ライフサイエンスコーパス: bioaccumulation

1 ve importance of different pathways in metal bioaccumulation.

2 iotransformed in fish and contribute to PFOS bioaccumulation.

3 d suggesting slightly increased or decreased bioaccumulation.

4 hat also includes CuO ENP dissolution and Cu bioaccumulation.

5 arine Hg photochemistry before biouptake and bioaccumulation.

6 hips between biogeochemical processes and Hg bioaccumulation.

7 re critical steps to meaningfully assay NP's bioaccumulation.

8 he impact of organic carbon sorption on PFAA bioaccumulation.

9 d to explain some important features of PFAA bioaccumulation.

10 eny did not account for differences in metal bioaccumulation.

11 nd the ratio of CeO2-NPs to HA influenced Ce bioaccumulation.

12 persistent hydrophobic organic chemicals to bioaccumulation.

13 trophic position) possibly influencing their bioaccumulation.

14 Hg in sediment, etc.) did not relate to MeHg bioaccumulation.

15 and cleaning dominate, leading to decreased bioaccumulation.

16 ination therapies with supportable levels of bioaccumulation.

17 about the importance of plant species to MNM bioaccumulation.

18 n the cultures, consistent with efficient Po bioaccumulation.

19 that PE ingestion contributed marginally to bioaccumulation.

20 hin one to 2 orders of magnitude of measured bioaccumulation.

21 relating passive sampler uptake and organism bioaccumulation.

22 water exposures as a surrogate for organism bioaccumulation.

23 ecies of Hg having the highest potential for bioaccumulation.

24 e contributed to the observed toxicities and bioaccumulations.

25 The key process initiating the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of MeHg in foodwebs

26 We examined bioaccumulation and biomagnification of MMHg in microses

27 The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of sediment-bound h

28 Large differences in bioaccumulation and detoxification strategies were obser

29 No data on the bioaccumulation and distribution of multiwalled carbon n

30 is particularly relevant in predicting NP's bioaccumulation and investigating the factors influencin

31 This is the first report of bioaccumulation and partitioning behaviors of SDPAs and

32 ed seven compounds with a high potential for bioaccumulation and persistence, and also three compound

33 Bioaccumulation and retention kinetics were assessed in

34 edge, this is the first demonstration of the bioaccumulation and speciation of AgNPs in a marine orga

35 sequently, information on their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) is urgently needed.

36 To the degree that there is a link between bioaccumulation and toxicity, dietborne exposures to CuO

37 , a long-chained PFC with potential for high bioaccumulation and toxicity, should be considered for f

38 ppear to be the principal determinants of Se bioaccumulation and toxicity.

39 in, by increasing MeHg production as well as bioaccumulation and trophic transfer through marine food

40 2000 and 2015 AD, implying an increase in Cd bioaccumulation and/or leaching over that interval.

41 ship between perfluorinated chain length and bioaccumulation, and (3) species- and gender-specific va

42 The toxicity, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of citrate and po

43 s relative requirements related to toxicity, bioaccumulation, and degradation/assimilation into the n

44 o characterize the chemotaxis-related alkane bioaccumulation, and has immense potential for fast and

45 environmental distribution, reaction rates, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects.

46 Concern over persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity has led to international r

47 coupled to a toxicokinetic module describing bioaccumulation, and two toxicodynamic modules describin

48 acking suggested that the 2-fold increase in bioaccumulation, and, thereby, the raised toxicity of az

49 tudies of the effects of temperature on MeHg bioaccumulation are rare and no study has specifically r

50 ed 2 L sediment/water microcosms with 14 day bioaccumulation assays.

51 tion factors (BMF) for improving methods for bioaccumulation assessment and to develop an in vivo bio

52 in a weight-of-evidence approach to chemical bioaccumulation assessment.

53 and was further validated by predicting the bioaccumulation at another site in the estuary.

