation of [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13-mediated cardiovascular control within the ros

47 The [Pyr(1) ]apelin-13-mediated pressor response and the increased lo

48 (Pyr(1))apelin-13-mediated vasodilation was attenuated by the ni

49 sustained drop in blood pressure compared to apelin-13.

50 ore potent to inhibit cAMP accumulation than apelin-13.

51 beta-arrestin recruitment to APJ induced by apelin-13.

52 lso suitable for measuring the conversion of apelin-13.

53 ncy to inhibit cAMP accumulation compared to apelin-13.

54 od, we detected pyroglutamyl apelin-13 [(pyr)apelin-13] as the major apelin isoform present in plasma

55 previously showed that the C-terminal Phe of apelin 17 (K17F) is crucial for triggering apelin recept

56 use plasma (T1/2 > 10 h) than the endogenous apelin-17 peptide 2 (T1/2 < 4 min).

57 ysmography during intrabrachial infusions of apelin-36 and (Pyr(1))apelin-13 (0.1 to 30 nmol/min) and

58 roprusside caused venodilation (p < 0.0001), apelin-36 and (Pyr(1))apelin-13 had no effect on dorsal

59 (30kDa-PEG)] is 10,000-fold less potent than apelin-36 at activating the APJ receptor but retains its

60 e demonstrate that the metabolic activity of apelin-36 can be separated from canonical APJ activation

61 Apelin-36 has been linked to two major types of biologic

62 Intracoronary bolus of apelin-36 increased coronary blood flow and the maximum

63 ndings to develop a longer-acting variant of apelin-36 that could modulate glucose homeostasis withou

64 We developed a series of apelin-36 variants in which evolutionarily conserved res

65 Apelin-36 was discovered as the endogenous ligand for th

66 In contrast to its full metabolic activity, apelin-36(L28A) lost the ability to suppress blood press

67 We found that apelin-36(L28A) retains full metabolic activity, but is

68 intravenous infusions (0.1 to 3 nmol/min) of apelin-36, (Pyr(1))apelin-13, and sodium nitroprusside (

69 Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] is 10,000-fold less potent t

70 Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] provides a starting point fo

71 improved endothelial function by increasing apelin, a BMPR2 target.

72 roblast transition by functionally targeting apelin, a critical repressor of fibrogenesis.

73 nducible factor stimulates the expression of apelin, a potent vasodilator, in response to reduced blo

74 urysm formation; we found that coinfusion of apelin abrogated these effects.

75 ystem, adding a conceptual framework for the apelin-ACE2-angiotensin 1-7 axis as a therapeutic target

76 eta-arrestins or by pharmacological doses of apelin acting through Galphai.

77 Apelin activity was associated with phosphorylation of A

78 Acute apelin administration in humans causes peripheral and co

79 transport of glucose, and 4) intraperitoneal apelin administration in neonates increased glucose upta

80 IV apelin administration induced excessive bleeding and pre

81 tives were to establish the effects of acute apelin administration on peripheral, cardiac, and system

82 Ectopic expression of Apelin, an Agtrl1b ligand, results in the complete absen

83 The apelin and apelin receptor (APJ) system is involved in t

84 reased expression of the EC tip cell markers apelin and Dll4 and is associated with a reduction in mi

85 (2015) demonstrate that the secreted protein Apelin and hematopoietic-endothelial cell interactions c

86 Apelin and its cognate G protein-coupled receptor APJ co

87 sequently, human and mouse platelets express apelin and its receptor APJ.

88 Apelin and its receptor are widely distributed in the br

89 Growing evidences indicate that apelin and its receptor, APJ, which are expressed across

90 Apelin-13 and nitrite levels and apelin and NOS3 expression were down-regulated in HAPE-p

91 the brown adipogenic and browning effects of apelin and suggests a potential therapeutic route to com

92 Taken together, these findings suggest that apelin and/or APJ agonists could potentially be useful a

93 tide), hormonal (e.g., gastrin, ghrelin, and apelin), and paracrine (e.g., histamine) pathways as wel

94 ion of the potent angiogenic factors VEGF-A, apelin, and angiopoietin-like protein 4.

95 tip cells, such as angiopoietin-2, ESM1, and Apelin, and impaired tip cell formation.

