1 d scavenging (rainout) coefficient in Taiwan
are calculated as 0.20 +/- 0.07 cm/s and 6.5 +/- 0.2 x 1
2 peanut protein Ara h 1 and its antibody can
be calculated as 0.52 nM from the variation in different
3 ltammetry (DPV) whose lowest detection limit
was calculated as 0.001ngmL(-1).
4 The detection limit of the prepared material
was calculated as 0.030 nM.
5 e accumulated by the fruits during this time
was calculated as 0.07 kGy; this is the maximal reported
6 ty, and the limit of detection toward biotin
was calculated as 0.102 ng mL(-1) (equivalent to 6 muL o
7 The total cardiac clearance of amitriptyline
was calculated as 0.316 L/h.
8 LODs
were calculated as 0.071, 0.023, 0.016 and 0.034ngmL(-1)
9 K(M)(app), Imax, LOD and sensitivity
were calculated as 0.229 mM, 42.37 nA, 3.3 x 10(-4)nM an
10 The detection limits of AA and AD
were calculated as 0.96 muM and 0.38 muM, respectively.
11 lidation R(2) for simple calibration and PLS
were calculated as 0.989 and 0.951, respectively.
12 tten records, and vaccine effectiveness (VE)
was calculated as 1 - [(risk of measles in vaccinated in
13 VE
was calculated as 1 - adjusted odds ratio of vaccination
14 The vaccine effectiveness (VE)
was calculated as 1 - OR.
15 VE
was calculated as 1 minus the odds ratio for influenza i
16 The average effective dose for coronary CTA
was calculated as 1.11 mSv (0.47-2.01 mSv) for method A
17 Vaccine effectiveness
was calculated as (
1 - adjusted odds ratio [aOR])100%; a
18 Vaccine effectiveness
was calculated as (
1 - matched odds ratio) x 100%.
19 VE
was calculated as (
1 - odds ratio) x 100, where the odds
20 Vaccine effectiveness
was calculated as (
1-odds ratio)x100.
21 Conventional lesion volume
was calculated as (
1/6)xpix(AxB(2)+CxD(2)/2).
22 In this design, VE
is calculated as 100% x (1 - odds ratio) for vaccine rec
23 Pulse pressure variation
was calculated as 100 x (PPmax - PPmin)/PPmean and calcu
24 for monovalent pandemic vaccine and TIV and
was calculated as 100 x [1 - adjusted odds ratio], where
25 notransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio (APRI)
was calculated as =
100*(aspartate aminotransferase [AST
26 Vaccine effectiveness
was calculated as 100x(1-OR).
27 t, limit of detection (LOD), and sensitivity
were calculated as 12.0+/-0.05pM and 3.3772nAnM(-1)cm(-2
28 aximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BA
were calculated as 13.93microM and 25.66microM for diphe
29 lobal Warming Potential (GWP) for (CF3)2CFCN
was calculated as 1490, a factor of 15 less than that of
30 he quadratic model, the optimal range of INR
was calculated as 2.1 to 2.5.
31 detection (LOD) for the complementary strand
was calculated as 2.32 nM.
32 The sensitivity of the developed sensor
was calculated as 2.6Hz/pg.
33 The limit of detection (S/N=3)
was calculated as 2.92 pmol of target sequence in a 100-
34 The NNV
was calculated as [
2 parents/(parent-attributable infant
35 ug L(-1) (n=21), the preconcentration factor
was calculated as 200 and the relative standard deviatio
36 contribution from the mantle of 2.9%, which
is calculated as 21 Gmol/y.
37 The inactivation energy of the enzyme
was calculated as 218kJmol(-1).
38 Young's modulus
was calculated as 22.6 +/- 9.2 MPa in patients and 13.8
39 For guaiacol, the Km and Vmax values
were calculated as 24.88mM and 3.23EU/mL, respectively f
40 ported by bridging ligands, the bond lengths
being calculated as 3.229 A for [Re2Cp2(CO)6]2+ (1(2)2+)
41 bsequent analysis and dissociation constants
were calculated as 3.24-5.24x10(-8) M.