54 monstration of the ability to quantify MWCNT bioaccumulation at low (sub mug/kg) concentrations accom

55 xposure to nanoparticulate Se resulted in Se bioaccumulation, at high concentrations, inhibiting larv

56 Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well docume

57 he aim to gain a better understanding of the bioaccumulation behavior and health risk of dietary PCBs

58 mbination with measurements to explore their bioaccumulation behavior in a subarctic lake.

59 nsive laboratory investigation to assess the bioaccumulation behavior of several PPCPs in adult zebra

60 chemical properties and biotransformation on bioaccumulation behavior of these contaminants of concer

61 of PFASs with largely unknown properties and bioaccumulation behavior.

62 laboratory, causing differences in Pb and Zn bioaccumulation between bivalves exposed to laboratory a

63 d, thereby providing new insights into their bioaccumulation, bioavailability, and toxicity.

64 are key parameters determining the extent of bioaccumulation, biological concentration, and risk from

65 ficant effects on the organisms' fitness and bioaccumulation, but the magnitude of the effects was no

66 suring and modeling polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation by four marine benthic species.

67 c-containing POPs ("carrier"), and decreased bioaccumulation by ingestion of clean plastic ("cleaning

68 POPs to plastic (POP "dilution"), increased bioaccumulation by ingestion of plastic-containing POPs

69 The causal links between species traits and bioaccumulation by marine invertebrates are poorly under

70 rst mass-transfer parameter set reported for bioaccumulation by sediment-rooted macrophytes, with sat

71 field), sediments pose a significant risk of bioaccumulation by T. deltoidalis when the Cu, Pb, and Z

72 Selenium bioaccumulation by the parasite was low relative to its

73 ntally determined accumulation profiles show bioaccumulation by zebrafish eleutheroembryos of both ch

74 Regression equations correlating bioaccumulation (CL) and passive sampler uptake (CPS) we

75 Whitefish had lower cVMS bioaccumulation compared to legacy POPs, and affected th

76 Regarding bioaccumulation, Cpw combined with liposome-water partit

77 ina and evaluated against recently published bioaccumulation data for this species from laboratory bi

78 ults support the hypothesis that contaminant bioaccumulation declines with stream primary production

79 At higher doses, bioaccumulation decreased compared to the low dose, whic

80 as higher than the CeO2-NP concentration, Ce bioaccumulation decreased.

81 ntribution of food-associated xenobiotics in bioaccumulation depends on species, substance, and envir

82 logical trait that acts as a major driver of bioaccumulation differences among species.

83 alized concentrations in biota and (II) that bioaccumulation does not induce levels exceeding those e

84 To better understand arsenate bioaccumulation dynamics in lotic food webs, we used a r

85 present study aimed to (i) characterize the bioaccumulation dynamics of PVP-, PEG-, and citrate-AgNP

86 nstrate how an understanding of PCB congener bioaccumulation dynamics provides multiple direct measur

87 dy state bioaccumulation models simplify POP bioaccumulation dynamics, assuming that pollutant uptake

88 Little is known about the bioaccumulation dynamics, biotransformation processes, o

89 to account by current models for trace metal bioaccumulation (e.g., the biotic ligand model).

90 om the pelagic zone are important to mercury bioaccumulation even in organisms living in sediments.

91 In vivo dietary bioaccumulation experiments for 85 hydrophobic organic s

92 Bioaccumulation experiments were performed for a selecte

93 , Biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and the Biota plastic accum

94 The modeled steady-state concentration and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of W from soil into cabbage

95 The bioaccumulation factor (BAF, L/kg) for MMHg in microsest

96 s, with norsertraline exhibiting the highest bioaccumulation factor (up to about 3000) in the liver o

97 No significant differences in bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor between

98 A bioaccumulation factor of 16 L/kg fish wet weight was de

99 on of ENM contaminated plant tissue; (2) low bioaccumulation factors (BAF = 0.16) compared to a previ

100 Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for the parents and retent

101 Mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for game fishes are widel

102 Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for plankton were calcula

103 water partition coefficients and lab-derived bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for the worm species used

104 ncentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) to investigate how this c

105 Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated for the e

106 Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated for the r

107 Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs, dry-weight-basis, dw) wer

