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   1 thy causing cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and ataxia.                                                 
     2 ons, particularly in the absence of clinical ataxia.                                                 
     3 ld of patients suspected of having a genetic ataxia.                                                 
     4  presentation of daytime somnolence and gait ataxia.                                                 
     5 tor subunit Grid2 is associated with Lurcher ataxia.                                                 
     6 rly confirmed autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
     7 ially diagnosed with or tested for inherited ataxia.                                                 
     8 xonal neuropathy, and progressive cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
     9 ur patients had a subacute-onset and sensory ataxia.                                                 
    10 s of ataxia in 1500 patients with cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
    11 th paraneoplastic opsoclonus, myoclonus, and ataxia.                                                 
    12 , we enrolled 605 patients with Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    13  of upcoming clinical trials of Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    14 learning and altered mGluR1 signaling causes ataxia.                                                 
    15  of transcriptional deficiency in Friedreich ataxia.                                                 
    16 eveloping mGluR1-based pharmacology to treat ataxia.                                                 
    17 tigating the natural history of Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    18 ignalling in the mouse 'ducky(2J) ' model of ataxia.                                                 
    19 ry myelitis, postural tremor, and cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
    20  with HSP, intellectual disability (ID), and ataxia.                                                 
    21 ged mGluR1 currents and rescued the moderate ataxia.                                                 
    22 als had microcephaly, psychomotor delay, and ataxia.                                                 
    23 d neuroprotective treatment for Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    24 ibose) polymerase/s as a cause of cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
    25 sembly lead to diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    26 9 unrelated patients diagnosed with episodic ataxia.                                                 
    27 hereditary spastic paraplegia and cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
    28  in a humanized murine model of Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    29 ioural deficits associated with Friedreich's ataxia.                                                 
    30 amily history, the remaining having sporadic ataxia.                                                 
    31 t was associated with early onset cerebellar ataxia.                                                 
    32 ic interventions for immune and some genetic ataxias.                                                
    33 iagnosis was achieved in 57% of all familial ataxias.                                                
    34 eristics, it was later focused on hereditary ataxias.                                                
    35 reatment, which is currently unavailable for ataxias.                                                
  
  
    38 one of three major syndromic categories: (1) ataxia, (2) spasticity and (3) global neurodevelopmental
    39 notype of mildly progressive pure cerebellar ataxia, 21/26 (81%) exhibited additional complicating fe
    40  commonest genetic ataxias were Friedreich's ataxia (22%), SCA6 (14%), EA2 (13%), SPG7 (10%) and mito
  
  
  
    44 le seizures (14), other seizures (16), acute ataxia (4), and other sub-acute syndromes (transverse my
    45 7 of 57]), myoclonic jerks (86% [49 of 57]), ataxia (54% [29 of 54]), and vomiting (54% [29 of 54]) w
  
    47     However, studies in models of Friedreich ataxia, a neurodegenerative and cardiodegenerative disea
    48  silence frataxin expression in Friedreich's ataxia, a terminal neurodegenerative disease with no eff
    49 pmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, abnormal eye movements, and variable cognitive i
    50 A are a frequent cause of hereditary spastic ataxias, accounting for about 3% of hitherto genetically
    51 ermore, we show that the genes implicated in ataxia, although seemingly unrelated, appear to encode f
    52 plicated in neurological diseases, including ataxias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, nucleotide expan
    53 nformatics; this in turn has made hereditary ataxias an especially well-developed model group of dise
    54 urological phenotypes, featuring early-onset ataxia and absence seizure without significant alteratio
  
  
  
  
    59 ofoundly decreased proprioception leading to ataxia and dysmetria that were markedly worse in the abs
  
  
    62 ion of Zfp106 in mice results in progressive ataxia and hindlimb paralysis associated with motor neur
  
  
    65 ound to cause autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia and intellectual disability syndrome in humans.  
    66 14-associated autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxia and intellectual disability syndrome, and three f
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    76 ivation of frataxin expression (Friedreich's ataxia) and production of active survival motor neuron 2
    77 different families to adult-onset cerebellar ataxia, and a de novo truncation mutation resulting in a
    78  severe epilepsy, developmental problems and ataxia, and atrophy of the cerebellum or even the whole 
  
    80 ined for each autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia, and corresponding prediction scores were assigne
    81 ed by intellectual disability, speech delay, ataxia, and facial dysmorphism and carrying a deleteriou
  
    83 ciated with fragile X syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, and Huntington's disease, and correctly flagged 
  
  
  
    87 ry signaling, extended lifespan, and rescued ataxia, apraxia, and social abnormalities but did not re
    88   Progressive limb spasticity and cerebellar ataxia are frequently found together in clinical practic
  
  
  
  
    93  basket cell terminals of mice harbouring an ataxia-associated mutation and their wild-type littermat
  
    95 a key pathological event in genetic forms of ataxia but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.    
    96 ns in Purkinje neuron firing often accompany ataxia, but the molecular basis for these changes is poo
    97 tures on MRI are sometimes seen with spastic ataxia, but this is usually mild in adults and severe an
  