42 For H2O2, the Km and Vmax values
were calculated as 3.247mM and 0.799EU/mL, respectively
43 maging-detected malignant or benign lesions)
were calculated as 30.7% (95% CI confidence interval : 2
44 he ratio of analyte signal to chemical noise
was calculated as 31 for DMMP and 106 for 1-hexanol.
45 alpha of 0.05 and power 80%, the sample size
was calculated as 35 patients for each group with a drop
46 The Forster distance R(0) values
are calculated as 41 to 65A for these dye/quencher pairs
47 of SPECT HMR with UM and that of planar HMR
was calculated as 5.5 and 1.6, respectively.
48 K(D) of the antibody used toward PSA
was calculated as 9.46 x 10(-10) M, indicating high affi
49 d 50-100, and the corresponding Delta(r)G(o)
was calculated as 9.8-11.5 kJ/mol.
50 tion, the diffusion coefficient of carbonate
is calculated as (
9.03 +/- 0.91) 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1), whi
51 A105 over its target (intraocular TNF-alpha)
was calculated as 96-fold (cohort III) to 359-fold (coho
52 ity, positive and negative predictive values
were calculated as 98.1, 94.4, 94.5, and 98.1 %, respect
53 y range is from 10(1) to 10(7)CFU/ml and LOD
is calculated as 9x10(2)CFU/ml.
54 The partition coefficients
are calculated as a function of chain length, degree of
55 The additional forces
are calculated as a gradient of the correlation coeffici
56 Its performance can thus
be calculated as a function of the host platform's peak
57 kinetics of breaking the kissing interaction
is calculated as a function of force and cation concentr
58 separation, the local viscosity distribution
is calculated as a function of the volume RBC rate.
59 eta) of the probe reacting with two proteins
is calculated as a ratio of conversion factors (k(obs) v
60 Progression-free survival (PFS)
was calculated as a composite end point of progressive e
61 Residual cancer burden (RCB)
was calculated as a continuous index combining pathologi
62 Dietary insulin load
was calculated as a function of the food insulin index,
63 g the degree of diffuse myocardial fibrosis,
was calculated as a function of the ratio of T1 change o
64 Bayes factor
was calculated as a measure of statistical evidence, wit
65 The kappa coefficient
was calculated as a measure of the reliability of intero
66 ated with the self-assembly of macrocycle 3b
was calculated as a measure of the solvophobic interacti
67 The Net Reclassification Improvement
was calculated as a measure to estimate any overall impr
68 ) of each metabolite variable in a PLS model
was calculated as a metric for the reliability of measur
69 Choroidal vascular density (CVD)
was calculated as a percent area occupied by choroidal v
70 The ITC index
was calculated as a percentage of the angle that was clo
71 ometric analysis, the newly formed bone area
was calculated as a percentage of the total area.
72 is, mean density in the region of the defect
was calculated as a percentage relative to the native bo
73 een commercial and threatened species ranges
was calculated as a proxy of the potential threat posed
74 bserved in both species, and an entropy rate
was calculated as a quantitative measure of degree of pr
75 min CZT SPECT and (13)N-ammonia PET, and MFR
was calculated as a ratio of hyperemic over resting MBF.
76 served positive rate (OPR) in each follow-up
was calculated as a ratio of number of red pixels within
77 The variability of these neurons
was calculated as a ratio of spike count variance to its
78 Relative fetal size
was calculated as a standard deviation score at each dat
79 The global PTD
was calculated as a sum of individual PTD values, rangin
80 IR score, a correlate of insulin resistance,
was calculated as a weighted combination of size and con
81 rient-metabolite profiles and cell viability
were calculated as a function of cell density and disc s
82 All-cause and cause-specific mortality rates
were calculated as a function of cumulative low, moderat
83 ectra, relative isomerization quantum yields
were calculated as a function of excitation energy.
84 Permeability coefficients
were calculated as a function of time and tissue depth.
85 alyzed, and precursor-to-product PUFA ratios
were calculated as a marker of the capacity of tissues (
86 ndard deviations of the torque moments (STD)
were calculated as a measurement of postural stability a
87 between predicted and observed MD (DeltaMD)
were calculated as a reliability measure.
88 Cortical (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B values
were calculated as a standard uptake value ratio normali
89 out and the value of (G + C)/(A + T) of DNA
was calculated as about 0.77 for various DNA samples.
