ライフサイエンスコーパス: arsenic

1 this phenomenon with an analysis of urinary arsenic.

2 146mg/kg for lead and 0.094+/-0.013mg/kg for arsenic.

3 levels of undesirable metal elements such as arsenic.

4 M genes promoted adaptation to environmental arsenic.

5 to be largely among those with <1mug/L water arsenic.

6 steless, odorless, and thus silent nature of arsenic.

7 pulverulentus) was found to hyperaccumulate arsenic.

8 light on the biogeochemical cycle of marine arsenic.

9 rosis among the millions that are exposed to arsenic.

10 lically increased and decreased bioavailable arsenic.

11 o targeted therapies: retinoic acid (RA) and arsenic.

12 ere among the significant predictors of high arsenic.

13 and S sites, as well as local clustering of arsenic.

14 rtile of poultry consumption had urine total arsenic 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22) and DMA 1.13 (95% CI:

15 In contrast to yellow arsenic, 1 is a light-stable, weighable and storable ars

16 le seaweed had substantial concentrations of arsenic (12-84 microg/g), dominated by arsenosugars.

17 series of oxidative methylation reactions by arsenic (3) methyltransferase (As3MT) to yield methylate

18 = 3.5, a significant fraction of the surface arsenic (30-60%) has an oxidation state consistent with

19 ehold water (19.2% increase in total urinary arsenic, 95% CI: 5.0, 35.3%).

20 Rice contains arsenic, a known skin carcinogen.

21 n the fruit-bodies, we found the majority of arsenic accumulated in the hymenium.

22 ditions have not yet been elucidated because arsenic acts as an inhibitor for pyrite nucleation at am

23 To elucidate the history of arsenic adaptation across the tree of life, we reconstru

24 results allow us to peer into the history of arsenic adaptation of life on our planet and imply that

25 due to equilibrium-controlled desorption of arsenic, adsorbed to the sediment before river water sta

26 mework for Kandal Province, a highly studied arsenic affected region of Cambodia, and tie this into w

27 Arsenic and barium are ubiquitous environmental toxins t

28 ine the potential roles of microorganisms in arsenic and barium cycles in the sponge Theonella swinho

29 These bacteria mineralize both arsenic and barium on intracellular vesicles.

30 st quartile of turkey intake had urine total arsenic and DMA 1.17 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.39; p-trend = 0.02

31 ke was associated with increased urine total arsenic and DMA in NHANES 2003-2010, reflecting arsenic

32 Geometric mean ratios (GMR) of urine total arsenic and DMA were compared across increasing levels o

33 associations between ingestion of inorganic arsenic and ischemic heart disease, nonmalignant respira

34 er contaminants, toxic trace elements (e.g., arsenic and lead) pose substantial operational challenge

35 otential source of toxic elements, including arsenic and lead, and it is generally thought that for t

36 se from the 25th to the 75th percentile when arsenic and manganese were at the median was associated

37 ture, as well as potential synergism between arsenic and manganese.

38 dietary metal intake for total and inorganic arsenic and mercury among Asians.

39 T acts to promote cardiovascular toxicity of arsenic and suggest that human AS3MT SNPs that correlate

40 y of the lung cell types targeted by peroral arsenic and the associated immune mechanisms remain poor

41 ssociated with plasma levels of titanium and arsenic, and inversely associated with selenium.

42 Adjusting for lead, arsenic, and other potential confounders, an IQR increas

43 he null, whereas associations with titanium, arsenic, and selenium were similar to estimates from sin

44 um, blood lead, blood mercury, urinary total arsenic, and urinary dimethylarsinic acic) from individu

45 acterium, Entotheonella sp., constitutes the arsenic- and barium-accumulating entity within the host.

46 In this work, the concentrations of Arsenic, Antimony, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Selenium and

47 levated levels of geogenic and anthropogenic arsenic are found along many coasts around the world, mo

48 and chalcogenides are reported, and none to arsenic are known; indeed only two complexes with thoriu

49 t trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) and inorganic arsenic are the dominant species in monsoonal wet deposi

50 The finding that TMAO and inorganic arsenic are widely present and elevated in monsoonal wet

51 conducive to the accumulation of methylated arsenic, are unknown.