  
   100 hereditary spastic paraplegia and cerebellar ataxia cases (n = 618) for mutations in POLR3A and ident
   101 s outside Canada, revise the view that SYNE1 ataxia causes mainly a relatively pure cerebellar recess
  
   103  All patients were referred to the Sheffield Ataxia Centre, UK, and underwent extensive investigation
  
  
  
   107 nces, such as (GAA)n repeats in Friedreich's ataxia, (CTG)n repeats in myotonic dystrophy, and (CGG)n
  
  
   110 e the new syndrome of myoclonus epilepsy and ataxia due to potassium channel mutation (MEAK), includi
   111 ception and small-diameter axons, but severe ataxia due to preferential degeneration of large-diamete
   112 isorder characterized by gait abnormalities, ataxia, dysarthria, dystonia, vertical gaze palsy, and c
   113 ncy): peripheral neuropathy, 53%; cerebellar ataxia, dysmetria, or dysarthria, 38%; and encephalopath
  
   115 cits in motor coordination characteristic of ataxia, effects which can be prevented by CB1 R antagoni
  
  
   118 e sequencing findings in a recessive spastic ataxia family turned our attention to intronic variants 
  
  
  
   122    There were 383 patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), 205 patients with SCA and 168 controls.  
   123 tations in Frataxin (FXN) cause Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder.  
  
   125 Non-Ataxia Signs (INAS), the Spinocerebellar Ataxia Functional Index (SCAFI), phonemic verbal fluency
   126 ch is characterized by congenital cerebellar ataxia, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, and mental retard
  
  
   129 d reduced the loss of cerebellar neurons and ataxia in Xrcc1-defective mice, identifying a molecular 
   130 sease which is characterized by weight loss, ataxia, increased cholesterol storage, loss of cerebella
   131 ar findings were seen in the spinocerebellar ataxias, indicating an association between DNA damage-re
  
  
  
  
   136 core for each autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia is calculated, producing a ranking of possible di
   137 minant peripheral neuropathy causing sensory ataxia is characteristic of copper deficiency usually co
  
   139  epigenetic promoter silencing in Friedreich ataxia is reversible, and the results implicate class I 
   140 edreich ataxia, the most prevalent inherited ataxia, is caused by an expanded GAA triplet-repeat sequ
   141 h's ataxia (FRDA), the most common inherited ataxia, is caused by recessive mutations that reduce the
  
  
   144 il1 has potential implications for the human ataxia Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, where it is interesti
   145 cid, in ATG5 in two siblings with congenital ataxia, mental retardation, and developmental delay.    
   146 ns in WDR81, previously linked to cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and disequilibrium syndrome 
   147 ype-1 (EA1), characterized by stress-induced ataxia, myokymia, and increased prevalence of seizures. 
   148 ors caused by autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, myorhythmia, isolated tongue tremor, Wilson's d
   149  2), varied neuropathies (n = 4), cerebellar ataxia (n = 1), autoimmune retinopathy (n = 1), bilatera
   150 res (n = 14), other seizures (n = 16), acute ataxia (n = 4), and other subacute syndromes (transverse
   151  correcting potassium channel dysfunction in ataxia need to be tailored to the specific stage in the 
   152 nerative disease autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by loss
  
  
   155 ry, and cranial nerve neuropathy, often with ataxia, optic atrophy and respiratory problems leading t
   156 s that are classified either as pure spastic ataxia or as complex spastic ataxia with additional neur
  
   158 morrhage, of whom 39 (83%) had hearing loss, ataxia, or myelopathy; type 2 (secondary) iSS included 1
  
   160  of neuromuscular disorders with features of ataxia, paralysis, skeletal muscle wasting, and degenera
  
  
   163 46, p = 0.008) and International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (MD = +3.8, 95% CI = +1.39 to + 6.41
  
   165 ficantly enriched in 1139 cases with spastic ataxia-related phenotypes as compared to unrelated neuro
   166 ereditary spastic paraplegias and cerebellar ataxias remain genetically unexplained, implicating nove
  
   168 e and Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (
  
   170 g the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA; mean difference [MD] = +2.70, 95% confiden
  
  
  
  
   175 Secondary outcomes were the Inventory of Non-Ataxia Signs (INAS), the Spinocerebellar Ataxia Function
   176  may lead to a synaptopathy characterized by ataxia, skeletal muscles weakness and numbness of the ex
  
   178 ity, and many individuals exhibit cerebellar ataxia, subtle facial dysmorphism, strabismus, and vesic
   179 or neurological diseases related to episodic ataxia, such as hemiplegia, migraine, and epilepsy.     
   180 ical rating scale to detect deterioration of ataxia symptoms over time; ADL is an appropriate measure
  
  
  
   184 erexpression and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a late-onset neurodegenerative 
   185 erative disorder fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), primary ovarian insufficiency, 
   186 in patients with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), with no targeted treatment yet 
   187 d CGG repeats in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is initiated at an upstream ACG near-cog
   188 lity of newly synthesized COX2 (the dystonia-ataxia syndrome protein COX20), a protein with two trans
   189  review includes fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia type 12, tremors
   190 naJC19 results in dilated cardiomyopathy and ataxia syndrome, whereas expression of DnaJC15 regulates
  