90 vely and at 1 month (RLV1M), volumetric gain
was calculated as absolute (RLV1M-RLV) or relative regen
91 tween March 2011 and May 2012, fetal density
was calculated as actual birth weight at delivery divide
92 The energies of the microstates
are calculated as additive contributions from hydrogen b
93 Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4)
was calculated as (
age x AST)/(platelet x radical alanin
94 al information by combining relevance, which
is calculated as an average F-statistic value across dif
95 Kynurenine to tryptophan ratio
was calculated as an estimate of trp degradation.
96 The kappa coefficient
was calculated as an indicator of the concordance betwee
97 and treatment in hospitals and nursing homes
was calculated as annual cost for Flanders, per patient,
98 Plaque progression
was calculated as annualized change in common coverage b
99 pping efficiency of the isolated chromosomes
was calculated as approximately 0.01-0.02.
100 Adipose DI
was calculated as ATIS: (1/GlyRa x fasting insulin) x fi
101 The CCP score
was calculated as average expression of 31 CCP genes, no
102 Recovered S. aureus
was calculated as cfu/g.
103 e of aortic root dilation before cardiac MRI
was calculated as change in echocardiographic aortic roo
104 Relative weight gain
was calculated as change in SD score (SDS) during differ
105 Ejection fraction (%)
was calculated as changes between 0 and 120 minutes.
106 ials without an available reference standard
were calculated as cryptotanshinone-bioequivalents.
107 h MD site and cutaneous vascular conductance
was calculated as CVC = LDF/MAP and expressed as per cen
108 AEE
was calculated as DEE - BEE, and physical activity level
109 DEE - BEE, and physical activity level (PAL)
was calculated as DEE/BEE.
110 A coronary vascular resistance index (CVR)
was calculated as diastolic BP/CBV.
111 remental cost effectiveness and cost utility
were calculated as dollars for one case of infection avo
112 TTE RVol(AR)
was calculated as Doppler left ventricular outflow minus
113 Impact of DMSA
was calculated as end-course VBLL as a percentage of pre
114 Rates
were calculated as events/100 person-years at risk (PYR)
115 Adipo-IR and Hep-IR
were calculated as (
FFA0-120min ) x (Ins0-120min ) and (
116 Fibrosis index
was calculated as fibrosis score (0-4)/ years posttransp
117 Femoral vascular conductance
was calculated as flow/pressure.
118 (CDFS3) estimates at "x" year after surgery
were calculated as follows: CDFS3 = DFS(x+3)/DFS(x).
119 Affect balance style categories
were calculated as follows: healthy (high PA/low NA), lo
120 The electrochemical rate constants
are calculated as functions of overpotential for the con
121 Relative risks of incident HF in RA
were calculated as hazard ratios (HRs).
122 value predicting survival, independently of
being calculated as HVPG-Free or HVPG-IVC.
123 Net emissions
are calculated as increased system emissions from chargi
124 Simulated diagnostic yield
was calculated as initial screening yield x positive pre
125 The precursor purity metric
is calculated as "
intensity of a selected precursor divi
126 Percent difference
was calculated as (
interobservation difference/mean)x100
127 Precision
was calculated as intra-day repeatability (RSD in the 5-
128 Bioactivity quotients (BQs)
are calculated as iR/OED to obtain estimates of potentia
129 Inhibitor risk
was calculated as Kaplan-Meier incidence with cumulative
130 rates for DAPT cessation and adverse events
were calculated as Kaplan-Meier estimates of time to the
131 Left atrial functional index (LAFI)
was calculated as ([
LA emptying fraction x left ventricu
132 uously; cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC)
was calculated as laser-Doppler flowmetry/mean arterial
133 Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC)
was calculated as LDF/mean arterial pressure and normali
134 ted from concentrations in blood, and the LC
was calculated as ln(1 - E*)/ln(1 - E).
135 The limit of detection
was calculated as low as 0.25pgL(-1) (from SWSV) and 3.0
136 Energy intake
was calculated as mean kcal/d.
137 The effects
were calculated as mean differences or standardized mean
138 Physical activity
was calculated as metabolic equivalent task hours per da
139 durations of sleep across several correlates
were calculated as multivariable odds ratios.