52 entration and the valence state of inorganic arsenic (arsenite, As(III) vs. arsenate As(V)) can be mo

53 Jarosite can be an important scavenger for arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in acid mine drainage (AM

54 allowed for maximum recoveries (%) of total arsenic (As) and organoarsenic species, with no degradat

55 To probe the redox activity we used arsenic (As) and selenium (Se).

56 Arsenic (As) biomethylation is an important component of

57 Soil contamination with arsenic (As) can cause phytotoxicity and elevated As acc

58 roperties of dilute-As GaN1-xAsx alloys with arsenic (As) content ranging from 0% up to 12.5%.

59 Arsenic (As) exposure has been associated with increased

60 The arsenic (As) hyperaccumulating fern species Pteris vitta

61 enic well has shown that the accumulation of arsenic (As) in soil from irrigating with high-As ground

62 Arsenic (As) is an important environmental and food-chai

63 to quantify water-rock-CO2 interactions and arsenic (As) mobilization responses to CO2 and/or saline

64 erlying geochemical processes of groundwater arsenic (As) pollution in S/SE Asia.

65 Methylated arsenic (As) species represent a significant fraction of

66 OsPCS2a exhibited increased cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) tolerance and accumulation, unlike the OsPC

67 vy metals including Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) are conside

68 forms that removed between 0.5 and 1 muM of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) from solution v

69 n drinking water, iAs is the primary form of arsenic (As), while dietary As speciation techniques are

70 d water, coupled with high toxicity have put arsenic at the top of the list of environmental contamin

71 BF4] (5), which is a product expanded by one arsenic atom, instead of the expected complex [(Cp(Bn)Fe

72 ition Examination Survey (NHANES) with urine arsenic available and undetectable urine arsenobetaine l

73 Use of nitarsone, an arsenic-based poultry drug, may result in dietary exposu

74 ggestive evidence that the historical use of arsenic-based poultry drugs contributed to arsenic expos

75 ticipants from the Biomarkers of Exposure to ARsenic (BEAR) pregnancy cohort, in Gomez Palacio, Mexic

76 astal soils through reductive dissolution of arsenic-bearing mineral oxides in both sea and river wat

77 Mutations of the arsenic-binding site of PML/RARA, but also PML, have bee

78 sm, thereby highlighting the complexities of arsenic biogeochemical cycling.

79 ction to evaluate the contribution of SRB to arsenic biomethylation, and developed degenerate primers

80 ntermediates were proatherogenic and whether arsenic biotransformation by As3MT was required for arse

81 Because the release of arsenic by reduction of Fe-oxides is controlled by the r

82 xtradiol dioxygenase that cleaves the carbon-arsenic (C-As) bond in MAs(III) and in trivalent aromati

83 ns of ICP-MS for their content of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and mercury in the dry pr

84 on of dietary intake and biomarker levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury among Asian populati

85 daily food consumption and dietary intake of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury by combining 24-hr d

86 naturally occurring trace metals, including arsenic, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and lead, likely due

87 ilos Island, Greece, are part of the largest arsenic-CO2-rich shallow submarine hydrothermal ecosyste

88 f arsenic exposure must consider the type of arsenic compound, and hence they require sensitive and r

89 lly available seaweeds, and assessed urinary arsenic compounds in an experimental feeding study.

90 MAE extraction of phenylated arsenic compounds using 1.5M H3PO4 at 120 degrees C for

91 which can be metabolized to a wide range of arsenic compounds.

92 ing water from domestic wells with predicted arsenic concentration >10 mug/L is 2.1 M people (95% CI

93 dilution on the associations between urinary arsenic concentration and measures of obesity.

94 e whether rice intake contributes to urinary arsenic concentration and risk of squamous cell carcinom

95 Arsenic concentration in household tap water and urine s

96 sulted in null associations observed between arsenic concentration in relation to BMI and waist-to-he

97 Inverse associations between urinary arsenic concentration with BMI and waist-to-height ratio

98 ux and contributes little to the groundwater arsenic concentration.

