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1 sion of experimentally induced TB in captive badgers.
2 e in the prevalence of M. bovis infection in badgers.
3 of infection cheaply and without destroying badgers.
4 diagnosing M. bovis infection in cattle and badgers.
5 rs and cattle, as well as naturally infected badgers.
6 n epidemic involving two species, cattle and badgers.
7 size in England and Wales was 6.74 (+/-0.63) badgers.
8 se of vaccination to reduce bTB infection in badgers.
9 urvival and population abundance benefits in badgers.
10 bation increases, the spread of infection in badgers.
11 nonymous FTP from ftp://ftp.sanger.ac.uk/pub/badger/.
13 we estimate there are approximately 485,000 badgers (95% confidence intervals 391,000-581,000) in En
16 esonance phenomenon originally identified by Badger and Brocklehurst lies at the core of the basic un
17 (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, the badger and its sett are protected under United Kingdom l
18 neficial effect of vaccination in individual badgers and an indirect protective effect in unvaccinate
20 e obtained from both experimentally infected badgers and cattle, as well as naturally infected badger
24 un and transient effect on cattle of culling badgers and the effect of a period without routine testi
25 wildlife reservoir (principally the Eurasian Badger) and/or from cattle purchased from infected areas
26 ights in the home ranges of contact-collared badgers, and 5380 collar-nights in the home ranges of GP
28 mong the fauna are a new species of Eurasian badger (Arctomeles dimolodontus) and the largest concent
31 ity populations in the United Kingdom, where badgers are atypical in their behaviour, physiology, eco
35 are undermined by culling-induced changes in badger behavior (termed perturbation), which can increas
36 ral scales (preceding month or season), with badgers being heavier if preceding temperatures (particu
41 used an established simulation model of the badger-cattle-TB system and investigated four proposed s
43 n addition, we show the risk of unvaccinated badger cubs, but not adults, testing positive to an even
46 -scale field trials have recently shown that badger culling has the capacity to cause both increases
50 ale field trial that indicate that localized badger culling not only fails to control but also seems
51 d incidents might be expected over 10 years, badger culling prevented 26 cattle herd incidents while
52 no badger management, large-scale proactive badger culling, badger vaccination, and culling with a r
54 l across different temporal scales, although badgers did exhibit heavier weights when greater rainfal
56 fecundity, recruitment and survival rates in badgers, due to improved food availability and energetic
57 n measures were 100% effective in preventing badger entry into farm buildings, as long as they were a
58 creasing prevalence of M. bovis infection in badgers, especially where landscape features allow badge
61 ociated with four metrics of perturbation in badgers: expanded ranging, more frequent immigration, lo
62 rimarily of bovine origin, but isolates from badgers, feral deer, sheep, humans, and a pig were inclu
63 vel approach that entails testing individual badgers for infection, vaccinating test-negative animals
64 s, especially where landscape features allow badgers from neighboring land to recolonize culled areas
65 us attempts to manage the disease by culling badgers have been hampered by social perturbation, which
69 e, BCI was the principal driver of TE, where badgers in good condition were less likely to be trapped
70 representing both responsive persecution of badgers in high cattle risk areas and effects of persecu
74 In this study, we genotyped 233 American badgers in Wisconsin at 12 microsatellite loci to identi
75 o make NO after stimulation with recombinant badger interferon gamma (bdIFNgamma) or a combination of
78 Therefore, an accurate in vitro test for badgers is needed urgently to determine the extent of th
82 ndicates that badger-to-cattle and cattle-to-badger M. bovis transmission may typically occur through
83 phages as anti-mycobacterial effector cells, badger macrophage (bdMphi) responses remain uncharacteri
84 980s, 1990s and 2011-13, using the number of badger main setts as a proxy for the abundance of badger
85 oposed strategies: business as usual with no badger management, large-scale proactive badger culling,
86 The distinctive social position of infected badgers may help explain how social stability mitigates,
88 tructured by sex in a population of European badgers Meles meles naturally infected with Mycobacteriu
95 road-scale genetic structure of the European badger (Meles meles) is of interest as it may result fro
104 by the involvement of wildlife, particularly badgers (Meles meles), which appear to sustain endemic i
108 te contact patterns of group-living European badgers, Meles meles, which are an important wildlife re
111 e life histories on 1179 individual European badgers over 3288 (re-) trapping events, to test whether
112 ject the hypothesis that culling up to three badgers per social group might avoid perturbation, we al
115 ildlife host, results in perturbation of the badger population and an increased level of disease in c
116 otes the persistence of a naturally infected badger population and helps to explain the badger's role
117 identify potential infection hotspots in the badger population and quantify the heterogeneity in bact
118 al prevalence of bTB in the Woodchester Park badger population exhibits no straightforward relationsh
120 ded period, using empirical data from a wild badger population naturally infected with Mycobacterium
121 are consistent with a marked increase in the badger population of England and Wales since the 1980s.
123 al for understanding the social structure of badger populations along with mechanisms vital for under
124 o the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in badger populations and inform disease control interventi
125 nderstanding the epidemiology of M. bovis in badger populations is essential for directing control in
126 This method allows M. bovis infections in badger populations to be monitored without trapping and
130 d badger population and helps to explain the badger's role as a persistent reservoir of M. bovis.
134 pecies we have examined the applicability of Badger's rule to heme and non-heme iron-oxygen bonds.
135 e substantially from the values predicted by Badger's rule, while the short Fe-O bonds obtained from
138 Combining these results with the recent Badger Sett Survey of England and Wales, we estimate the
139 terogeneity in bacterial load; with infected badgers shedding between 1 x 10(3)- 4 x 10(5) M. bovis c
141 d with herd risk than area-level measures of badger social group density, habitat suitability or pers
144 social groups, the estimated mean density of badger social groups in England and Wales was 0.485 km(-
145 rate of increase in the estimated number of badger social groups was 2.6% (2.2-2.9%), equating to an
146 r main setts as a proxy for the abundance of badger social groups, none has combined contemporary dat
148 re has been an increase of 103% (83-123%) in badger social groups, while in Wales there has been litt
149 m the Best Add-On Giving Effective Response (BADGER) study tested the association between baseline bi
152 vidence of widespread and frequent visits by badgers to farm buildings during which there is the pote
154 ery infrequent direct contact indicates that badger-to-cattle and cattle-to-badger M. bovis transmiss
157 ement, large-scale proactive badger culling, badger vaccination, and culling with a ring of vaccinati
159 s can substantially reduce the likelihood of badger visits to buildings and reduce some of the potent
163 -Pak) for detecting tuberculosis in Eurasian badgers was 49% sensitive and 93% specific against cultu
164 ar-nights in the home ranges of GPS-collared badgers, we detected no direct contacts between the two
169 Stat-Pak may be useful for the detection of badgers with the greatest risk of transmitting disease.
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