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1 ed by population declines in a central-place apex predator.
2 ach toxicological thresholds in at least one apex predator.
3 e food webs, reaching high concentrations in apex predators.
4 dator release following selective fishing of apex predators.
5  roles in marine ecosystems, often acting as apex predators.
6 y mesopelagic resource regularly targeted by apex predators.
7 portant factor driving the dynamics of these apex predators.
8 ay and fully consume prey the size of modern apex predators.
9 among species ranging from mesocarnivores to apex predators.
10 l and morphological features essential to be apex predators.
11 es the sequential rise and decline of marine apex predators.
12 uatic ecosystems and declining abundances of apex predators.
13  periods, are generally thought to have been apex predators.
14 entral and important factor to protect these apex predators.
15  shifts in the food web, from its base up to apex predators.
16 sess the potential impact of future roads on apex predators.
17 nt for the conservation of these charismatic apex predators.
18  Late Cretaceous) have been characterized as apex predators [2-5], whereas members of the distantly r
19 hting the fences used to contain fish as the apex predator; a cutthroat trout from the experiment, th
20 Collectively, our results indicate that high apex predator abundance might not always have negative e
21 nt, predator overexploitation (i.e., reduced apex predator abundance) and their combination drive coo
22 nity to study the top-down effect of a novel apex predator across a diverse and productive ecosystem.
23 ing affect phytoplankton, zooplankton and an apex predator along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP).
24                 Our results for an Antarctic apex predator also provide useful baselines from a marin
25 n ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal lea
26                                        As an apex predator and efficient scavenger, it is likely that
27 y structure to the same extent as loss of an apex predator and even to a greater extent than loss of
28 lta(15) N was highest where coyotes were the apex predator and lowest where coyotes co-occurred with
29 cene and current-day food webs consist of an apex predator and three smaller predators.
30 e mesopredators need to simultaneously avoid apex predators and acquire prey.
31 ous" felids are recognized for their role as apex predators and hence as key elements in food webs an
32  an important role in the ocean ecosystem as apex predators and nutrient distributors, as well as evo
33 ular concern, being relatively slow-breeding apex predators and scavengers, whose disappearance can t
34 over to mediate antagonistic encounters with apex predators and structurally intact forests to facili
35 rpinnings of interspecific competition among apex predators and suggest mitigation options for invasi
36 hermen are increasingly recognized as marine apex predators, and there are extensive satellite-based
37                                      Mobile, apex predators are commonly assumed to stabilize food we
38                      Our findings reveal all apex predators are exposed to road impacts.
39                                       Marine apex predators are promising sentinels for detecting the
40                                              Apex predators are threatened globally, and their local
41 (LMH), while much less studied than those of apex predators, are increasingly recognized to exert pow
42                                        These apex predators arose from smaller-bodied tyrannosauroids
43                                              Apex predators balance functional traits, habitat featur
44 Y/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We satellite-tagged an apex predator (bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas) and a s
45                               For the native apex predator, bull trout, trophic dispersion preceded t
46 tioned from small-bodied hunters to gigantic apex predators but from which no diagnostic specimens ar
47                                 That 'novel' apex predators can become established in coastal food we
48                           Several species of apex predators clustered in the weak selection category.
49  global expansion of road networks threatens apex predator conservation and ecosystem functioning.
50 y exposing them to predation risk from avian apex predators (cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo).
51          Our results suggest that protecting apex predators could have important implications for the
52 oss the Gulf of Mexico to determine if these apex predators coupled estuarine and adjacent, nearshore
53 for disentangling ecological consequences of apex predator declines.
54                            Given the NCEs of apex predators demonstrated here, however, unbiased asse
55                    Theory predicts that when apex predators disappear, large herbivores become less f
56 ies and the competition with the established apex predator, emphasizing the importance of considering
57                                      As many apex predators experience environmental changes that aff
58  We contend that trophic cascades induced by apex predator extirpation may be an overlooked driver of
59 e sloth bear suffers the highest risk of all apex predators, followed by the tiger and dhole.
60 virulent and clinically silent infections in apex predators following transfer of microbes from prey.
61 changes on hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios), an apex predator found in continental slope habitats (>200
62 ogy from migratory birds and ungulates to an apex predator, further demonstrating the potential effec
63 on traits at different flows of a freshwater apex predator, Ganges River dolphin (GRD, Platanista gan
64 ecosystems until a faunal turnover redefined apex predator guild occupancy during the final 20 millio
65 intersected by these roads, threatening core apex predator habitats.
66 pture (CR) modeling techniques used to study apex predators has also limited robust temporal and cros
67                                As widespread apex predators, humans present a significant source of r
68  contributed to the success of moray eels as apex predators hunting within the complex matrix of cora
69                                              Apex predator ichthyosaurians, small-bodied ichthyoptery
70 n opportunity to test how the addition of an apex predator impacts an established guild of mesopredat
71 ge-bodied predators are often referred to as apex predators, implying that they are many trophic leve
72 e intertidal community via their role as the apex predator in a four-level trophic cascade.
73       Phoboscincus bocourti appears to be an apex predator in a remote and harsh environment and the
74 gs), an otherwise allopatric kelp-associated apex predator in False Bay.
75              Daspletosaurus was an important apex predator in the late Campanian dinosaur faunas of L
76 ic cats, suggesting that coyotes function as apex predators in barrier island ecosystems.