99 intake would be associated with higher urine arsenic concentrations and second, that the association

100 Arsenic concentrations from 20450 domestic wells in the

101 Arsenic concentrations in groundwater are well predicted

102 elation between the soil arsenic content and arsenic concentrations in the associated fruit-bodies wa

103 h and Southeast Asia due to high groundwater arsenic concentrations is one of the world's largest ong

104 rted any rice consumption had higher urinary arsenic concentrations than those who did not consume ri

105 on between turkey intake and increased urine arsenic concentrations would be modified by season, refl

106 ic species, as reflected in elevated urinary arsenic concentrations, is unknown.

107 (BMI) and waist-to-height ratios on urinary arsenic concentrations.

108 phate-handling mechanisms linked to lead and arsenic contaminants, respectively, while we also observ

109 Recharge of Red River water into arsenic-contaminated aquifers below Hanoi was investigat

110 Here we show a series of data from a coastal arsenic-contaminated soil exposed to sea and river water

111 no significant correlation between the soil arsenic content and arsenic concentrations in the associ

112 I) with 0.2 M KI, and total determination of arsenic could be carried out.

113 areas of the U.S. were underrepresented with arsenic data, predictive variables available in national

114 d low potential exposure in areas of limited arsenic data.

115 Because the toxicity of arsenic depends on its chemical form, risk assessments o

116 Evidence for health effects of inhaled arsenic derives mainly from occupational studies that ar

117 applied for the first time to the inorganic arsenic determination in commercial white wines by chron

118 scriptomic and proteomic techniques, microbe-arsenic detoxification, respiratory As(V) reduction and

119 on that contains other ars genes involved in arsenic detoxification.

120 rice was the major contributor to inorganic arsenic dietary intake.

121 omestic wells to estimate the potential high-arsenic domestic-well population.

122 ian subcontinent, Bangladesh, with inorganic arsenic dominating, accounting for approximately 80% of

123 biotransformation by As3MT was required for arsenic-enhanced atherosclerosis.

124 e-oxides is controlled by the reaction rate, arsenic entering the solution becomes highly diluted in

125 th barrier disruption at the alveolar level, arsenic-exposed mice had evidence for alveolar epithelia

126 By contrast, arsenic-exposed mice had significantly reduced plasma TN

127 monary bacterial clearance during pneumonia, arsenic-exposed mice suffered dramatically increased bac

128 We evaluated the prospective association of arsenic exposure and metabolism with type 2 diabetes and

129 markers and evaluate the association between arsenic exposure and metabolism.

130 We estimate that eliminating arsenic exposure at work would have prevented 22 deaths

131 y vulnerable groups, would reduce population arsenic exposure greater than any promotional efforts to

132 High arsenic exposure has been related to diabetes, but at lo

133 further evaluate and understand the role of arsenic exposure in arsenic metabolism and the role of a

134 f arsenic-based poultry drugs contributed to arsenic exposure in the U.S.

135 hr dietary recall of poultry consumption and arsenic exposure in the U.S. population.

136 Arsenic exposure increases risk for cancers and is terat

137 Although arsenic exposure is known to increase the risk of athero

138 Our findings suggest that arsenic exposure is not associated with obesity, and tha

139 ch CpG across the whole genome with prenatal arsenic exposure levels and with cancer status, adjusted

140 indings across studies suggested that higher arsenic exposure levels were associated with higher iAs%

141 and DMA%, but not MMA%, were associated with arsenic exposure levels.

142 ds on its chemical form, risk assessments of arsenic exposure must consider the type of arsenic compo

143 s of hypothetical workplace interventions on arsenic exposure on the risk of mortality from all cause

144 The effect of arsenic exposure on whole-cell intracellular microbial m

145 may be colliders on the causal pathway from arsenic exposure to obesity, as common descendants of hy

146 Arsenic exposure via drinking water impacts millions of

147 Arsenic exposure was assessed as the sum of inorganic ar

148 g participants without baseline prediabetes, arsenic exposure was associated with incident diabetes.

149 and other causes resulting from occupational arsenic exposure while controlling for confounding using

150 enic and DMA in NHANES 2003-2010, reflecting arsenic exposure.