140 using a new comparative parameter "n", which
was calculated as:
n=c0DPPHIC100 (mol/L(mol/L)(-1), (mol
141 angiographic reference vessel diameter (RVD)
was calculated as (
nominal stent diameter-RVD)/RVDx100 (
142 Nonresting energy expenditure (NREE)
was calculated as NREE = TEE - (REE +TEF).
143 HIV incidence based on HIV seroconversion
was calculated as number of events/100 person-years.
144 Focal changes in brightness
were calculated as numerical ring breakup (RBU) values,
145 Prevalence
was calculated as observed proportion with 95% confidenc
146 Risk estimates
were calculated as odds ratios and 95% confidence interv
147 ercentage effective filtration length (PEFL)
was calculated as PEFL = FL/TL x 100%, where TL = total
148 Planar HMR
was calculated as per standard guidelines (manual tradit
149 Change in mammographic density
was calculated as percentage change from baseline.
150 YLDs
were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae
151 Vertebral tortuosity index
was calculated as previously described.
152 Oxylipin ratios
were calculated as proxy markers of in vivo sEH activity
153 ermined by immunonephelometry, and the AIJCV
was calculated as published.
154 f the aortic regurgitation (AR) index, which
is calculated as ratio of the gradient between diastolic
155 Finally, simplified outcome measures
were calculated as ratio, with reference to cerebellar c
156 dation, prediction, and RPD ratios (SD/SECV)
were calculated as references for the model effectivenes
157 Summary effects
were calculated as relative risk and relative log surviv
158 Global and regional left ventricular MFR
was calculated as stress/rest myocardial blood flow usin
159 Hospital volumes
were calculated as suggested by the Leapfrog Group evide
160 o (SUR) of each volume of interest and voxel
was calculated as (
target uptake - reference uptake) / r
161 PBF
was calculated as TBF divided by total mass multiplied b
162 Activity energy expenditure (AEE)
was calculated as [
TEE(0.9) - RMR].
163 Mercury BAFs
are calculated as the fish Hg concentration (Hg(fish)) d
164 sessing prognosis than WHVP-IVC, HVPG should
be calculated as the gradient between WHVP and FHVP, but
165 The filtration efficiency of a filter can
be calculated as the sum of the contributions of individ
166 permits direct monitoring of HDX, which can
be calculated as the sum of the fractional peak magnitud
167 Tooth replacement rate
is calculated as the difference between the number of da
168 The thickness of the weathered zone
is calculated as the difference between the predicted to
169 cal significance, as expressed in a P-value,
is calculated as the fraction of permutation values that
170 age structure metric, fractional size, which
is calculated as the length of an individual divided by
171 The CCI
is calculated as the sum of all complications that are w
172 cedure-specific cost variation burden, which
was calculated as the aggregate sum of absolute cost dif
173 Loss of economic welfare
was calculated as the amount of deadweight loss in exces
174 Length
was calculated as the amount of telomeric DNA (T) divide
175 orrected for the water content of drinks and
was calculated as the amount of water retained at 2 h af
176 st spin-echo MR images, the cecal tilt angle
was calculated as the angle between the imaging table an
177 The peripheral ischemia or leakage index
was calculated as the area of capillary nonperfusion or
178 The cumulated activity
was calculated as the area under the curve of the organ
179 For each image, mean gray level
was calculated as the average of eight preset regions, a
180 Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation
was calculated as the change in augmentation index in re
181 NO production
was calculated as the conversion rate of arginine to cit
182 e to citrulline; de novo arginine production
was calculated as the conversion rate of citrulline to a
183 ity of climatic conditions along the flyways
was calculated as the correlation and slope between onse
184 The individual mealtime protein distribution
was calculated as the CV (i.e., SD divided by the mean)
185 Protein distribution across meals
was calculated as the CV of protein ingested per meal, w
186 The visual acuity decrement due to VI
was calculated as the difference between BCVA and 20/30,
187 phetamine-induced change in BPND (DeltaBPND)
was calculated as the difference between BPND in the pos
188 %CVC(max) between the control and NOS-I site
was calculated as the difference between C and NOS-I sit
189 Low-luminance deficit (LLD)
was calculated as the difference between LLVA and BCVA.
