ライフサイエンスコーパス: balancing selection

1 geny in natural populations is likely due to balancing selection.

2 etic polymorphism that are sustained through balancing selection.

3 the PAIs, rather than as a single unit under balancing selection.

4 individuals, possibly indicating a source of balancing selection.

5 positive selective sweep with no evidence of balancing selection.

6 ion are consistent with a model of long-term balancing selection.

7 ying selection across the genome, but little balancing selection.

8 aintained in this species under some form of balancing selection.

9 tion, seven genes show weaker indications of balancing selection.

10 iversity at these loci implies the action of balancing selection.

11 bserved variation results from long-standing balancing selection.

12 only associated with the long-term action of balancing selection.

13 e primate TRIM5alpha locus has evolved under balancing selection.

14 show that several HLA loci have experienced balancing selection.

15 nvolved in incompatibility and are not under balancing selection.

16 es mediates positive selective sweeps and/or balancing selection.

17 ximately 25 to 30% divergence that are under balancing selection.

18 hat directional selection does not overwhelm balancing selection.

19 s rejected in three populations in favour of balancing selection.

20 populations suggest that this locus is under balancing selection.

21 regions tightly linked to targets of strong balancing selection.

22 tic variation for life span is maintained by balancing selection.

23 es of polymorphisms apparently maintained by balancing selection.

24 or different groups of orthologs, suggesting balancing selection.

25 wo haplotype classes have been maintained by balancing selection.

26 -frequency variants, which is a signature of balancing selection.

27 est that the polymorphisms are maintained by balancing selection.

28 eotide sequence polymorphism consistent with balancing selection.

29 gnificant and is, or has been, maintained by balancing selection.

30 ons, and has genetic signatures of long-term balancing selection.

31 results of a test of neutrality in favor of balancing selection.

32 ith their maintenance in populations through balancing selection.

33 ty types and are thus potentially subject to balancing selection.

34 as used to directly estimate the strength of balancing selection.

35 ng that PGI may be subject to trans-specific balancing selection.

36 xample of extreme polymorphism maintained by balancing selection.

37 gnature among genes reported to evolve under balancing selection.

38 h time as well as for signals of positive or balancing selection.

39 pathogen interaction, a well-known target of balancing selection.

40 ection on standing variation (soft sweep) or balancing selection.

41 segregating under drift or by the action of balancing selection.

42 ance genes, expected to be under positive or balancing selection.

43 nt functional properties that underlie their balancing selection.

44 t trans-specific polymorphism, a hallmark of balancing selection.

45 f climate-related signals of directional and balancing selection.

46 mutation rate, and other tests also suggest balancing selection.

47 e to cold and pain stimuli, show evidence of balancing selection.

48 At LSI 2 loci were identified, both showing balancing selection.

49 sis, or be due to loci linked to genes under balancing selection.

50 ned at intermediate frequencies by long-term balancing selection.

51 s molecular population genetic signatures of balancing selection.

52 ukaryotic gene coding regions undergo strong balancing selection.

53 tly invisible to current scans for long-term balancing selection.

54 y in the UGP1 promoter is maintained through balancing selection.

55 of the joint effects of gene conversion and balancing selection.

56 es, and the chimeric gene Crg1 is subject to balancing selection.

57 for effective recognition, is maintained by balancing selection.

58 nce of partial selective sweeps or transient balancing selection.

59 action of adaptive natural selection [2, 3], balancing selection [4], or compensatory evolution [5, 6

60 esults provide a definitive demonstration of balancing selection acting at the honey bee csd gene, of

61 ep branches, features that are suggestive of balancing selection acting in this region.

62 cific and appears to have been maintained by balancing selection acting on chemotype differences that

63 ound striking differences in the strength of balancing selection acting on MHC class I versus class I

64 se regions of incompatibility loci is due to balancing selection acting on sites within or near these

65 Est-6 may be shaped by: (1) directional and balancing selection acting on the promoter and the codin

66 We found signs of an ancient balancing selection acting on this gene but no post Out-

67 This in turn may help explain the apparent balancing selection acting on this locus.

68 Taken together, our results suggest that balancing selection acts on cytoplasmic male-sterility f

69 xons over evolutionary time, suggesting that balancing selection acts to maintain diversity in the la

70 genetic methods that test for signatures of balancing selection, allowing genes encoding important t

71 We found evidence of widespread positive and balancing selection among worldwide human populations, i

72 ions could not be ruled out, the presence of balancing selection and a high density of SNPs in non-co

73 a broadly applicable approach for detecting balancing selection and apply it to the b1 mating type g

74 result that applies to alleles maintained by balancing selection and by recurrent mutation.