151 ong those with relatively low drinking water arsenic exposure.

152 ority of the excess deaths caused by inhaled arsenic exposure.

153 velopment of atherosclerosis after inorganic arsenic exposure.

154 ne use on arsenic species in turkey meat and arsenic exposures among turkey consumers, and we estimat

155 estimated from NHANES data to estimate daily arsenic exposures for adults and children 4-30 months of

156 e USDW is ultimately a determining factor of arsenic fate and transport.

157 is needed, including the amount and forms of arsenic found in foods.

158 lization namely, cooking bran in percolating arsenic-free boiling water.

159 Arsenic-free drinking water, independent of electrical p

160 To characterize human exposure to arsenic from seaweed consumption, we determined concentr

161 ounds may help to identify dietary intake of arsenic from seaweed from other exposure pathways.

162 decades of river water infiltration to leach arsenic from the Holocene aquifer to below the World Hea

163 oreceptor-encoding gene, mcp, located in the arsenic gene island and having a predicted promoter bind

164 egression model of the probability of having arsenic >10 mug/L ("high arsenic"), which is presented a

165 Census blocks, the mean probability of arsenic >10 mug/L was multiplied by the population using

166 Arsenic (>64%) was the toxic element showing the highest

167 Arsenic had no effect on bacterial clearance in the lung

168 Although arsenic has been associated epidemiologically with incre

169 In contrast, inhaled arsenic has been consistently associated only with lung

170 The toxic metalloid arsenic has been environmentally ubiquitous since life f

171 Over the last two decades, geogenic arsenic has emerged as a significant public health conce

172 Peroral arsenic has little effect on local airway immune respons

173 Arsenic hyperaccumulation can be engineered in A. thalia

174 ls of the non-threshold carcinogen inorganic arsenic (i-As), at concentrations around 1mg/kg.

175 may result in dietary exposures to inorganic arsenic (iAs) and other arsenic species.

176 Prenatal inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure is associated with health effects

177 Chronic low dose inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure leads to changes in gene expressi

178 Metabolism of inorganic arsenic (iAs) is subject to inter-individual variability

179 xposure was assessed as the sum of inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylars

180 poultry production likely increase inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylars

181 ered primary exposure pathways for inorganic arsenic (iAs).

182 key from three cities was analyzed for total arsenic, iAs, methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate, and

183 microwave-assisted synthesis, starting from arsenic (III) oxide.

184 According to our results, concentrations of arsenic in C. pulverulentus fruit-bodies may reach 1300m

185 ning of the population at risk from elevated arsenic in drinking water from private wells.

186 an important pathway for the mobilization of arsenic in hydraulic fracturing operations and in ground

187 We hypothesize that TMAO and inorganic arsenic in monsoonal wet deposition are predominantly of

188 phic patterns in the abundance of methylated arsenic in rice that are not understood.

189 phosphorus-containing species, and elemental arsenic in the case of (mu(2) :eta(2) ,eta(2) -As2 ){Ni(

190 lytic degradation, providing a mechanism for arsenic in the etiology of cancer and developmental anom

191 was most pronounced among those with <1mug/L arsenic in their household water (19.2% increase in tota

192 g, accounting for approximately 80% of total arsenic in this medium.

193 collections, data for total and bioavailable arsenic in underlying soils were collected but no signif

194 ational data sets were used to estimate high arsenic in unsampled areas.

195 Limits of detection for As(III) and total arsenic (in the presence of KI) are 2.2 mug L(-1) and 2.

196 processes related to the release of geogenic arsenic, including geomorphological and organic geochemi

197 Moreover, SUBINs abrogated arsenic-induced degradation of promyelocytic leukemia pr

198 ration of PML nuclear bodies upon RA- and/or arsenic-initiated PML/RARA degradation is essential, whi

199 s one of the most important sources of human arsenic intake, nothing is published about uptake, toxic

200 jor contributor to dietary mercury and total arsenic intake, whereas rice was the major contributor t

201 r objective was to define whether methylated arsenic intermediates were proatherogenic and whether ar

202 ggests entrainment of water column inorganic arsenic into atmospheric particulates.

