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1 phid effector genes underlying virulence and avirulence.
2 ymorphisms, expression levels play a role in avirulence.
3 allele, and a pathogen-encoded suppressor of avirulence.
4 t an intrinsic growth defect as a reason for avirulence.
5 gene named AvrSr35 that is required for Sr35 avirulence.
6 se virulence activities and for Pto-mediated avirulence.
7 IN4 disappearance correlated well with their avirulence activities but not with their virulence activ
10 we find several effectors with quantitative avirulence activities on their susceptible hosts, but wi
17 addition, S149A significantly decreased the avirulence activity of AvrPto in resistant tomato plants
18 the loss of virulence and the diminution of avirulence activity of AvrPtoB(1-307), whereas a phospho
19 or molecules is to enhance the virulence and avirulence activity of the pathogen during the infection
21 despite abolishing interaction with Pto and avirulence activity, had no effect on AvrPtoB(1-307) vir
24 ng resistance genes Rwt3 and Rwt4 Studies on avirulence and resistance gene distributions, together w
25 excludes the RXLR region, is sufficient for avirulence and suppression functions, consistent with th
26 uclear localization signal motifs eliminated avirulence and virulence activities in rice and severely
27 activity is required for its function as an avirulence and virulence effector on two different plant
30 Plant pathogenic bacteria appear to deliver avirulence and virulence proteins through the cell wall
32 synthase and UgpQ and the dual phenotype of avirulence and virulence, several models for the functio
34 ode the Hrp (type III secretion) system, and avirulence (avr) and Hrp-dependent outer protein (hop) g
38 hich is directly or indirectly encoded by an avirulence (avr) gene in the pathogen, and the correspon
39 rolled by a gene-for-gene mechanism in which avirulence (avr) gene products encoded by pathogens are
40 P. syringae pv syringae 61 and a P. syringae avirulence (avr) gene whose presence is recognized by a
41 ferent methods used to identify and sequence avirulence (Avr) genes from the pathogen and resistance
42 stance (R) genes in plants and their cognate avirulence (Avr) genes in pathogens can produce a hypers
43 ces based on the presence or absence of five avirulence (avr) genes in the bacterium, which interact
44 iptional activation of a number of bacterial avirulence (avr) genes is controlled by Hrp regulatory p
46 ified host resistance (R) genes and pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes that interact in a gene-for-gene
51 Resistance (R) proteins recognize pathogen avirulence (Avr) proteins by direct or indirect binding
52 potential pathogens expressing corresponding avirulence (Avr) proteins through 'gene-for-gene' intera
57 pHIR11 to determine that effectors HopPtoE, avirulence AvrPphEPto, AvrPpiB1Pto, AvrPtoB, and HopPtoF
58 Xa21 rice lines, indicating that PR6 carries avirulence (avrXa21) determinants required for recogniti
59 at least five individual type III effectors, avirulence B (AvrB), AvrRpt2, AvrPphB, HopPtoK, and AvrP
60 level of defense activation, sufficient for avirulence but not for triggering a hypersensitive respo
61 ble for the difference between virulence and avirulence by generating transconjugants of a virulent r
63 ation of the peroxide sensor PerR results in avirulence despite producing hyper-resistance to peroxid
65 ryzae species-specific and cultivar-specific avirulence determinants and evaluate efforts towards gen
71 volving three components: an allele-specific avirulence effector, a resistance gene allele, and a pat
72 ophic interfacial complexes along with known avirulence effectors, BAS3 showed additional localizatio
73 sive necrosis and death, indicating that the avirulence factor detected by the HRT-encoded protein is
75 ) incompatibility is not a consequence of an avirulence factor or lack of Nod factor activity; (ii) t
76 nas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), behaves as an avirulence factor that activates resistance in Arabidops
77 ion of the susceptible rice host, or secrete avirulence factors Avr-Pia (corresponding to the rice re
78 ence in vertebrates in a manner analogous to avirulence factors in plants, and as such, is the first
80 whether induced by host-selective toxins or avirulence factors, in determining the consequences of t
86 Jurnak, respectively, Noel cloned the first avirulence gene and determined that pectate lyase C poss
87 e that is colinear with the locus containing avirulence gene ATR1(NdWsB) in Hyaloperonospora parasiti
88 Genetic mapping showed that the rice blast avirulence gene AVR-Pita is tightly linked to a telomere
89 with an isolate of Bremia lactucae carrying avirulence gene Avr3 indicated that the frequency of Dm3
93 seudomonas syringae strains that express the avirulence gene avrPphB requires two genes in Arabidopsi
97 ngae pv. tomato (Pst) strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto requires the presence of at least
101 enic Arabidopsis line carrying the bacterial avirulence gene avrRpm1 under the control of a steroid-i
103 ringae pv maculicola (ES4326) expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2 but do display enhanced resistan
104 ore, whereas P. syringae ES4326 carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2 elicited an HR when infiltrated
105 ferences among ecotypes in resistance to the avirulence gene avrRpt2 of the pathogen Pseudomonas syri
107 ognition of bacterial pathogens carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2, and the RPM1 resistance gene is
108 nse when infiltrated with Psm expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2, which activates resistance via
113 The type III effector protein encoded by avirulence gene B (AvrB) is delivered into plant cells b
115 importance of achieving tight regulation of avirulence gene expression and the control of necrosis i
116 rred within only 4 hpi and was influenced by avirulence gene expression, with avrRpm1 expression asso
119 n rice is the result of the loss of pathogen avirulence gene function, but little is known about its
120 pathogenic strains which contain the avrBs2 avirulence gene in susceptible pepper and tomato varieti
121 erization of bacterial HR caused by a single avirulence gene in the absence of other bacterial signal
122 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and the AvrRpm1 avirulence gene in the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas sy
124 icase domain (p50) of the TMV replicase, the avirulence gene of N, was linked to synthetic promoters
129 tes that no bacterial factors other than the avirulence gene products are required for the specific r
131 large region of the chromosome containing an avirulence gene represents a new route to race change in
132 e III effector avirulence protein encoded by avirulence gene Rpm1 (AvrRpm1) also activates RPM1.