190 Survival benefit
was calculated as the difference between post-transplant
191 -lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD)
was calculated as the difference between the IOP and ICP
192 The organic selenium content
was calculated as the difference between total Se and in
193 CT enhancement
was calculated as the difference in aortic wall densitie
194 NITM
was calculated as the difference in distance refractive
195 NITM
was calculated as the difference in posttask distance re
196 DeltaR1
was calculated as the difference in R1 between mice with
197 Regional treatment response, DeltaR(r),
was calculated as the difference in regional gas distrib
198 Energy balance
was calculated as the discrepancy between EI and EE and
199 Maternal-to-fetal Ca transfer
was calculated as the enrichment in cord blood at delive
200 The mean single-nephron GFR
was calculated as the GFR divided by the number of nephr
201 Sedentary time
was calculated as the heart rate observations (in minute
202 RP progression
was calculated as the loss of EZ width over time for all
203 residence time in the remainder of the body
was calculated as the maximum possible residence time mi
204 ion (standardized uptake value ratio [SUVr])
was calculated as the maximum standardized uptake value
205 Monthly school meal participation
was calculated as the mean number of daily meals served
206 Urinary sodium excretion
was calculated as the mean of two 24-h urine excretions.
207 e) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and
was calculated as the mean value of both eyes without op
208 The Hedges g value
was calculated as the measure of effect size.
209 Standardized uptake value
was calculated as the net tracer uptake in the pancreas
210 ld of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation
was calculated as the number of dimerizable conformation
211 Adherence
was calculated as the number of doses taken divided by d
212 The annual incidence
was calculated as the number of incident cases divided b
213 Incidence
was calculated as the number of new cases divided by the
214 The medication administration error rate
was calculated as the number of observed doses administe
215 Outcome
was calculated as the odds ratio (OR) using a random eff
216 An asymmetry ratio
was calculated as the peak velocity of the slower eye mo
217 Cerebrovascular reactivity
was calculated as the percent increase of normocapnic to
218 The GTI
was calculated as the percentage of (133)Xe gas retentio
219 Adherence
was calculated as the percentage of days on which a dose
220 The yield of each reaction
was calculated as the percentage of initial sucrose conv
221 Incremental increase in cancer detection
was calculated as the percentage of mammographically occ
222 Infarct size
was calculated as the percentage of the area at risk and
223 ysiologic intereye percent difference (PIPD)
was calculated as the PID divided by the measurement mea
224 ally worthwhile and relevant to the patient,
was calculated as the probability that a random patient
225 Cerebral O(2) delivery
was calculated as the product of arterial O(2) content a
226 eterization, as an index of the RV MVO2, and
was calculated as the product of systolic pulmonary arte
227 Relative exposure
was calculated as the proportion of all advertising pers
228 Binocular summation
was calculated as the ratio between binocular and better
229 Myocardial CCL
was calculated as the ratio between insoluble and solubl
230 nd the rate of progression of LGE (LGE-rate)
was calculated as the ratio between the increment of LGE
231 Flow velocity
was calculated as the ratio of distance between CT detec
232 MPRI
was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to resting myoc
233 Side-to-side asymmetry in patients with TLE
was calculated as the ratio of ipsilateral to contralate
234 LV-MV ring mismatch
was calculated as the ratio of LV to ring size (LV end-d
235 Pulmonary flow reserve (PFR)
was calculated as the ratio of pulmonary blood flow velo
236 Reporting accuracy
was calculated as the ratio of reported sodium intake to
237 RLE
was calculated as the ratio of signal intensity measurem
238 The incretin effect
was calculated as the ratio of the OGTT-betaCGS to the 2
239 Myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) index
was calculated as the ratio of the stress and rest K1 va
240 Daily atrophy rate (DeltaTdi/d)
was calculated as the reduction in percentage from the p
241 Fidelity
was calculated as the similarity between pairs of foragi
242 Each month's adherence percentage
was calculated as the sum of daily adherence percents, d
243 RSDc
was calculated as the sum of difference between peak rad
244 exposure), a hazard index (HI) for each man
was calculated as the sum of HQs for the individual phth
245 The PRAL
was calculated as the sum of major mineral nonbicarbonat
246 Polyp burden
was calculated as the sum of the diameters of polyps.
