ライフサイエンスコーパス: billions of

1 We aligned billions of 24- to 70-bp reads (32 bp average) to approx

2 ainst a protein reference database generates billions of alignments and the analysis of such data is

3 Because they are capable of searching billions of antibody variants in tailored combinatorial

4 phagocytes (such as epithelial cells) clear billions of apoptotic cells and particles on a daily bas

5 t in how dense matter behaves at millions to billions of atmospheres of pressure.

6 ehaviour of mesoscopic systems consisting of billions of atoms, represent the initial steps towards t

7 tified that work in space and time to ensure billions of axons to reach their targets.

8 ier represents a huge mucosal surface, where billions of bacteria face the largest immune system of o

9 These technologies typically produce billions of base calls per experiment, translating to mi

10 s find telomeric sequences among a genome of billions of base pairs and how they find protein partner

11 nome sequencing studies in which millions or billions of base pairs are recorded and grouped by genom

12 ch in tests using real data can align 10s of billions of base pairs from short reads to the human gen

13 real homology) and speed (to accommodate the billions of base pairs of vertebrate genomes).

14 sequencing (NGS) enables rapid production of billions of bases at a relatively low cost.

15 hnology have enabled the rapid generation of billions of bases at relatively low cost.

16 t of a whole human genome, where potentially billions of binding sites are possible.

17 a major source of protein in the world, with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each y

18 ze protein-protein interactions from amongst billions of candidates.

19 ents; each day under homeostatic conditions, billions of cells die and must be swiftly cleared by pha

20 Billions of cells die via apoptosis every day and are sw

21 Bioreactors are typically composed of billions of cells, and available measurements only refle

22 agocytosis, mediates the natural disposal of billions of cells, but its mechanisms and consequences w

23 n nervous system that is tightly packed with billions of cells, we developed a new technique that use

24 Everyday we turnover billions of cells.

25 and streaming motions involving millions to billions of cells.

26 entimetres in diameter, and composed of many billions of cells.

27 equencing technologies enable acquisition of billions of data points through which myriad biological

28 ngerprint, essentially unique among the many billions of distinguishable possibilities.

29 o interact, current docking methods evaluate billions of docked conformations by simple scoring funct

30 cies and foundations collectively distribute billions of dollars annually to support biomedical resea

31 nt source of calories and contribute tens of billions of dollars annually to the world economy.

32 emia on human capital results in the loss of billions of dollars annually.

33 in dairy cattle, costs the US dairy industry billions of dollars annually.

34 ng ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually.

35 Billions of dollars are spent annually marketing alcohol

36 Billions of dollars are spent every year to support medi

37 strategies could reduce dengue appreciably, billions of dollars could be saved globally.

38 Invasive species cost the global economy billions of dollars each year, but ecologists have strug

39 Microcredit institutions spend billions of dollars fighting poverty by making small loa

40 e infections worldwide, which needs spending billions of dollars for inspection of bacterial contamin

41 g the greatest pests of agriculture, causing billions of dollars in crop losses each year.

42 States, costing a great number of lives and billions of dollars in damage.

43 Catastrophic landslides cause billions of dollars in damages and claim thousands of li

44 ur at an unacceptable rate, annually costing billions of dollars in economic loss caused by associate

45 care fraud since the early 1990s, leading to billions of dollars in financial recoveries.

46 s of people and burdens society with tens of billions of dollars in health care costs, is deterred by

47 l information about studies is inaccessible, billions of dollars in investment are wasted, bias is in

48 c importance, causing millions of deaths and billions of dollars in losses each year.

49 idents, increased mortality, and hundreds of billions of dollars in lost productivity.

50 ce stroke and MI incidence, which would save billions of dollars in medical expenses.

51 The US federal government is spending billions of dollars in physician incentives to encourage

52 inspired world-wide enthusiasm resulting in billions of dollars invested in federal and industrial s

53 t impact on patient quality of life, creates billions of dollars of annual healthcare costs, and acco

54 or limiting factors of crop yields and cause billions of dollars of losses annually around the world.

55 lers, resulting in estimated annual costs of billions of dollars to customers and the society as a wh

56 countries and private organizations provide billions of dollars to developing countries for health.