96 ibits a cardiovascular profile comparable to apelin, and is downregulated in human disease and rodent

97 rgeting of apelin cognate receptor abrogates apelin- and endothelial-mediated expansion of glioblasto

98 FA protein and mRNA for delta-like ligand 4, apelin, angiopoietin-2, and monocyte chemoattractant pro

99 ate the genetic and epigenetic regulation of apelin, apelin receptor (APLNR), and endothelial nitric

100 The apelin-apelin receptor system affects arterial blood pre

101 Therefore, the apelin/apelin receptor signalling nexus may operate as a

102 noncanonical signaling pathway downstream of apelin-APJ involving Galpha13, which induces histone dea

103 The apelin-APJ pathway appears to have opposing physiologica

104 Here we investigated whether the apelin-APJ pathway can directly antagonize vascular dise

105 Our results demonstrate a novel role for apelin-APJ signaling as a potent regulator of endothelia

106 Here, we report that apelin-APJ signaling promotes brown adipocyte differenti

107 The apelin-APJ system merits further clinical investigation

108 ommonly shared transcriptional targets among apelin-APJ, Galpha13, and MEF2 in endothelial cells, whi

109 croRNA (miRNA)-dependent association between apelin (APLN) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) sign

110 These included the genes for apelin (Apln) and for its receptor (Aplnr), both of whic

111 (GPCR) signalling, including that involving apelin (APLN) and its receptor APLNR, is known to be imp

112 During embryonic development, Apelin (APLN) is robustly expressed in vascular ECs.

113 As neither of the ligands Ela or Apelin (Apln) nor their receptors have previously been i

114 nding of the fluoresceinated peptide ligand, APELIN (APLN), or an anti-APLNR mAb, were found in both

115 study and sequencing identified variants of apelin, APLNR, and NOS3 that were validated in a larger

116 schemia, indicative of an important role for apelin/Aplnr in cell recruitment during the nascent biol

117 y, both oxidative stress and plasma level of apelin are increased.

118 the identification of the vasoactive peptide apelin as a central regulator for endothelial-mediated m

119 Our data support the promises of apelin as a novel strategy to improve MSC-based therapy

120 blood pressure (BP) but is not required for apelin binding or Gi protein coupling.

121 Conversely, pharmacologic apelin blockade in the intestine reduced the increased g

122 gh having no apparent effect on venous tone, apelin causes nitric oxide-dependent arterial vasodilati

123 In pre-clinical models, apelin causes venous and arterial vasodilation.

124 Genetic and pharmacological targeting of apelin cognate receptor abrogates apelin- and endothelia

125 Apelin concentrations have historically been measured by

126 measured by immunoassays; however, reported apelin concentrations measured in healthy volunteers sho

127 Together, our data demonstrate that apelin controls fetal and neonatal glucose homeostasis a

128 Taken together, our findings suggest that apelin could be effective in treating PAH by rescuing BM

129 Methylation of the apelin CpG island was significantly higher in HAPE-p at

130 The glucose-apelin cycle might be pharmacologically handled to regul

131 In Apelin-deficient gastrulae, the cardiac precursors conve

132 Here we found that ACE2 was downregulated in apelin-deficient mice.

133 In cell culture experiments, we showed that apelin-deficient PAECs were prone to apoptosis and promo

134 s to be realized due to rapid proteolysis of apelin-derived peptides by proteases, including neprilys

135 Apelin directly interferes with thrombin-mediated signal

136 Mice lacking apelin displayed a shorter bleeding time and a prothromb

137 and in vivo, protamine abolishes well-known apelin effects, such as angiogenesis, glucose tolerance,

138 Comparable to apelin, ELA increased cardiac contractility, ejection fr

139 energy balance signals such as adiponectin, apelin, endocannabinoids, leptin, insulin and peptide YY

140 n, whereas cardiac precursors overexpressing Apelin exhibited abnormal morphology and rostral migrati

141 Apelin exists in several isoforms ranging in size from 1

142 the 5' UTR and was associated with decreased apelin expression and apelin-13 levels.

143 Ang-1 also upregulated Jagged-1, Notch3 and apelin expression followed by increases in arteriole for

144 agtrl1b in the lateral plate mesoderm, while apelin expression is confined to the midline.