108 Bioaccumulation factors and TMFs were >1 for most PCBs a

109 Bioaccumulation factors for biofilms and seston in Arcti

110 Bioaccumulation factors for lettuce were correlated to c

111 Therefore, bioaccumulation factors for metabolizable lipophilic con

112 Modeled bioaccumulation factors for phytoplankton (10(2.4)-10(5.

113 Log10 of median bioaccumulation factors ranged from 1.3, 3.7, 4.0, and 4

114 Chemical equilibrium modeling showed that Hg bioaccumulation factors were elevated when Hg was associ

115 exposed silicone provided information on the bioaccumulation for chlorinated compounds as well as for

116 in water with high toxicity and significant bioaccumulation, for which sensitive and selective detec

117 ne will have a marginal decreasing effect on bioaccumulation, governed by dilution.

118 Here, we compared dissolved Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in 19 species spanning two species-rich

119 o characterize the processes governing their bioaccumulation in a freshwater snail after waterborne a

120 e influence of biotransformation kinetics on bioaccumulation in a model aquatic invertebrate using fi

121 declines of inorganic mercury exposure, MMHg bioaccumulation in aquatic invertebrates did not concomi

122 are known to have the potential to regulate bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.

123 Bioaccumulation in aquatic species is a critical end poi

124 ically derived biodynamic models can predict bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates within a factor

125 Results were compared to actual PAH bioaccumulation in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and rye g

126 tial to enter the terrestrial food chain via bioaccumulation in edible plants.

127 e soil-porewater partitioning along with the bioaccumulation in exposed worms (Enchytraeus crypticus)

128 bioavailability changes in sediments impact bioaccumulation in fish - the primary risk driver for ex

129 produce adverse effects on biota as well as bioaccumulation in fish and seafood, making it necessary

130 biotransformation (via cytochrome P450) and bioaccumulation in fish, respectively.

131 wetland surface waters and decrease mercury bioaccumulation in fish.

132 in sediments impacted exposure pathways and bioaccumulation in fish.

133 nsformation rates for prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish.

134 and biogeochemical processes underlying THg bioaccumulation in fishes from the San Francisco Bay Est

135 rst step leading to monomethylmercury (MMHg) bioaccumulation in food webs and might play a role in th

136 onmental concerns due to their stability and bioaccumulation in humans and animals.

137 compounds to try to reduce the potential for bioaccumulation in humans and wildlife.

138 ssessment of hydrophobic organic contaminant bioaccumulation in humans.

139 roduction contributes to MeHg production and bioaccumulation in Lake Michigan.

140 We investigated monomethylmercury (MMHg) bioaccumulation in lakes across a 30 degrees latitudinal

141 ation, TC) whereas DOC inhibits HgT and MeHg bioaccumulation in lakes having high DOC (>DOC TC), cons

142 sing potential environmental risks of radium bioaccumulation in localized areas of shale gas wastewat

143 he rate of methylmercury production and thus bioaccumulation in marine foodwebs.

144 essfully simulating the time-course of metal bioaccumulation in oysters and was further validated by

145 ons can significantly decrease Cu uptake and bioaccumulation in plants.

146 Here, we explore bioaccumulation in sediment-rooted macrophytes by tracki

147 Understanding bioaccumulation in sediment-rooted macrophytes is crucia

148 refore predicted to cause a decrease in MeHg bioaccumulation in similar Canadian Shield lakes.

149 h rate of Mediterranean hake favors the MeHg bioaccumulation in the fish muscle and explains most of

150 Here, we assessed MWCNT bioaccumulation in the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila

151 X. parietina and available field data on Hg bioaccumulation in this species allowed reliable estimat

152 sed herbicide) does not result in glyphosate bioaccumulation in tissues, to our knowledge there are n

153 esults showed that DOC promotes HgT and MeHg bioaccumulation in tundra lakes having low DOC (<8.6 - 8

154 Methylmercury bioaccumulation in zooplankton is higher than in midlati

155 itude dependent on the metric used to assess bioaccumulation, in the order: Clip > BSAF > BPAF > BAF,