57 This flawed process results in billions of dollars worth of viable drug loss during shi

58 cost of lead paint abatement is measured in billions of dollars, the monetized benefits of such a He

59 tes projected to cost the Federal government billions of dollars, the need for interprofessional nutr

60 As drug makers and payers battle over billions of dollars, the needs of patients have been cas

61 cost related to HAIs is still quantified in billions of dollars.

62 btained clusters and scales to networks with billions of edges.

63 entiation into progenitors that give rise to billions of erythrocytes daily.

64 Consequently, billions of fish are released each year for enhancing ab

65 elect fragments from a pre-calculated set of billions of fragments derived from structures deposited

66 ae strains responsible for the production of billions of gallons of fuel ethanol per year from sugarc

67 The brain is made of billions of highly metabolically active neurons whose ac

68 cation protocols are uncomplicated and yield billions of highly reproducible sensors.

69 ed now than at any time in the past, placing billions of humans at risk of infection with one or more

70 ich plants make starch-a vital foodstuff for billions of humans-is poorly understood, with a clear ro

71 uge-scale testing problem, where millions to billions of hypotheses are tested together creating a co

72 the macroscopic actuators are assemblies of billions of individual nanoscale actuators.

73 d for lengths of time sufficient for imaging billions of individual protein molecules.

74 In the developing world, billions of individuals are chronically infected with en

75 with high morbidity and mortality, affecting billions of individuals worldwide.

76 We estimated a total cost of $977 billions of international dollars in low- and middle-inc

77 ch space ranges from hundreds of millions to billions of locus pairs.

78 d expression trait distribution, but testing billions of marker-trait combinations one-by-one can bec

79 These massive compendia comprise billions of measurements and provide a special opportuni

80 n sequences, questioning the requirement for billions of members in an antibody discovery library.

81 A typical sample contains billions of microbial organisms from thousands of genome

82 files in the morning peak hour obtained from billions of mobile phone traces to comprehensively analy

83 ly sophisticated micro factory: in a pool of billions of molecules - metabolites, structural proteins

84 generations, although each population tested billions of mutations.

85 efore evaluating posterior probabilities for billions of networks.

86 the coordinated production and migration of billions of neurons and the formation of axons and dendr

87 dividual neurons to the slow coordination of billions of neurons during resting state and sleep.

88 s systems, which are composed of millions to billions of neurons that appear in thousands of differen

89 aordinary developmental challenge, requiring billions of neurons to select their appropriate synaptic

90 Mammalian nervous system function involves billions of neurons which are interconnected in a multit

91 ne marrow, is necessary to make room for the billions of new cells produced daily.

92 Billions of nocturnally migrating birds move through inc

93 ce, our premier example, networks made up of billions of nodes dynamically interact to bring about th

94 s been suggested that the annual journeys of billions of nonhardy insects to exploit temperate zones

95 However, given that there are billions of nucleotides in a human genome, even low expe

96 ogy has the capacity to generate hundreds of billions of nucleotides of DNA sequence in a single expe

97 ing sequencing is that its scale--sequencing billions of nucleotides per day is now routine--is a nat

98 ns of short sequences to a genome of several billions of nucleotides.

99 Respiratory surfaces are exposed to billions of particulates and pathogens daily.

100 Dental disease annually affects billions of patients, and while regenerative dentistry a

101 orldwide because rice is the staple food for billions of people and arsenic is one of the most toxic

102 rates pollutants that endanger the health of billions of people and contribute to climate change.

103 Billions of people are without access to surgical care,

104 consequences for the health and wellbeing of billions of people around the world, remedying this prob

105 Dengue endangers billions of people in the tropical world, yet no therape

106 summer monsoon (ISM) monsoon is critical to billions of people living in the region.

107 In addition to the billions of people not yet reached by sanitation infrast

108 nes will be broadly disseminated, connecting billions of people to the Internet and enabling lower co

109 The billions of people with latent tuberculosis infection se

110 Billions of people worldwide are without access to safe,

111 Billions of people worldwide lack access to surgical car

112 ts, thus improving the iron nutrition of the billions of people worldwide whose inadequate diet cause

113 Air pollution affects billions of people worldwide, yet ambient pollution meas

114 mediated immunopathogenic infections, affect billions of people worldwide.