145 The present study is the first to show that apelin expression is enhanced in the RVLM of SHR versus

146 In line with this finding, apelin expression was upregulated in the infarcted myoca

147 dy the functional consequence of upregulated apelin expression, apelin was overexpressed by bilateral

148 gged1, Dll4, Hey1, Hey2, Hes1) and decreased apelin expression, suggesting a possible cross-talk betw

149 e RVLM resulted in a significant increase in apelin expression, which was associated with a chronic e

150 Our findings indicated that apelin facilitated AD-MSCs-based therapy in PAD, possibl

151 For this purpose, we have used apelin fragments K17F and K16P (K17F with the C-terminal

152 Reduced or excess Agtrl1b or Apelin function caused deficiency of cardiac precursors

153 We conclude that apelin functions as a new and potent chemoattractant for

154 mined in jejunal loops and in mice following apelin gavage.

155 ntagonistic relationship between the RAS and apelin has been proposed, such functional interplay rema

156 Apelin has been shown to protect bone marrow MSCs agains

157 These findings suggest that in these models apelin has minimal effect on sprouting retinal angiogene

158 logs of the Agtrl1b receptor and its ligand, Apelin, implicated in physiology and angiogenesis, contr

159 iphasic response in autophagy was induced by apelin in AD-MSCs during hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenati

160 time, reveals the antioxidant properties of apelin in adipocytes, and suggests its potential as a no

161 activity of this system in rats, the role of apelin in fetal and neonatal glucose homeostasis, and it

162 f the CpG island influence the expression of apelin in HAPE.

163 ELA competed for binding of apelin in human heart with overlap for the 2 peptides in

164 vivo, the placenta released high amounts of apelin in late gestation, 3) intravenous apelin injectio

165 We documented reduced PAEC expression of apelin in PAH patients versus controls.

166 udy was undertaken to evaluate the effect of apelin in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) on bl

167 to establish the direct vascular effects of apelin in vivo in man.

168 Apelin increased specific glucose flux through the gastr

169 Mechanistically, apelin increased the viability of AD-MSCs via promoting

170 In addition, apelin increases the basal activity of brown adipocytes,

171 APJ ligand) remain sensitive, suggesting an apelin-independent function of APJ.

172 In rat primary aortic smooth muscle cells, apelin inhibited Ang II-mediated transcriptional regulat

173 ese and insulin-resistant mice treated by an apelin injection (0.1 mumol/kg/day i.p.) during 4 weeks

174 of apelin in late gestation, 3) intravenous apelin injection in mothers increased the transplacental

175 Injection of apelin into the ischemic myocardium resulted in accelera

176 ots demonstrated that microinjection of AAV2-apelin into the RVLM resulted in a significant increase

177 l expansion and progression, suggesting that apelin is a druggable factor in glioblastoma.

178 Here, we show that apelin is a key player in hemostasis with an ability to

179 Apelin is a peptide that regulates glucose homeostasis a

180 Apelin is a second catalytic substrate for ACE2 and func

181 ABSTRACT: Apelin is a ubiquitous peptide that can elevate arterial

182 vide both in vitro and in vivo evidence that apelin is able to increase the brown-like characteristic

183 We further demonstrate that apelin is able to relieve oxidative stress-induced dysre

184 Apelin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays import

185 Apelin is an adipocytokine secreted by adipocytes, and k

186 Apelin is an important mammalian peptide hormone with a

187 Apelin is emerging as an important hormone regulator of

188 Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the previously orpha

189 Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the previously orpha

190 Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, a m

191 amyl apelin-13 [(pyr)apelin-13] as the major apelin isoform present in plasma from several healthy vo

192 Both apelin isoforms caused reproducible vasodilation in fore

193 escued hypertrophy and heart dysfunctions of apelin-knockout mice.

194 Conversely, we established that apelin, like BMPR2 ligands, suppressed proliferation and

195 ; however, the central mechanisms underlying apelin-mediated changes in sympathetic nerve activity an

196 sion of an NO synthase inhibitor blocked the apelin-mediated decrease in atherosclerosis and aneurysm

197 In endothelial cells, miR-130/301 modulated apelin-miR-424/503-FGF2 signaling, while in smooth muscl

198 Apelin mRNA and protein levels were detected with real-t

199 he impaired contractility and hypertrophy of apelin mutant mice, which was accompanied by restored AC

200 The effects of apelin on (14)C-labeled glucose transport were determine

201 However, the effects of apelin on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) during obesity-rela

202 secretion by enterocytes and the effects of apelin on intestinal glucose absorption.