247 cients, and a predictive score (IPSYS score)
was calculated as the sum of the weighted scores.
248 A total brain score
was calculated as the summed scores in the individual re
249 Sleep opportunity
was calculated as the time between end of the overnight
250 The time to the cataract event
was calculated as the time between recruitment and the d
251 UTR
was calculated as the time derivative of LV twist.
252 Patient follow-up time
was calculated as the time from hospital discharge until
253 Vt
was calculated as the time-weighted average over the fir
254 dGI
was calculated as the weighted average of GIs from foods
255 lized to injected activity (residence times)
were calculated as the area under the curve of the time-
256 lized to injected activity (residence times)
were calculated as the area under the curve of the time-
257 O age- and sex-adjusted z scores, deviations
were calculated as the change in z score between adjacen
258 Intra- and interreader agreement
were calculated as the Cohen kappa.
259 ing for critically ill patients, total costs
were calculated as the combination of hospitalization co
260 ut the study, and the low-luminance deficits
were calculated as the difference between the letter sco
261 Net margins
were calculated as the difference between total hospital
262 Phase shifts
were calculated as the difference in timing of dim light
263 Mean differences
were calculated as the mean of all the individual percen
264 Incidence rate ratios
were calculated as the measure of relative risk.
265 Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs)
were calculated as the observed numbers of ovarian cance
266 Images were scanned, and nerve densities
were calculated as the percentage of each 1-mm(2) area o
267 DO2_IR and MO2_IR
were calculated as the products of F and O2A, and F and
268 Frequency effect sizes
were calculated as the proportion of studies reporting a
269 Pricing differentials
were calculated as the proportions (%) obtained by divid
270 st-enhanced (DCE) imaging, odds ratios (ORs)
were calculated as the ratio of odds of cancer of two co
271 The multipliers
were calculated as the simple inverses of the proportion
272 overall compliance, PRISMA and AMSTAR scores
were calculated as the sum of adequately reported domain
273 Total direct medical costs
were calculated as the sum of hospitalizations, outpatie
274 Total doses for lungs, heart, and breast
were calculated as the sum of the dose from localizer ra
275 Costs
were calculated as the sum of the value of resources rep
276 Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)
were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs)
277 ADIRs and ADBRs
were calculated as the total number of events divided by
278 Gaps
were calculated as time (days) between the last sexual e
279 The OSI
was calculated as [(
TOS/TAOC) x 100].
280 The H/CL ratio
was calculated as total counts in a region of interest o
281 Activity energy expenditure
was calculated as total energy expenditure (assessed ove
282 Cumulative fluid overload %
was calculated as [(
total fluid in - out in L)/admission
283 LC for (1)(8)F-FDGal
was calculated as (
V*(max)/K*(m))/(V(max)/K(m)).
284 Target-to-background ratio (TBR)
was calculated as valvular/blood activity.
285 al contraction (VOLbac) were measured; LAPEF
was calculated as (
VOLmax-VOLbac)/VOLmaxx100.
286 ade, and change within the patients with LGG
was calculated, as was minimal detectable change.
287 Body mass index (BMI)
was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)(2) Compared wit
288 Body mass index
was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height
289 , symptom prevalence, and diagnostic methods
were calculated as weighted proportions.
290 lty score based solely on difficulty ratings
was calculated, as well as 3 adjusted scores accounting
291 difference in the mean between 2007 and 2013
was calculated, as well as the 95% confidence intervals
292 cause-specific annual age-standardized rates
were calculated as well.
293 ciency, and the rates of these complications
were calculated as well.
294 Lake Huron and through the Chicago Diversion
were calculated, as well as flows related to the interna
295 Lesional standardized uptake values
were calculated, as well as lesion-to-contralateral cort
296 ansversal slice (SUVmax(9)) of the PET scans
were calculated, as well as PET-segmented gross tumor vo
297 er the ROC curves (AUCs) for each model pair
were calculated, as well as sensitivity, specificity, ac
298 Rates of perioperative adverse events
were calculated, as were midterm death and reinterventio
299 and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)
were calculated, as were T2 relaxation time and proton s
300 Pipe-years and cigar-years
were calculated as years from self-reported age of start