75 However, evidence for balancing selection and extended residence times has alm

76 real time, as well as identify regions under balancing selection and informative markers to different

77 ations in the frequency spectrum, suggesting balancing selection and positive selection occurring in

78 cus: linkage to a second locus that is under balancing selection and that modulates the fitness effec

79 as shown to be under positive directional or balancing selection and, therefore, molecular variation

80 g antimicrobial peptides might be subject to balancing selection and/or an enhanced mutation rate, bu

81 Overall, the combination of strong positive (balancing) selection and frequent gene conversion has ma

82 suggest that hypervariable regions are under balancing selection, and are not merely regions of relax

83 o other genes, even those not evolving under balancing selection, and argue that the phenomenon is wi

84 a mutation-selection balance, as opposed to balancing selection, and have direct relevance to the st

85 polymorphism is expected to be maintained by balancing selection, and in extreme cases may give rise

86 a model with polymorphic Y chromosomes under balancing selection, and the invasion of a neo-Y chromos

87 nding variation, and other processes such as balancing selection appear to make a large contribution

88 mples associated with ancient trans-specific balancing selection are also discovered.

89 tide polymorphisms bearing the signatures of balancing selection are enriched in active cis-regulator

90 t the following: (1) models that incorporate balancing selection are more consistent with observation

91 Several models of strong balancing selection are used as examples, and the effect

92 These results support the importance of balancing selection as a mechanism to maintain variation

93 Our results also raise the possibility that balancing selection, as a natural consequence of frequen

94 2 loci under positive selection and 3 under balancing selection at LCI.

95 Balancing selection at one locus can increase the amount

96 st that the haplotypes are maintained due to balancing selection at or near this locus.

97 uter-surface protein C (ospC) suggested that balancing selection at ospC is a dominant force maintain

98 level all three loci show strong evidence of balancing selection at some sites.

99 We find a striking signal of ancient balancing selection at the 'male-specific enhancer' of t

100 (ST) region may be a signal of long-standing balancing selection at the ABO locus, caused by multiple

101 tween populations is higher, consistent with balancing selection at the Aly13 locus.

102 Our findings indicate that balancing selection at the MHC occurs at the level of po

103 These results suggest multiple niches create balancing selection at the ospC locus.

104 olinense appears to have interacted with the balancing selection at the S locus to result in fewer S

105 These results suggest that balancing selection at the srx-43 locus generates altern

106 regions yet described; however, evidence for balancing selection at these sites is notably lacking--i

107 oding allele frequencies suggest that strong balancing selection at this locus occurred during the ev

108 phism, they represent only a fraction of the balancing selection at work in plants.

109 ks of high variation, possibly maintained by balancing selection, at genomic regions significantly en

110 ange of parameters than previous analyses of balancing selection based on diffusion approximations to

111 Models of balancing selection based on these findings indicate tha

112 minated not by adaptive protein evolution or balancing selection, but by extensive hitchhiking of lin

113 conducted a genome-wide scan for long-lived balancing selection by looking for combinations of SNPs

114 ent speciation, and loci that are subject to balancing selection can be used to evaluate the frequenc

115 at, whereas human 5'CCR5 has been subject to balancing selection, chimpanzee 5'CCR5 has been influenc

116 volutionarily related as a result of ancient balancing selection combined with independent origins of

117 Evidence for balancing selection comes from a spatially variable rati

118 ws trans-species polymorphisms indicative of balancing selection, consistent with the role of het loc

119 er these selective forces, together known as balancing selection, csd is expected to exhibit a high d

120 specially European ones (possibly because of balancing selection derived from dual roles of LOX-1).

121 In multiple-niche polymorphism, a type of balancing selection, diversity within a population can b

122 However, for more than two alleles, balancing selection does occur and the model approaches

123 loci involved in autoimmunity may be under a balancing selection due to antagonistic pleiotropic effe

124 ction only at loci for which the strength of balancing selection exceeds the effective strength of st

125 vide a strong contrast to the high levels of balancing selection exhibited by genes at the upstream p

126 and 144.75 expected), consistent with strong balancing selection favoring heterozygotes.

127 s selfish genetic element is counteracted by balancing selection for allorecognition polymorphism.