203 The net effect of apelin on intestinal glucose transepithelial transport w

204 However, the regulatory roles of apelin on oxidative stress in adipocytes remain unknown.

205 dilatation to acetylcholine (P=0.01) but not apelin (P=0.3) or sodium nitroprusside (P=0.9) was atten

206 The Apelin pathway has only recently emerged as an important

207 Apelin peptide and its receptor APJ are directly implica

208 ELA (ELA), a second endogenous ligand of the Apelin peptide jejunum receptor highly expressed in the

209 ince Apelin-13 signals through its receptor (Apelin peptide jejunum) to exert singular inotropic/vaso

210 Our data confirm a role for the apelin peptide system in cardiovascular regulation at th

211 the inherent rapid degradation of endogenous apelin peptides and produce metabolically stable small m

212 tivity relationships for chemically modified apelin peptides and recent disclosures of small molecule

213 Apelin peptides and the apelin receptor represent a rela

214 Apelin peptides are labile in plasma at physiological co

215 wering the plasma pH to 4.5, the recovery of apelin peptides can be increased significantly.

216 the lower limit of detection for most of the apelin peptides monitored to a few pg/ml.

217 orts suggest apelin receptor activation with apelin peptides results in cardioprotection as noted thr

218 his study, an optimized method for enriching apelin peptides with cation-exchange beads followed with

219 sis underlying the functional selectivity of apelin peptides, our study indicates that the beta-arres

220 n receptor (Aplnr) and its endogenous ligand apelin play an important role in cardiovascular developm

221 Apelin plays a prominent role in body fluid and cardiova

222 f neurotransmitter systems through which the apelin pressor response may occur within the RVLM.

223 Here we demonstrated that apelin promoted functional survival of AD-MSCs in ischem

224 s further supported by the observations that apelin promotes the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes v

225 The apelin receptor (APJ) belongs to family A of the G prote

226 The apelin and apelin receptor (APJ) system is involved in the regulati

227 scovered as a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor.

228 ce that apelin, through its interaction with apelin receptor (APJ), suppresses production and release

229 hich highlights the importance of inhibiting apelin receptor (APJ); therefore, we developed a cell-ba

230 Apelin receptor (Aplnr) and its endogenous ligand apelin

231 The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is essential for heart developme

232 genetic and epigenetic regulation of apelin, apelin receptor (APLNR), and endothelial nitric oxide sy

233 r transcripts encoding the G-protein-coupled APELIN receptor (APLNR).

234 ed markedly reduced transcripts encoding the apelin receptor (Micu2(-/-) vs. wild type, P = 7.8 x 10(

235 Several reports suggest apelin receptor activation with apelin peptides results

236 ovides additional proof of principle that an apelin receptor agonist may be of therapeutic use in PAH

237 6 (1) was described as the first nonpeptidic apelin receptor agonist.

238 velopment of metabolically stable ligands of apelin receptor and their effects in various models over

239 , which was blocked by pretreatment with the apelin receptor antagonist, F13A (0 +/- 1 mmHg; P < 0.01

240 the ligand to maintain its affinity for the apelin receptor as well as its capacity to promote apeli

241 deleted), which exhibit opposite profiles on apelin receptor internalization and BP.

242 f apelin 17 (K17F) is crucial for triggering apelin receptor internalization and decreasing blood pre

243 show that both beta-arrestin recruitment and apelin receptor internalization contribute to the K17F-s

244 agonists with regard to cAMP production and apelin receptor internalization, whereas 21 is a biased

245 Apelin peptides and the apelin receptor represent a relatively new therapeutic a

246 receptor as well as its capacity to promote apelin receptor signaling and internalization.

247 r show that during this angioblast migration Apelin receptor signaling is mainly triggered by the rec

248 indicate that Toddler is an activator of APJ/Apelin receptor signaling, promotes gastrulation movemen

249 1 and a concomitant decrease in vasodilatory apelin receptor signaling.