133 nas syringae pv. tomato carrying the avrRpt2 avirulence gene specifically induce a hypersensitive cel
134 from P. syringae pv syringae strain 61 as an avirulence gene that signals through ENHANCED DISEASE SU
137 -based cloning effort, we have identified an avirulence gene, ATR1NdWsB, that is detected by RPP1 fro
141 ecognizing the expression of a corresponding avirulence gene, avrPto, in the pathogen Pseudomonas syr
143 biochemical, and molecular dissection of an avirulence gene-specified cell death response in both re
148 ner to DC3000 carrying any one of the cloned avirulence genes avrB, avrRpm1, avrRpt2, and avrPph3.
150 la strain ES4326 (Psm ES4326) expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrB, which elicit a hyperse
152 between plant resistance genes and pathogen avirulence genes enable pathogen recognition by plants a
154 ionships, it has been proposed that pathogen avirulence genes generate specific ligands that are reco
157 ngae strains expressing single corresponding avirulence genes have been particularly fruitful in diss
161 the blast fungus resulted in the cloning of avirulence genes PWT3 and PWT4, whose gene products elic
164 erimentally identified oomycete effector and avirulence genes, and its rapid pace of evolution is con
175 reduction in total amounts of capsule and in avirulence in murine models of lung and blood infection.
177 f Avr1b to suppress PCD and also abolish the avirulence interaction of Avr1b with the Rps1b resistanc
179 ine single-site avrB mutations that affected avirulence localized to a solvent-accessible pocket in t
180 , distances between conserved genes in these avirulence loci were often similar, despite intervening
181 the changes which occur after conversion to avirulence may assist in identifying virulence factors a
183 s, products of which recognize corresponding avirulence molecules in the pathogen, have been introgre
184 genicity in these algae-like organisms or of avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses
185 oybean and Arabidopsis, and assayed selected avirulence mutants for loss of virulence on both plants.
189 duction plays a critical role in determining avirulence of a phytopathogen and reveal a commonality b
197 reened a library of avrB mutants for loss of avirulence on soybean and Arabidopsis, and assayed selec
198 syringae has previously been shown to confer avirulence on the virulent bacterium P. syringae pv. tab
201 response elicited by the application of Avr9 avirulence peptide to tomato plants carrying the corresp
202 cipient strain conferred a cultivar-specific avirulence phenotype thus confirming the cloning of avrC
204 ell death even in the absence of its cognate avirulence product, and provides a system for studying t
205 fic resistance to P. syringae expressing the avirulence protein AvrB, similar to the nonorthologous R
206 The plant-intracellular interaction of the avirulence protein AvrPto of Pseudomonas syringae pathov
207 resistant tomato leaves, AvrPtoB acts as an avirulence protein by interacting with the host Pto kina
208 The sequence unrelated type III effector avirulence protein encoded by avirulence gene Rpm1 (AvrR
211 nia effector known as YopT and a Pseudomonas avirulence protein known as AvrPphB define a family of 1
212 new structures identify AvrPiz-t, a secreted avirulence protein produced by the rice blast fungus, as
213 ts the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein Avirulence protein Pseudomonas phaseolicolaB (AvrPphB).
214 identify AVRFOM2, the gene that encodes the avirulence protein recognized by the melon Fom-2 gene.
215 identify AVRFOM2, the gene that encodes the avirulence protein recognized by the melon Fom-2 gene.
216 ates allowed the identification of the viral avirulence protein triggering each of the two resistance
218 tems (types III and IV) to deliver microbial avirulence proteins and transfer DNA-protein complexes d
219 a highly conserved novel amino acid motif in avirulence proteins from three different oomycetes.
222 retion of a new class of bacterial virulence/avirulence proteins, including harpin of Erwinia amylovo
227 S) is in direct contrast to the well studied avirulence/R gene-dependent resistance response known as
228 have generally been selected only for their avirulence rather than their tumor-targeting ability.
229 uced in Arabidopsis and tobacco by different avirulence signals suggests that apoptosis may prove to
230 nd gene from pAV511, avrPphC, which controls avirulence to soybean, was found to block the activity o
232 hogens, the cloned gene specifically confers avirulence toward rice cultivars that contain Pi-ta.
233 aces 5 and 7, based on its ability to confer avirulence towards bean cultivars carrying the R1 gene f
234 protective antigen (PA) resulted in complete avirulence, while the presence of either edema toxin or
235 s and found that three major Avr loci affect avirulence, with a common locus_1 involved in all AvrPm3
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