156 The Bioaccumulation Index was used to investigate how effici

157 on of a model of human exposure, uptake, and bioaccumulation into an indoor mass balance model provid

158 The results indicate that PFAA bioaccumulation into earthworms depends on soil concentr

159 passive sampling as a surrogate for organism bioaccumulation is viable when biomonitoring organisms a

160 horoughly explore environmental pathways and bioaccumulation kinetics during direct soil exposure ver

161 tive analytical method, to evaluation of the bioaccumulation kinetics of gold nanorods (GNRs) in vari

162 Bioaccumulation kinetics vary greatly among organisms an

163 The GNR bioaccumulation kinetics was analyzed in several vital m

164 better understanding of the uncertainties in bioaccumulation measures; instead of using point estimat

165 amplers were used to derive lipid-normalized bioaccumulation metrics Clip, Biota sediment accumulatio

166 ased polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) food-web bioaccumulation model enabled a critical evaluation of t

167 A bioaccumulation model indicated that the transfer factor

168 A mechanistic bioaccumulation model is compared to the measured data a

169 We contrast a steady state (SS) bioaccumulation model with a dynamic nonsteady state (NS

170 Our second approach, using a mechanistic bioaccumulation model, confirmed these positive effects

171 Results from FOSA partitioning and bioaccumulation modeling forced by changes in atmospheri

172 estion subgroups, fugacity calculations, and bioaccumulation modeling, we showed that plastic is more

173 fluids (c) simulations by plastic-inclusive bioaccumulation models and (d) HOC desorption rates for

174 be included as a source of contamination in bioaccumulation models and experiments.

175 Mechanistic bioaccumulation models can help unravel relationships be

176 DISCUSSION: Fate and bioaccumulation models describe how chemicals distribute

177 Fate and bioaccumulation models describe how chemicals distribute

178 es in freely dissolved PCB concentrations in bioaccumulation models it is possible to predict effecti

179 Current steady state bioaccumulation models simplify POP bioaccumulation dyna

180 PBDE assimilation efficiency can be used in bioaccumulation models to assess threats from PBDE expos

181 development of more dynamic, nonsteady state bioaccumulation models to predict hazard and risk assess

182 ae, zooplankton) provided indicators of MMHg bioaccumulation near the base of benthic and planktonic

183 , no studies had examined the occurrence and bioaccumulation of BADGEs or BFDGEs in aquatic organisms

184 d the possible effects of Zn exposure on the bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu in three populations of the

185 Furthermore, the enhanced bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu resulted mainly from their

186 concentration but also enhanced the overall bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu.

187 was monitored every 10 days, and at harvest, bioaccumulation of Ce and Zn in tissues was determined b

188 e provide baseline information regarding the bioaccumulation of chemicals and associated health effec

189 that terrestrial subsidies can enhance MeHg bioaccumulation of consumers in headwater streams where

190 Bioaccumulation of contaminants and subsequent maternal

191 rom CuO ENP dissolution and CuO ENP assisted bioaccumulation of Cu has led to apparently contradictor

192 Bioaccumulation of CuO NPs was observed in both species.

193 Moreover, bioaccumulation of DP was shown to be concentration depe

194 The impact of age and sex on the bioaccumulation of Hg and Se was studied by analyzing li

195 s, but its role as a mediating factor in the bioaccumulation of Hg in aquatic biota has remained enig

196 e objectives of this study were to determine bioaccumulation of Hg in fish and to evaluate the potent

197 and smaller AC particle size further reduce bioaccumulation of HOCs but may induce stress in some or

198 ning to storage fat is the major process for bioaccumulation of many neutral organic chemicals.

199 umulation in aquatic organisms recently, the bioaccumulation of MCs in relatively small sized organis

200 lative to unamended controls (by 45-95%) and bioaccumulation of MeHg by Lumbriculus (by between 30 an

201 thways were highlighted, with a preferential bioaccumulation of MeHg in brain and iHg in liver.

202 face temperatures could result in greater in bioaccumulation of MeHg in fish, and consequently, incre

203 sources and processes leading to significant bioaccumulation of methylmercury (MeHg).