128 peciation events and have been maintained by balancing selection for millions of years.

129 antly related species and has remained under balancing selection for tens of millions of years-to dat

130 Such large effects are predicted under balancing selection from either sexually antagonistic or

131 es that are consistently under the strongest balancing selection from naturally acquired immune respo

132 to maintain polygenic variation: pleiotropic balancing selection, G x E interactions (with spatial or

133 ecies appeared consistent with the symmetric balancing selection generated by self-incompatibility.

134 Balancing selection has been shown to act on several gen

135 Empirical data show that strong balancing selection has indeed occurred at the b1 locus.

136 Balancing selection has maintained human leukocyte antig

137 Balancing selection has maintained these three lineages

138 n the human prion protein gene suggests that balancing selection has operated on an amino acid sequen

139 re has been much speculation as to what role balancing selection has played in evolution.

140 These findings indicate that ancient balancing selection has shaped human variation and point

141 These results are strong evidence that balancing selection has shaped the pattern of variation

142 st defenses are more likely to be subject to balancing selection, i.e., evolve in a manner consistent

143 the evidence indicates both directional and balancing selection impacting separately the promoter an

144 of extensive polymorphism through multilocus balancing selection in a heterogeneous environment.

145 s by two different methods, with evidence of balancing selection in Europe.

146 , and now classic, example of the effects of balancing selection in great apes.

147 In conclusion, sequence data suggest that balancing selection in HLA is asymmetric (some heterozyg

148 hemoglobin polymorphism may be maintained by balancing selection in natural populations of house mice

149 the hypothesis that HLA is under asymmetric balancing selection in populations by estimating allelic

150 there are few, if any, examples of long-term balancing selection in primates.

151 atistical evidence for a candidate target of balancing selection in S. epidermidis.

152 sts, we document genes under directional and balancing selection in S. mansoni that may facilitate ad

153 the roles of mutation-selection balance and balancing selection in shaping genetic variation at vari

154 We also show that previous results on balancing selection in single-locus systems do not exten

155 and kin recognition and may be under intense balancing selection in some populations.

156 tral sequence evolution, suggests a role for balancing selection in the evolution of DQA1 transcripti

157 the existence of polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection in this genome region, since molecul

158 First, we found strong evidence of balancing selection in this region, as determined by a T

159 variation and multiple strong signatures of balancing selection in this region.

160 A recent study investigated the extent of balancing selection in two Brassicaceae species and high

161 yet to be purified from the population, (2). balancing selection, in which a selective advantage accr

162 Balancing selection increases mean coalescence times, bu

163 underlying Markov model incorporates strong balancing selection into a two-locus coalescent.

164 t (i) because it is rarely stable, long-term balancing selection is an evolutionary oddity, and (ii)

165 ll characterized for Solanaceae and although balancing selection is hypothesized to be responsible fo

166 This traditional example of balancing selection is known as the 'malaria hypothesis'

167 th outgroup and McDonald's test suggest that balancing selection is modulating the evolution of the I

168 with alleles at the MHC loci that are under balancing selection is proposed as a possible explanatio

169 Our models suggest that balancing selection is sufficient to explain the observe

170 Balancing selection is weak and confined to D0, KIR3DS1

171 maintained either by local adaptation or by balancing selection, is derived, and the expected coales

172 Balancing selection likely reflects response to diverse

173 ymorphism has been shown to be maintained by balancing selection, little is known about the molecular

174 yses of Catsup sequences are consistent with balancing selection maintaining multiple functional poly

175 re necessary, illustrating the importance of balancing selection maintaining variation over speciatio

176 istence of these polymorphisms suggests that balancing selection maintains color vision variation, po

177 To test the hypothesis that balancing selection maintains diversity at behavioral lo

178 otype association studies that proposed that balancing selection maintains G6PD deficiencies within h

179 If balancing selection maintains these factors, then neutra

180 Balancing selection maintains variation for evolution.

181 A-E allelic polymorphism have indicated that balancing selection may be acting to maintain two major

182 Instead, some other form of balancing selection may be maintaining uninfected female

183 Balancing selection may have maintained haplotypes at th

184 distribution of polymorphisms suggests that balancing selection may maintain diverse PKDREJ alleles

185 o arise suggest that it is prudent to assume balancing selection may prevent fixation of the 132L all

186 ical management and prevention, and suggests balancing selection mechanisms involved in PCOS risk.