  
  
  
  
  
   197 ed PH domains, which inhibits recruitment of Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) and
   198 ion of the replication stress sensing kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) red
   199 licative stress leading to activation of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR)-med
   200  silencing of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein, and DNA-
  
   202 subtype that showed increased sensitivity to ataxia telangiectasia inhibition, and a neuroendocrine-a
   203 CLY) is phosphorylated at S455 downstream of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and AKT following DN
   204 strated by the DNA damage checkpoint kinases ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) and ATM AND RAD3-REL
  
   206 ther the DNA damage response mediated by the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase may affect th
   207 ced at one Igkappa allele signal through the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase to feedback-i
  
  
  
   211 double strand breaks (DSBs), as indicated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-mediated H2AX phosph
   212 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) where the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-p53 pathway is inact
   213 d DNA damage response marker, phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (pATM), were quantified in
   214 rticipant in PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) at 
  
   216  is induced selectively by DSBs through ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) as a unique mechanism to 
  
  
   219 NA-dependent kinase, encoded by PRKDC), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia, mutated), and ATR (ATM and Rad3-r
   220  for this process in cells deficient for the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) DSB response factor.
   221 genitor colony formation required NF-kappaB, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), and the inhibitor o
   222     Decreased levels of p53, but not Hdm2 or ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), were seen after exp
   223 le of the DNA damage response protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)- and Rad-3-related (
   224  phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-rel
  
   226 ic promoter region of DNA repair kinase ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein) and acts
   227 nal SANT/Myb-like domain of nuclear protein, ataxia-telangiectasia locus (NPAT), a transcriptional co
   228 s that coordinate recognition of DNA damage, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and PARP-1, were ind
   229 previously reported a novel inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, which is a t
  
  
  
  
   234 romic CIDs, autosomal recessive mutations in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), autosomal dominant 
   235 on 5, which led to the downregulation of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated DNA damage pathway and the
  
   237 ced gastric cancer, especially in those with ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM)-negative tum
   238 le-strand break repair is the recruitment of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (A
  
   240 erlie other neurodegenerative disorders (eg, ataxia-telangiectasia), and DNA double-strand breaks are
  
   242 ) by the DNA damage-activated protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and casein kinase1 (
   243 M (encoding the DNA-damage signaling kinase, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated) increase Familial Pancrea
  
   245 e evaluated two scales for rating cerebellar ataxias: the Composite Cerebellar Functional Severity (C
   246  diagnoses of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, thereby guiding targeted sequencing or facilita
   247 ns included marked hypermetric and dysmetric ataxia, truncal sway, intention tremors and absent menac
  
  
  
   251 in-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia Type 1 pathology likely arises from poorly contro
   252 in-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia Type 1, but molecular mechanisms linking betaIII 
   253 es of a mouse model of human spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, SCA1, where mice exhibit only moderate mo
  
   255 ated tremor/ataxia syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia type 12, tremors caused by autosomal recessive ce
  
  
   258  heterogeneous and is classified as episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) when it is caused by a mutation in t
   259  human CaV2.1 subunit are linked to episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), a dominantly inherited disease char
  
  
  
  
   264 apies in two mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), an autosomal dominant polyglutamin
  
  
   267 families with genetically confirmed episodic ataxia type 2 underwent neurophysiological assessment to
  
  
   270  causes neurodegeneration in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), one of nine inherited, incurable d
  
   272 n-3, the protein involved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease, cau
   273 xp) repeats, responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) in Drosophila, causes neurodegene
  
  
  
  
   278 neurodegenerative syndromes, spinocerebellar ataxia Type 5, and spectrin-associated autosomal recessi
   279 nical and clinical stages of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), an inherited neurodegenerative dis
   280 tamine tract associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), whereas MPc splices to an immediat
   281  associated with the human disorder Episodic Ataxia Type-1 (EA1), characterized by stress-induced ata
   282 in-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type-1 (SPARCA1) are mirrored in mice lacking bet
   283 ause spectrin associated autosomal recessive ataxia type-1 (SPARCA1), an infantile form of ataxia wit
  
   285 (AP) syndrome is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, variable hematologic cytopenias, and predisposit
  
  
  
   289 ramidal or peripheral motor involvement, and ataxia were associated with worse disease severity.     
  
   291 insonism and MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia, which generally correlate with striatonigral deg
   292 centage of Nramp1(+/+) mice developed severe ataxia, which was associated with high bacterial loads i
  
  
  
   296 ized by adolescent-onset progressive spastic ataxia with frequent occurrence of tremor, involvement o
   297 DNA termini and that, if mutated, results in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 4 (AOA4) and microcephaly
   298 e linked to two neurodegenerative disorders: ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) and amyotro
   299 ntation consists of a progressive cerebellar ataxia, with a variable age at onset and rate of progres
  
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