204 A first step toward bioaccumulation of methylmercury in aquatic food webs is

205 treatment bioaccumulated in tobacco, but no bioaccumulation of MNMs was observed for any treatment i

206 Concerns have been raised about the bioaccumulation of nano-Cu and their toxicity to crop pl

207 wide, but its implication for production and bioaccumulation of neurotoxic monomethylmercury (MeHg) i

208 bonate concentration >1% in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation of Ni and Cd by winter wheat was indepen

209 he Yangtze River delta area, we investigated bioaccumulation of Ni and Cd in winter wheat as affected

210 to the (47)Ti labeling, we could detect the bioaccumulation of NPs in zebra mussels (Dreissena polym

211 appeared to be less suitable for predicting bioaccumulation of oil however, in contrast to POM-SPE i

212 Few studies have addressed bioaccumulation of organic pollutants associated with la

213 metal might have significant effects on the bioaccumulation of other metals.

214 irst to develop PBPK models for the lifetime bioaccumulation of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD in h

215 Strong relationships were found between bioaccumulation of Pb and Zn and time-integrated DGT-met

216 A low PS dose of 0.074% increased bioaccumulation of PCBs by a factor of 1.1-3.6, an effec

217 potheses for the mechanisms that control the bioaccumulation of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs).

218 The bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs)

219 a metric of the thermodynamic potential for bioaccumulation of persistent organic chemicals from sed

220 Accurate predictions on the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

221 cts on benthic marine organisms and increase bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

222 This study confirms that the bioaccumulation of PFAAs from biosolids-amended soils de

223 Yet, no mechanistic model exists for the bioaccumulation of PFAAs in fish that explicitly conside

224 the 6% organic carbon content had the lowest bioaccumulation of PFAAs.

225 The factors influencing bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care pro

226 Bioaccumulation of POPs increased with age, with the exc

227 del that simulates the effects of plastic on bioaccumulation of POPs.

228 This study evaluates the concentrations and bioaccumulation of PPCPs and the selective uptake of ant

229 nt study focused on effects of parasitism on bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in rainbow trout (Oncor

230 T methodology can be used to investigate the bioaccumulation of the labile plutonium fraction in aqua

231 Bioaccumulation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon p

232 icrobial methylation, and contributes to the bioaccumulation of the potent neurotoxin methylmercury i

233 region, suggesting a ubiquitous presence and bioaccumulation of these emerging contaminants.

234 in our experimental conditions, the natural bioaccumulation of this element in rice grains may be co

235 Thus, in this study, we investigated the bioaccumulation of three MC congeners (-LR, -RR and -YR)

236 d points were pore water concentrations, and bioaccumulation of total Hg and MeHg by a deposit-feedin

237 The contribution of food to the bioaccumulation of xenobiotics and hence toxicity is sti

238 bioturbation conditions, resulting in higher bioaccumulation of zinc in bivalves.

239 y suggest that in this exposure scenario the bioaccumulation of Zn from ZnO NPs is primarily dependen

240 parent and metabolites increased accuracy of bioaccumulation parameters compared to total (14)C measu

241 mily exhibited tremendous variability in all bioaccumulation parameters.

242 Hg species specific bioaccumulation pathways were highlighted, with a prefer

243 elatively low, though species differences in bioaccumulation patterns are important.

244 their potential for adverse health effects, bioaccumulation, persistence, and long-range transport.

245 more sensitive than other end points (e.g., bioaccumulation, photosynthesis, etc.).

246 Bioaccumulation potential among isomers also varied.

247 ormation of monohydroxy-TBECH may reduce the bioaccumulation potential and provide a useful biomarker

248 ic potency but are expected to have a higher bioaccumulation potential and to be more toxic than the

249 a key process that can greatly influence the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of organic compou

250 Bioaccumulation potential depends on analyte functional

251 We conclude that Hg has a bioaccumulation potential in goldfish 118% higher than t

252 ents through wastewater effluents, and their bioaccumulation potential is debated.