115 n stores and diminished hemoglobin), affects billions of people worldwide.

116 Parasitic worms infect billions of people worldwide.

117 se facilities brought tremendous benefits to billions of people, but they also had serious and often

118 can encode intensity changes from single to billions of photons, outperforming man-made light sensor

119 he membrane porosity to be tuned from one to billions of pores per square centimeter.

120 genotypes with known accuracy at millions or billions of positions across a genome.

121 FTMap samples billions of positions of small organic molecules used as

122 ied several experimental drug regimens among billions of possible drug-dose combinations that outperf

123 rious alterations on a protein may result in billions of possible proteoforms, making proteoform iden

124 sing only one set of ion channels out of the billions of potential channel combinations.

125 complex at mucosal sites that are exposed to billions of potentially antigenic particles daily.

126 (FFT) correlation approach which can sample billions of probe positions on dense translational and r

127 n approach, which allows for the sampling of billions of probe positions.

128 t Fourier transforms (FFTs) enables sampling billions of putative complex structures and hence revolu

129 The docking algorithms evaluate billions of putative complexes, retaining a preset numbe

130 gh-throughput sequencing (HT-SELEX), creates billions of random sequences capable of binding differen

131 ign and construction of libraries containing billions of rationally designed combinatorial mutations.

132 nd with very low memory and time footprints (billions of reads can be analyzed with a standard deskto

133 Mapping billions of reads from next generation sequencing experi

134 possible to build genomic sequences from the billions of reads within a minimal cost and time.

135 g genomics by making it possible to generate billions of relatively short (~100-base) sequence reads

136 al force, even in whole muscles that contain billions of sarcomere units.

137 ate that our implementation easily scales to billions of sequenced fragments, while providing the exa

138 gy for parallel clustering, DACE can cluster billions of sequences within a couple of hours.

139 seed-and-extend based mappers, which compare billions of sequences.

140 projects may involve hundreds of samples and billions of sequencing reads.

141 one of these projects consist of millions or billions of short DNA sequences (reads) that range from

142 To analyze the entire genome, each of the billions of short reads must be mapped to a reference ge

143 (NGS) approaches rapidly produce millions to billions of short reads, which allow pathogen detection

144 on sequencing techniques produce millions to billions of short reads.

145 ssive black holes with masses of millions to billions of solar masses are commonly found in the cente

146 he 'supermassive' black holes of millions to billions of solar masses are the elusive 'intermediate-m

147 center, with a mass ranging from millions to billions of solar masses.

148 "supermassive black holes" with millions to billions of solar masses.

149 Billions of songbirds migrate several thousand kilometer

150 previously that the combined surface area of billions of spatulae maximizes van der Waals interaction

151 a set of disease outbreak scenarios, tracing billions of stochastic trajectories of fungal spores ove

152 ure neuromorphic architectures will comprise billions of such nanosynapses, which require a clear und

153 How the billions of synapses in the adult mammalian brain are pr

154 g requires the identification of millions to billions of synapses.

155 ing site (RBS) mutation libraries containing billions of targeted modifications.

156 in and directionality needed to interconnect billions of them into useful networks.

157 ities with on/off ratios of 10(4)-10(5), and billions of these three-terminal devices can be fabricat

158 ck hole with a mass that is millions or even billions of times that of the Sun.

159 technologies that can potentially sequester billions of tonnes of CO2 per year.

160 charge of photosynthesis using solar energy, billions of tons of living biomass were stored in forest

161 cycling and contribute to the daily flux of billions of tons of organic matter.

162 sk as it involves testing for association of billions of transcript-SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphi

163 ponderosae Hopkins) have led to the death of billions of trees from Mexico to Alaska since 2000.

164 able success in the clinic and sales of many billions of U.S. dollars per year, not a single phosphat

165 ts and may provide services to farmers worth billions of U.S. dollars.

166 The human Ig repertoire is vast, producing billions of unique Abs from a limited number of germline

167 The biosensors industry is now worth billions of United States dollars, the topic attracts th

168 to global health and have caused hundreds of billions of US dollars of economic damage in the past 20

169 Every year, billions of wild diurnal songbirds migrate at night.

170 predation by domestic pets, combine to kill billions of wildlife annually.