203 ne response may be relatively preserved from arsenic intoxication.

204 Methylation of inorganic arsenic is a central process in the organoarsenical biog

205 Arsenic is a promising p-type dopant; however, reproduci

206 Arsenic is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring toxic metal

207 diments when iron-oxide minerals, onto which arsenic is adsorbed or incorporated, react with organic

208 Arsenic is metabolized through a series of oxidative met

209 More information about aggregate exposure to arsenic is needed, including the amount and forms of ars

210 Arsenic is released from sediments when iron-oxide miner

211 Environmental arsenic is sensed by members of the ArsR/SmtB family.

212 h analysis of metals and metalloids, such as arsenic, is widely spread in many different fields, thei

213 ignificant negative effect of the mixture of arsenic, lead, and manganese on cognitive score when cor

214 edness and were adjusted for age, sex, total arsenic levels, and population stratification.

215 In particular, early 19th century arsenic loadings to the lake are elevated from pesticide

216 ess the joint effect of in utero exposure to arsenic, manganese, and lead on children's neurodevelopm

217 , to study the joint effect of coexposure to arsenic, manganese, and lead on neurodevelopment using a

218 The mechanism by and the extent to which arsenic may be released in contaminated coastal soils du

219 ell as several other heavy metals, including arsenic, mercury and lead at similar concentrations.

220 d understand the role of arsenic exposure in arsenic metabolism and the role of arsenic metabolism in

221 200,000 from Illumina Cardio MetaboChip) or arsenic metabolism and toxicity (670) among 2,428 Americ

222 sis was used to describe the distribution of arsenic metabolism biomarkers and evaluate the associati

223 Association of cardiometabolic genes with arsenic metabolism biomarkers in American Indian communi

224 objective, we characterized the variation of arsenic metabolism in different populations worldwide.

225 posure in arsenic metabolism and the role of arsenic metabolism in disease development.

226 The available evidence on the role of arsenic metabolism in individual susceptibility to the d

227 Arsenic metabolism was evaluated by the proportions of i

228 Arsenic metabolism was not associated with incident diab

229 s needed to confirm possible interactions of arsenic metabolism with B vitamins and AS3MT variants on

230 ystematically investigate the association of arsenic metabolism with cancer, cardiovascular disease,

231 The association of arsenic metabolism with HOMA2-IR differed by B-vitamin i

232 tudy supports the role of common variants in arsenic metabolism, particularly AS3MT and 10q24.

233 onors and elaborates on known mechanisms for arsenic metabolism, thereby highlighting the complexitie

234 Arsenic metabolism, which is partly genetically controll

235 plaque size and composition after inorganic arsenic, methylated arsenical, or arsenobetaine exposure

236 risk of atherosclerosis, the contribution of arsenic methylation and As3MT remains undefined.

237 oxic arsines, but the physiological roles of arsenic methylation and the biochemical basis is unknown

238 e-reducing bacteria (SRB) are key drivers of arsenic methylation in metabolically versatile mixed ana

239 Our study suggests that arsenic might be a potentiator of manganese toxicity.

240 linkages exhibit polarized-covalent thorium-arsenic multiple bonding interactions, hitherto restrict

241 Arsenic occurs in marine waters, typically at concentrat

242 We aimed to determine the impact of peroral arsenic on pulmonary antibacterial host defense.

243 the past 24 hr was not associated with total arsenic or DMA during the spring/summer.

244 For inorganic arsenic, our evidence suggests entrainment of water colu

245 Seaweeds contain arsenic primarily in the form of arsenosugars, which can

246 Rice intake has been associated with arsenic-related skin lesions in South Asia, but its asso

247 he threat of sea level rise stands to impact arsenic release from contaminated coastal soils by chang

248 We find that reducing conditions lead to arsenic release from historically contaminated coastal s

249 h sea and river water inundations, with less arsenic release from seawater scenarios than river water

250 the HIPK2-phospho-Ser271 CREB axis is a new arsenic-responsive CREB activation mechanism in parallel

251 Zr(eta(1:1)-As4)] (1) in high yields and the arsenic-rich complex [(Cp''2Zr)(Cp''Zr)(mu,eta(2:2:1)-As

252 ts suggest that life successfully moved into arsenic-rich environments in the late Archean Eon and Pr

253 entified from Paoha Island's (Mono Lake, CA) arsenic-rich hot springs.