253 ) in fish is required to properly assess the bioaccumulation potential of many environmentally releva

254 Methods to predict the bioaccumulation potential of per- and polyfluorinated al

255 neutral storage lipids, can explain the high bioaccumulation potential of these compounds.

256 parent environmental behavior of PFOS (e.g., bioaccumulation potential) can be confounded by precurso

257 for long-range transport potential, aquatic bioaccumulation potential, arctic contamination potentia

258 t, and improve the assessment of contaminant bioaccumulation potential.

259 y, we found Mirex and Dec602 to have greater bioaccumulation potentials than Dec604 and DP based on c

260 halogenated analogues of Dec604 show greater bioaccumulation potentials than Dec604, Dec602 and DP, b

261 lants, as well as in the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials.

262 whole animal as a means of improving modeled bioaccumulation predictions for fish.

263 tability of this new nonprotected life stage bioaccumulation protocol for BCF estimation was evaluate

264 Passive sampling based estimates of bioaccumulation provide useful information for making in

265 o the new MeHg-food source reflects its high bioaccumulation rate.

266 s liver and spleen, while GNRs do not show a bioaccumulation rates in brain and lung for the period o

267 Potential deleterious effects of stentorin bioaccumulation remain to be determined, as do the geogr

268 s having high DOC (>DOC TC), consistent with bioaccumulation results in a companion paper (this issue

269 a and natural water samples, consistent with bioaccumulation results in a companion paper (this issue

270 olor, it is widely believed that clofazimine bioaccumulation results in skin pigmentation, its most c

271 T-metal fluxes provided predictions of metal bioaccumulation similar to those obtained using dilute-a

272 s a humane alternative for toxicity testing, bioaccumulation studies and environmental water quality

273 which can be used as a tracer in short-term bioaccumulation studies.

274 lication in chemical monitoring of biota and bioaccumulation studies.

275 g exposure through all media in microplastic bioaccumulation studies.

276 A 28-d bioaccumulation study showed that Ag was significantly a

277 elopment and preliminary evaluation of a new bioaccumulation test based on the use of zebrafish (Dani

278 ities in artificial sediment during a 28 day bioaccumulation test with polychlorinated biphenyls, chl

279 ailability determined by Chironomus riparius bioaccumulation tests and passive samplers.

280 Dietary bioaccumulation tests for fish have been conducted for a

281 y be useful in the interpretation of dietary bioaccumulation tests; i.e., chemicals with a BMFL of <1

282 W) values, all models predicted BCFs below a bioaccumulation threshold of 1000.

283 oir flooding on methylmercury production and bioaccumulation through a case study of a stratified sub

284 ghput model of chemical emissions, fate, and bioaccumulation to identify chemicals likely to have hig

285 on the limited relevance of microplastic for bioaccumulation under environmentally realistic conditio

286 For the oil-contaminated sediments, bioaccumulation was also assessed in the lab with polyox

287 , to ensure that the observed variability in bioaccumulation was due to species traits.

288 While no bioaccumulation was found for summation operatorHNPs, su

289 The highest bioaccumulation was found in the brain, followed by live

290 Actual PAH bioaccumulation was generally predicted within a factor

291 Bioaccumulation was observed to decreased in the order o

292 tes and modeling suggested that steady state bioaccumulation was reached within 28 days of exposure f

293 The effectiveness of amendments in reducing bioaccumulation was well-correlated with their effective

294 ation of these three characteristics of PFAA bioaccumulation, we show the strengths and weaknesses of

295 ere both passive sampler uptake and organism bioaccumulation were measured and 19 of these investigat

296 eria has provided evidence of its uptake and bioaccumulation, which delineates a possible route of en

297 must be considered when predicting how MMHg bioaccumulation will vary spatially and temporally in th

298 M-SPE in the lab, which assessed in situ oil bioaccumulation within a factor of 3, while also closely

299 icant role that water quality may have on Hg bioaccumulation within terrestrial species that feed on

300 potential of passive samplers to predict PAH bioaccumulation, yet call for comparative studies betwee