171 ine ecosystems with oxygen and nutrients for billions of years [3-7].

172 s about how small planets remain active many billions of years after formation.

173 y, which implies that polar wander initiated billions of years ago and that a large portion of the me

174 ution, ranging from core and crust formation billions of years ago to present-day volcanic activity.

175 that the systems destroyed to form the halo billions of years ago were not fundamentally different f

176 Eukarya; Bacteria; and Archaea that diverged billions of years ago.

177 pecies from which we diverged millions, even billions of years ago.

178 egrates spatial and temporal scales spanning billions of years and traversing catchment basins, conti

179 rs into the main belt, where they stayed for billions of years before escaping via a combination of c

180 rently remained stored in the deep Earth for billions of years before returning to the surface as Pit

181 numerous molecular architectural motifs over billions of years for particular functions.

182 bodies evolve in real time, as compared with billions of years for the natural ligand.

183 retical predictions that ice can survive for billions of years just beneath the surface.

184 ed fairly early in Earth's history and that, billions of years later, curious creatures noted this fa

185 Billions of years of coevolution shaped the mutually ben

186 Despite billions of years of coexistence, far less is known abou

187 and function are quantitatively stable over billions of years of divergence.

188 Through billions of years of evolution and natural selection, bi

189 tropism and to display proteins or peptides, billions of years of evolution have favoured efficiency

190 Billions of years of evolution have yielded today's comp

191 n leverages natural biological diversity and billions of years of evolution inherent in environmental

192 Despite billions of years of evolution separating eukaryotic vir

193 and templating approaches have been honed by billions of years of evolution to direct many complex bi

194 me is an ancient construct that has survived billions of years of evolution without major changes in

195 Nature has, through billions of years of evolution, assembled a multitude of

196 These data show that, although separated by billions of years of evolution, cytosolic ribosomes from

197 enase activity of RuBisCO has persisted over billions of years of evolution, despite its competition

198 Over billions of years of evolution, mutation of the Glu from

199 -enhancing functionality, which was tuned by billions of years of evolution, scientists and engineers

200 ter wavelengths resolves disk structure over billions of years of evolution.

201 uggesting a fundamental conservation through billions of years of evolution.

202 he overall folding pathway is conserved over billions of years of evolution.

203 This IRES RNA bridges billions of years of evolutionary divergence and provide

204 Moreover our experiments extend billions of years of natural evolution and demonstrate t

205 trapped as inclusions within minerals can be billions of years old and preserve a record of the fluid

206 our Galaxy cannot provide answers; they are billions of years old.

207 The evolution of marine microbes over billions of years predicts that the composition of micro

208 As biological complexity increased in the billions of years that followed, the same genetic materi

209 ing mechanisms operating on time scales from billions of years to decades.

210 , the smallest of atoms, is expected to take billions of years to penetrate graphene's dense electron

211 that phages have been actively evolving for billions of years with active engagement of horizontal g

212 They cool gradually over billions of years, and have been suggested to make up mu

213 pected evolutionary relations, reaching back billions of years, between protein molecules.

214 ntly remain unequilibrated on a timescale of billions of years, effective equilibration seems to requ

215 formation and precede cardiac development by billions of years, suggesting that diastolic vortex ring

216 ter density indicate continued activity over billions of years, their formation rates are poorly unde

217 expanded into the current genetic code, over billions of years, through duplication and specializatio

218 wing evidence that life has been on land for billions of years.

219 acturing process and remain in the crust for billions of years.

220 ectonic and surface processes operating over billions of years.

221 eing entrained during mantle convection over billions of years.

222 of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years.

223 heir evolutionary divergence times differ by billions of years.

224 ty involving molecules that had evolved over billions of years.

225 They have done this for billions of years.

226 etain high-fidelity magnetic recordings over billions of years.

227 d in the biogeochemical cycles of Earth over billions of years.

228 wing evidence that life has been on land for billions of years.

229 retain their primary magnetic recording over billions of years.

230 erties changing per unit time, continues for billions of years.

231 ms have been cooperating with each other for billions of years: by sharing resources, communicating w

232 Upon activation, mammalian eggs release billions of zinc ions in an exocytotic event termed the