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1 als, hydra, and jellyfish) and triploblasts (bilaterians).
2 ter, the Super-Hox cluster, in the ancestral bilaterian.
3 2, L1, M and Q1), while the majority are pan-bilaterian.
4 ome epidermal sensory cells in the ancestral bilaterian.
5 ed in annelid mtDNA genomes, and possibly in bilaterians.
6 of central nervous system development across bilaterians.
7 nt physiological pathways between corals and bilaterians.
8 in a late common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians.
9 ous system in members of all major groups of bilaterians.
10 opening is homologous to the mouth of other bilaterians.
11 g greatly between poriferans, cnidarians and bilaterians.
12 pepods and deuterostomes, i.e. the ancestral bilaterians.
13 terior Hox gene function that is observed in bilaterians.
14 ster patterns the anterior-posterior axis of bilaterians.
15 and cardiac mesoderm development in diverse bilaterians.
16 e adult body plan is well understood in many bilaterians.
17 mation or axial patterning processes in many bilaterians.
18 n of BMP-regulated genes in widely divergent bilaterians.
19 of this regulatory mechanism at the base of Bilaterians.
20 segmentation is an ancestral feature of all bilaterians.
21 ace in the last common ancestor of Hydra and bilaterians.
22 However, these model organisms are all bilaterians.
23 sessed some of the same body parts as modern bilaterians.
24 gene cluster in the last common ancestor of Bilaterians.
25 r genes most closely related to Hox genes of bilaterians.
26 iving early germline sequestration in active bilaterians.
27 ndom culling (atresia) of precursor cells in bilaterians.
28 rved by cytoplasmic IF proteins in all other bilaterians.
29 lved before the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterians.
30 dy function and early ecologies of ancestral bilaterians.
31 pe predates the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterians.
32 s from the lineage leading to cnidarians and bilaterians.
33 tight cluster similar to the NK clusters of bilaterians.
34 ancestor of the placozoans, cnidarians, and bilaterians.
35 d of numerous components conserved among all bilaterians [1]; however, it is unknown how all of these
36 terstitial realm is the ancestral habitat of bilaterians [5, 6], (2) that interstitial taxa evolved f
37 the Neoproterozic; minute trails suggesting bilaterian activity date from about 600 million years ag
39 etazoans also indicates that the last common bilaterian ancestor possessed a diffuse nerve plexus and
41 central nervous system (CNS), suggesting the bilaterian ancestor used this genetic program during CNS
44 PA1-based electrophile detection in a common bilaterian ancestor, with widespread conservation throug
55 ification of germline cells in the ancestral bilaterian and possibly in a separate process related to
56 rom vertebrates, tunicates, amphioxus, other bilaterians and cnidarians, we build these strands into
58 orsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes in bilaterians and reveal differences in the evolutionary p
59 e conserved synteny with amphioxus and other bilaterians, and deeply conserved non-coding sequences t
61 expectedly that many of the genes present in bilaterian animal ancestors were lost by individual phyl
65 after the split from the lineage leading to bilaterian animals and that it was not requisite for com
66 eptides dates back to the common ancestor of bilaterian animals and until recently it was thought to
70 te tremendous body form diversity in nature, bilaterian animals share common sets of developmental ge
72 dataset with dense taxonomic sampling of non-bilaterian animals that was assembled using a semi-autom
74 the Ediacaran fauna, including large, motile bilaterian animals, ca. 550-560 million year ago (Ma), r
75 hly expressed in the nervous systems of most bilaterian animals, have been implicated in the regulati
76 t neural cells are ectodermal derivatives in bilaterian animals, here we report the surprising discov
77 also influences primary axis polarity of pre-bilaterian animals, indicating that an axial patterning
80 ox genes play pivotal developmental roles in bilaterian animals, we analyzed the Hox complexes of two
93 Our current views on the ancestry of the bilaterians are summarized in phylogenetic terms, incorp
94 igns of bilaterality, yet it is believed the bilaterians arose from radially symmetric forms hundreds
95 we estimate that the last common ancestor of bilaterians arose somewhere between 573 and 656 Ma, depe
99 clusters in Bilateria, (ii) the diversity of bilaterian body plans, and (iii) the uniqueness and time
105 rize the super-clades of animals: metazoans, bilaterians, chordate and non-chordate deuterostomes, ec
106 biomedically significant branch of the major bilaterian clade Spiralia, but to date, deep evolutionar
107 visual systems of vertebrates and many other bilaterian clades consist of complex neural structures g
109 at corresponded with the appearance of novel bilaterian clades, rather than a fading away owing to th
110 n has predicted structural features that, in bilaterian classical cadherins, facilitate binding to th
111 he earliest branches of the animal kingdom - bilaterians, cnidarians, ctenophores, sponges and placoz
112 as been inherited largely unchanged from the bilaterian common ancestor and that the central nervous
114 on, we show that the last common ancestor of bilaterians contained a single ancestral protein (URB).