77 bon stock and that alligators are functional apex predators in carbon dynamics and a key commercializ
78        Megaraptorids appear to have been the apex predators in central and southern Patagonian palaeo
79 ng Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus--were the apex predators in continental ecosystems in Asia and Nor
80                                  The loss of apex predators in human-transformed landscapes can resul
81                               The removal of apex predators in human-transformed landscapes together
82   Humans have supplanted large carnivores as apex predators in many systems, and similarly pervasive
83                                    Tunas are apex predators in marine food webs that can accumulate m
84         Birds of prey (raptors) are dominant apex predators in terrestrial communities, with hawks (A
85                     The presence of gigantic apex predators in the eastern Panthalassic and western T
86 mmals form some of the largest gatherings of apex predators in the natural world and have provided mo
87 undances of the largest arthropod predators (apex predators) in field mesocosms replicated in the lea
88                                              Apex predators initiate trophic cascades which can influ
89 BMs) to predict the habitat distributions of apex predators, intraguild (IG) prey and prey.
90                               Extirpation of apex predators is linked inextricably to pastoralism, bu
91      However, evaluations of PFAS in meso-to-apex predators, like sharks, are scarce.
92 es and strategies of dugongs consistent with apex predator loss, and tracked seagrass responses to th
93 y large-bodied vertebrates, especially large apex predators, maintain their associated ecosystems thr
94                                              Apex predators may alter their behavior where subsidies
95            By implication, ongoing losses of apex predators may combine with increasingly frequent EC
96                       Shifts in densities of apex predators may indirectly affect fundamental ecosyst
97                  These findings suggest that apex predators may maintain their ecological roles in fr
98 with terrestrial ecosystems, where the first apex predators may not have evolved before the Carnian.
99                  Mesopredator suppression by apex predators may thus be amplified, rather than dampen
100               Tyrannosaurids monopolized the apex predator niche in latest Cretaceous Laurasia.
101 odon carcharias) (Linnaeus, 1758), an iconic apex predator occurring in all oceans,(1)(,)(2) is class
102 l (SAfs) Arctocephalus australis is a marine apex predator of Pacific and Atlantic waters, with a dis
103 n their cetacean definitive hosts, which are apex predators of marine ecosystems, acquires particular
104 than their iconic representation as gigantic apex predators of Mesozoic marine ecosystems suggests.
105 ss is known about the relative importance of apex predators on coastal vegetated ecosystems because m
106 studies, most focused on top-down effects of apex predators on mesopredator population dynamics, wher
107 yndrome in the juvenile-stages of a solitary apex predator (pike, Esox lucius), shown as repeatable f
108                                              Apex predators play an important role in the top-down re
109                                           As apex predators, polar bears are sentinel species for add
110 ral rabbit populations and in two endangered apex predator populations: the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardin
111                                As long-lived apex predators, predatory birds represent a sentinel spe
112 ies in a food web, from primary producers to apex predators (range, 1-5).
113  well-connected networks and must prioritize apex predator recovery or reintroduction.
114 few exceptions, the feeding ecology of these apex predators remains poorly understood.
115 ky intertidal, with native shorebirds as the apex predator, returned, leading to a community resembli
116 yrannosaurids occupied both mesopredator and apex predator roles during their life span, a factor tha
117                                           As apex predators, sharks are particularly susceptible to b
118             This is especially important for apex predators, since they can potentially have wide die
119               We reviewed road impacts on 36 apex predator species and assessed their risk from curre
120                          We examined whether apex predators still regulate prey and mesopredators in
121                                              Apex predators such as large carnivores can have cascadi
122 on of which is prevalent in the Arctic where apex predators such as polar bears (Ursus maritimus) can
123                         Sharks, particularly apex predators such as the white shark, are believed to
124 es in mammals within ENP and that introduced apex predators, such as giant constrictors, can exert si
125 sus maritimus) is a long-lived, wide-ranging apex predator that feeds on a variety of high trophic po
126                               Sea otters are apex predators that can exert considerable influence ove
127  alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are apex predators that have received minimal attention with
128 s are struggling to relearn how to live with apex predators that kill livestock, compete for game spe
129            Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are apex predators that primarily consume benthic and pelagi
130 demographic and ecological data for a marine apex predator, the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus
131  movement data from electronic tagging of an apex predator, the great white shark Carcharodon carchar
132    We measured POPs in eggs and plasma of an apex predator, the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) breeding i
133 as to experimentally simulate the loss of an apex predator, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier effects
134                   We evaluate the diet of an apex predator, the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias),
135 satellite tag implanted in two highly mobile apex predators, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and
136 s are concordant with previous findings that apex predators, through trophic cascade theory, play a k
137 tion.(1-4) The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the apex predator throughout the majority of the Neotropics;
138 ionships, as the coyote varied from being an apex predator to a subordinate, mesopredator across samp
139 emonstrate how the behavioral response of an apex predator to changes in prey behavior and condition
140 gs could have been initiated by a shift from apex predator to human commensal during the early domest
141 vides evidence linking the suppression of an apex predator to the historic encroachment of shrubs.
142 bs, feeding on prey ranging from the largest apex predators to small, low trophic level species, in p
143                   Discovery of this gigantic apex predator, together with associated diverse marine r
144 ional scale, suggesting that not all mobile, apex predators trophically couple adjacent habitats.
145                                              Apex predators typically affect the distribution of key
146               We hypothesize that an extinct apex predator was the likely agent of balancing selectio
147 forests, a 50% reduction in the densities of apex predators was associated with a 50% reduction in de
148                        Finally, we find that apex predators were negatively affected and mesopredator
149 ies reversed this effect-in part because the apex predators were trophic omnivores.
150 een species from primary producers to iconic apex predators, while the benthic compartment is perceiv
151                             Tiger sharks are apex predators with a circumglobal tropical and warm-tem
152 dra lutris) and wolves (Canis lupus) are two apex predators with strong and cascading effects on ecos
153  We hypothesized that altering abundances of apex predators would have stronger effects on soil commu

 
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