250 tagonists to more rigorously interrogate the apelin receptor system.

251 onally, selective competitive antagonists of apelin receptor were shown to be safe and effective in r

252 Protamine is an antagonist of apelin receptor, and its activity is reversed by heparin

253 tide that acts through the G-protein-coupled apelin receptor, despite lack of sequence similarity to

254 at ELA is an endogenous agonist of the human apelin receptor, exhibits a cardiovascular profile compa

255 of-function mutations in APLNR, encoding the apelin receptor, in patient tumours that were refractory

256 bioavailable agonists and antagonists of the apelin receptor, is crucial.

257 armacology and the physiological role of the apelin receptor, the development of small, bioavailable

258 heart and signaling in cells expressing the apelin receptor.

259 blasts rely on their intrinsic expression of Apelin receptors (Aplr, APJ) for their migration to the

260 energy transfer analysis that the Ang II and apelin receptors interacted physically.

261 ves internalization of G protein-coupled APJ/Apelin receptors, and activation of APJ/Apelin signaling

262 In the lumen, active apelin regulates carbohydrate flux through enterocytes b

263 It is also found that apelin relieves the TNFalpha inhibition on brown adipoge

264 ersed PAH in mice with reduced production of apelin resulting from deletion of PPARgamma in ECs.

265 tent with these functions, administration of apelin reversed PAH in mice with reduced production of a

266 Among the several studied polymorphisms, apelin rs3761581, rs2235312, and rs3115757; APLNR rs1154

267 cells; we studied whether glucose modulates apelin secretion by enterocytes and the effects of apeli

268 We characterized glucose-related luminal apelin secretion in vivo and ex vivo by mass spectroscop

269 men to the bloodstream by increasing luminal apelin secretion.

270 Characterization of Xenopus apelin shows that the sequence of the bioactive region o

271 Taken together, these findings indicate that apelin signaling can block Ang II actions in vascular di

272 However, the role of apelin signaling in stem cell recruitment after ischemia

273 lmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in which apelin signaling is downregulated, and to demonstrate at

274 Apelin signaling plays an important role during embryo d

275 APJ/Apelin receptors, and activation of APJ/Apelin signaling rescues toddler mutants.

276 Finally, the apelin-stimulated improvement of oxidative capacity led

277 Whereas apelin stimulates APJ to activate Galphai and elicits a

278 To the contrary, apelin suppressed autophagic cell death during reoxygena

279 However, aberrations in the apelin system impair pulmonary vascular function, potent

280 Thus, the apelin system in the RVLM may play a very important role

281 The peripheral apelin system plays a significant role in cardiovascular

282 demonstrate that ACE2 couples the RAS to the apelin system, adding a conceptual framework for the ape

283 In contrast, mice lacking apelin (the endogenous APJ ligand) remain sensitive, sug

284 Apelin, the endogenous ligand for the novel G protein-co

285 the present study, we provide evidence that apelin, through its interaction with apelin receptor (AP

286 Indirect calorimetry experiments showed that apelin-treated mice had a better use of lipids.

287 ll the effects studied were abrogated in HFD apelin-treated mice with muscle-specific inactive AMPK.

288 drial biogenesis were increased in soleus of apelin-treated mice.

289 Apelin treatment also increased cardiac contractility an

290 etween FAO and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, apelin treatment could contribute to insulin sensitivity

291 Both acute and chronic apelin treatment have been shown to improve insulin sens

292 odepressor function of apelin; we found that apelin treatment increased NO bioavailability in ApoE-KO

293 Similarly, apelin treatment rescued Ang II-mediated increases in ne

294 Moreover, apelin, via activation of its receptor, APJ, increased A

295 ssed by bilateral microinjection of the AAV2-apelin viral vector into the RVLM of WKY rats.

296 The action of apelin was AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) dependent

297 onsequence of upregulated apelin expression, apelin was overexpressed by bilateral microinjection of

298 Expression of apelin was significantly enhanced in the RVLM of spontan

299 implicated in the vasodepressor function of apelin; we found that apelin treatment increased NO bioa

300 Vascular effects of apelin were assessed in 24 healthy volunteers.