119 component of cell-cell communication during bilaterian development, and abnormal Hedgehog signaling
120 nd calculate sponge/eumetazoan and cnidarian/bilaterian divergence times by using both distance [mini
121 700 million years-since before the cnidarian/bilaterian divergence-with a high-affinity binding site
126 an event that occurs in each major group of bilaterians: elongation of the embryo along the anterior
127 nes that are expressed asymmetrically during bilaterian embryogenesis from the sea anemone, Nematoste
130 ns (BMPs) pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of bilaterian embryos; however, their roles in the evolutio
134 etic toolkit that was repeatedly used during bilaterian evolution to build the various forms and body
135 how the site of gastrulation has changed in bilaterian evolution while other axial components of dev
136 icroRNAs (miRNAs), some conserved throughout bilaterian evolution, collectively regulate a substantia
139 t the endoderm and mesoderm in triploblastic bilaterians evolved from the bifunctional endomesoderm (
140 or and targeting of PTBP1 is conserved among bilaterians except for ecdysozoans, while extensive Notc
141 ly similar to that found across invertebrate bilaterians, except for massive expansions in two gene f
143 tal for understanding the early evolution of bilaterian features, or as a case of drastic secondary l
144 t lack several features common to most other bilaterians, for example an anus, nephridia, and a circu
145 studied the expression of genes involved in bilaterian foregut and hindgut patterning during the dev
148 known as Prdm1), which is a widely conserved bilaterian gene known to play a crucial role in the spec
150 involving approximately 12% of the ancestral bilaterian genome-and that cis-regulatory constraints ar
151 mals enables reconstruction of the ancestral bilaterian genome: the starting point from which most ex
153 nt of a microscopic, free-living organism of bilaterian grade, the larva, does not appear to require
156 ctionally that the conserved "kernel" of the bilaterian heart mesoderm GRN is operational in N. vecte
157 and brachyury-which are expressed in various bilaterian hindguts-are expressed in a small region at t
158 (NvErg1) is highly conserved with respect to bilaterian homologs and shares the IKr-like gating pheno
159 ssion of seven genes from Nematostella whose bilaterian homologs are implicated in mesodermal specifi
160 highly conserved role in axial patterning in bilaterians; however, examples highlighting the importan
162 alysis of brain-body complexity among extant bilaterians indicates that diffuse nerve nets and possib
168 Mnemiopsis lacks many of the genes found in bilaterian mesodermal cell types, suggesting that these
170 t paradigm of gut evolution assumes that non-bilaterian metazoan lineages either lack a gut (Porifera
171 as the preserved gastrulae of cnidarian and bilaterian metazoans can alternatively be interpreted as
172 observations reflect on mechanisms by which bilaterian metazoans might have arisen in Precambrian ev
173 ng inputs during germ layer specification in bilaterian metazoans, but there has been no direct exper
174 In contrast to the 37 genes found in most bilaterian metazoans, we recover 38 genes in the mitocho
177 t urbilaterians, the last common ancestor of bilaterians, might have already evolved a visual system
178 ogs (ash) regulate neural development in all bilaterian model animals indicating that they represent
179 e results contradict the hypothesis that the bilaterian mouth and anus evolved simultaneously from a
180 oth and striated myocytes is fundamental for bilaterian musculature, but its evolutionary origin is u
181 tries are most likely a universal feature of bilaterian nervous systems and may serve to increase neu
182 ling systems involved in early patterning of bilaterian nervous systems but also raise the question o
183 s have likely evolved to make optimal use of bilaterian nervous systems; however, little is known abo
184 ems are well recognized in ctenophores, many bilaterian neuron-specific genes and genes of 'classical
186 at these calcisponges possess orthologues of bilaterian NK genes (Hex, Hmx and Msx), a varying number
187 to the same three subfamilies into which the bilaterian opsins are classified: the ciliary (C), rhabd
188 to the activity of the early nonskeletonized bilaterians or, alternatively, large cnidarians such as
191 A prediction from the set-aside theory of bilaterian origins is that pattern formation processes s
194 ntial peptides, we then reconstructed entire bilaterian peptide families and showed that protostomian
196 annelid species supports data from two other bilaterian phyla in suggesting the existence of a geneti
199 ers are also present in some but not all non-bilaterian phyla, raising the question of how Hox-TALE i
206 cture of the developing germ band in another bilaterian, Pseudooides, indicates a unique mode of germ
207 elopmental processes seem to be conserved in bilaterians regardless of an independent or a common ori
209 t several transcription factors have ancient bilaterian roles in dorsoventral and anteroposterior reg
214 embryonic primordial germ cell lineage in a bilaterian species that displays maximal indirect develo
215 common evolutionary path for ctenophores and bilaterian species, and suggest that future work should
216 ieve potential homologs in the genomes of 15 bilaterian species, including nonchordate deuterostomian
218 At this higher level of organization, common bilaterian strategies for specifying progenitor fields,
219 ss animal species and the presence of IHM in bilaterians suggest that a super-relaxed state should be
222 their vertebrate or fruit fly cousins, are a bilaterian taxon often overlooked when addressing the qu
224 he common history that placozoans share with bilaterians, then placozoan genes that contain a homeobo
226 ting the developmental basis of budding in a bilaterian, this study provides insight into convergence
227 redicted gene models from the genomes of six bilaterians, three basal metazoans (Cnidaria, Placozoa,
229 le of Notch signalling, which is part of the bilaterian toolkit, in neural stem cell evolution in art
230 calibration points scattered throughout the bilaterian tree and across the Phanerozoic), we estimate
233 hat the regulatory landscape used by complex bilaterians was already in place at the dawn of animal m
234 ses implies that the last common ancestor of bilaterians was probably a benthic, ciliated acoelomate
235 r neural differentiation is ancestral to the bilaterians, whereas their role in segmentation evolved
236 metazoan' clade that includes cnidarians and bilaterians, with sponges as the earliest diverging anim
237 an early branching position for acoels among bilaterians, with the last common ancestor of acoels and
238 rior and posterior anatomy of embryos of the bilaterian worm-like Markuelia confirms its position as
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