187 lection (more commonly homozygous) and under balancing selection (more commonly heterozygous), might

188 e loci are consistent with a simple model of balancing selection; more complicated selective alternat

189 analytic theory incorporating the effects of balancing selection, mutation, recombination, and geneti

190 owever, despite this suggestive evidence for balancing selection, O(2)-equilibrium curves revealed no

191 Interestingly, we find that soft sweeps and balancing selection occur more frequently closer to the

192 esults highlight the diversity and long-term balancing selection of regulatory factors that modulate

193 Through balancing selection on a few divergent haplotypes the Yu

194 We highlight examples of balancing selection on a variety of discrete traits.

195 The result is a form of balancing selection on all loci affecting an individual'

196 enetics analysis provided strong evidence of balancing selection on at least one case (Crab-eating mo

197 We extend coalescent theory to investigate balancing selection on combinations of linked genes.

198 ick vector are likely consequences of strong balancing selection on local Borrelia clones.

199 We studied the effect of multilocus balancing selection on neutral nucleotide variability at

200 arum isolates yield significant evidence for balancing selection on polymorphisms within the disulfid

201 of neutral rearrangement polymorphism due to balancing selection on sexes and mating types.

202 Kuru imposed strong balancing selection on the Fore, essentially eliminating

203 stral polymorphism is low or absent and that balancing selection on the time-scale of chimpanzee-huma

204 n earlier epidemic of prion diseases exerted balancing selection on the two alleles, and we have prev

205 Variation is maintained under pleiotropic balancing selection only at loci for which the strength

206 Instead, the data are consistent with balancing selection operating on an emergent property of

207 s, indicating weak negative selection and/or balancing selection operating on mutations at these loci

208 species over long evolutionary timescales by balancing selection or are continually arising and being

209 niously explained by models that incorporate balancing selection or assume variants affecting bristle

210 The data are not consistent with balancing selection or interspecific hybridization, but

211 key component of the molecular signature for balancing selection or local adaptation, high-diversity

212 sistent with the action of selective sweeps, balancing selection, or population differentiation.

213 ted, suggesting they have been maintained by balancing selection over long evolutionary times.

214 sm (P < 10(-4)), DRB1 shows some evidence of balancing selection (P < 0.06), and while there is overa

215 encies, there is a trend in the direction of balancing selection (P < 0.08).

216 , because genetic polymorphism maintained by balancing selection permits inferences about population

217 nce in isolation, (ii) can be tolerated when balancing selection prevents random loss of variation at

218 lecular population genetic data suggest that balancing selection prevents the fixation or loss of D a

219 Balancing selection refers to a variety of selective reg

220 bservations is not expected under relaxed or balancing selection, selective sweeps, or increased muta

221 reviously shown to have strong signatures of balancing selection, seven genes show weaker indications

222 varying levels of recombination to show that balancing selection should operate at each sublocus.

223 l immune system components subject to strong balancing selection, shows how modern humans acquired th

224 theoretical models of biological systems of balancing selection such as plant gametophytic self-inco

225 versity in HLA is argued to be maintained by balancing selection, such as negative frequency-dependen

226 perhaps substance abuse, may be preserved by balancing selection, suggesting the involvement of commo

227 outcrossing in P. taeda L. appears to have a balancing selection system due to either pseudo-overdomi

228 is pattern may be explained by long-standing balancing selection that maintains multiple selected all

229 lar sample sizes and is more consistent with balancing selection that with neutrality.

230 rsity can be maintained at a locus by direct balancing selection, there is no evidence for such selec

231 ltivated rice genomes that shows evidence of balancing selection, thereby suggesting that there might

232 alleles at self-recognition genes are under balancing selection, they exhibit extended residence tim

233 at the alternative alleles are maintained by balancing selection through context-dependent or fluctua

234 allelic lineages that have been preserved by balancing selection throughout human evolution.

235 ed the conditions necessary for antagonistic balancing selection to operate, we currently know little

236 Interestingly, the power to detect balancing selection using deviations from a neutral dist

237 The strongest evidence for asymmetrical balancing selection was observed for HLA-DRB1, HLA-B and

238 articular on the statistical power to detect balancing selection when it is present.

239 ations and a few polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection, which together contribute to standi

240 The interplay of balancing selection within a species and rapid gene evol

241 lymorphisms at many codons show evidence for balancing selection, yet data consistent with directiona