254 be addressed regarding the understanding of arsenic's global cycle.

255 Five metals (titanium, arsenic, selenium, aluminum, and barium) were significan

256 Investigating arsenic sensitivity of acute promyelocytic leukemia, we

257 nown; indeed only two complexes with thorium-arsenic single bonds have been structurally authenticate

258 1 is a light-stable, weighable and storable arsenic source for subsequent reactions.

259 ically display gradation of solid phase soil-arsenic speciation across defined redox windows from red

260 ional traces of methylarsonic acid (MA), the arsenic speciation in all mushroom samples consisted sol

261 For arsenic speciation, the inputs for wet deposition are no

262 mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), and percent arsenic species [iAs, monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dime

263 ted the association of genetic variants with arsenic species and principal components of arsenic spec

264 re statistically significant for all percent arsenic species and principal components of arsenic spec

265 we report a method for the determination of arsenic species at low concentrations in human milk by H

266 nfants, and thus there is a need to quantify arsenic species in human milk.

267 consumption, we determined concentrations of arsenic species in locally available seaweeds, and asses

268 ontrol on the bioavailability of contaminant arsenic species in natural aqueous systems.

269 arsenic species and principal components of arsenic species in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS).

270 characterized the impact of nitarsone use on arsenic species in turkey meat and arsenic exposures amo

271 Urine arsenic species were measured by high performance liquid

272 between poultry intake and exposure to these arsenic species, as reflected in elevated urinary arseni

273 posures to inorganic arsenic (iAs) and other arsenic species.

274 arsenic species and principal components of arsenic species.

275 (GSH) based on the low pH- and GSH-sensitive arsenic-sulfur bond, and we termed the resulting smart n

276 rve significant socioeconomic disparities in arsenic testing and treatment when private water is unre

277 marker levels of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic than whites, blacks, Mexican Americans, and othe

278 present as arsenobetaine, an organic form of arsenic that has never been found in seawater.

279 reening of private well water quality around arsenic, the most toxic and widespread of common private

280 ioxygen into the carbon and the other to the arsenic to catalyze cleavage of the C-As bond.

281 roatherogenic and that As3MT is required for arsenic to induce reactive oxygen species and promote at

282 e confirmed that estimated dietary intake of arsenic (total and inorganic) and mercury is significant

283 rely on certain B vitamins, plays a role in arsenic toxicity.

284 ison of PDTX with ex vivo tumor cultures and arsenic-transformed lung cells versus xenografts reveals

285 on protein on stress granules in response to arsenic treatment.

286 (dTMP) biosynthesis is a sensitive target of arsenic trioxide (As2O3), leading to uracil misincorpora

287 determine the survival of patients receiving arsenic trioxide (ATO) consolidation and reduced doses o

288 ation of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) plus arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to be superior to

289 combination therapy of decitabine (DAC) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) have demonstrated synergy on MDS

290 ation of all- trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) is at least not inferior to stand

291 Arsenic trioxide (ATO) resistance is a challenging probl

292 Arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2 O3 ) is currently used to tre

293 LLG APML4 (single arm of ATRA + idarubicin + arsenic trioxide + prednisone), CALGB C9710 (single arm

294 d in being more active than the FDA-approved arsenic trioxide, with the most lipophilic molecule in t

295 s, however, contain extremely high levels of arsenic (typically 2000-20000 mug As kg(-1) wet mass), m

296 ble at ambient temperature, shows continuous arsenic uptake in the presence of other complex species

297 Among the candidate arsenic variant associations, functional SNPs in AS3MT a

298 dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and no inorganic arsenic was detected.

299 d in a small area irrigated by a single high-arsenic well has shown that the accumulation of arsenic

300 obability of having arsenic >10 mug/L ("high arsenic"), which is presented at the county, state, and