1 s were gathered, detecting associations with 
bivariate analyses and constructing a multiple logistic 
 
     2                                              Bivariate analyses and hierarchical generalized linear m
 
     3                                              Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression mode
 
     4                            We then conducted 
bivariate analyses and multivariable random forest and l
 
     5                                        Using 
bivariate analyses and multivariate proportional odds lo
 
     6                                              Bivariate analyses compared demographic and treatment va
 
     7                                              Bivariate analyses demonstrated an association between h
 
     8                                              Bivariate analyses examined differences by age group and
 
     9                                              Bivariate analyses found associations among fatty pancre
 
    10 hs on treatment and performed univariate and 
bivariate analyses of PSA, BSI, and survival.           
 
    11                                 According to 
bivariate analyses on 39 patients who did not receive a 
 
    12                                              Bivariate analyses showed RS4-specific associations of t
 
    13                                              Bivariate analyses showed that the incidence of violence
 
    14             Factors associated with death in 
bivariate analyses were age <5 years, bleeding at any ti
 
    15                                              Bivariate analyses were conducted to determine which fac
 
    16                               Univariate and 
bivariate analyses were conducted with standard methods 
 
    17  Matched and unmatched (controlling for age) 
bivariate analyses were done and risk factors for illnes
 
    18                              Descriptive and 
bivariate analyses were performed with survey, blood lea
 
    19                              Descriptive and 
bivariate analyses were used to characterize disease and
 
    20                                              Bivariate analyses were used to establish demographic an
 
    21                          Summary statistics, 
bivariate analyses, and mixed-effects logistic regressio
 
    22                                           In 
bivariate analyses, CS was not associated with increased
 
    23                                         From 
bivariate analyses, the sensitivity and specificity of t
 
    24 of the variables were performed, followed by 
bivariate analyses, using the chi(2) test.              
 
    25                                           In 
bivariate analyses, we observe significant genetic corre
 
    26 long with NP domains that were identified in 
bivariate analyses.                                     
 
    27 he best variable cutoffs was performed using 
bivariate analyses.                                     
 
    28 ly higher explanatory power than traditional 
bivariate analyses.                                     
 
    29                                              Bivariate analysis also revealed a close association bet
 
    30                                              Bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions wer
 
    31 oss-match result were associated with AMR by 
bivariate analysis but neither was an independent predic
 
    32                                              Bivariate analysis by using generalized linear modeling 
 
    33                                       In the 
bivariate analysis complications were 2.7 times more fre
 
    34 udy and pooled estimates were computed using 
bivariate analysis if there was clinical and statistical
 
    35  containing 50% ALA (mothers or pups), while 
bivariate analysis indicated a significant association o
 
    36                                          The 
bivariate analysis indicated that being younger than 30 
 
    37                                              Bivariate analysis methods and multivariate generalized 
 
    38                                              Bivariate analysis of duration and severity showed a sig
 
    39                                              Bivariate analysis of factors associated with receiving 
 
    40                                              Bivariate analysis revealed pooled sensitivity and speci
 
    41                                              Bivariate analysis revealed positive (harmful) associati
 
    42                                              Bivariate analysis revealed that both IOP (RhoG = 0.80; 
 
    43                                              Bivariate analysis showed a nonsignificant association b
 
    44                                              Bivariate analysis showed a significant difference in mo
 
    45                                              Bivariate analysis showed that 14% of the total variance
 
    46                              Thirdly, we use 
bivariate analysis to assess how similar the genetic arc
 
    47                                      We used 
bivariate analysis to compare outcomes between the inter
 
    48                                           In 
bivariate analysis, age, diabetes duration, being under 
 
    49 n practices were associated with survival on 
bivariate analysis, although only 3 were significant aft
 
    50                                           In 
bivariate analysis, among other factors, knowledge of pr
 
    51 ntly predicted young adult depression in the 
bivariate analysis, but this effect was entirely account
 
    52                             Consistently, by 
bivariate analysis, CD49d reliably identified patient su
 
    53                                       In the 
bivariate analysis, change in BSI while adjusting for PS
 
    54                                           On 
bivariate analysis, children with medical errors appeare
 
    55                                           In 
bivariate analysis, Gal-3 and ST2 were independent varia
 
    56                                           In 
bivariate analysis, high safe patient handling behaviors
 
    57                                        Using 
bivariate analysis, highly competitive programs were mor
 
    58                                           In 
bivariate analysis, patients in the control group were m
 
    59                                           In 
bivariate analysis, predictors of better QOL included co
 
    60                                           In 
bivariate analysis, RV LGE presence was independently as
 
    61                                       In the 
bivariate analysis, several demographic factors were sig
 
    62                                           On 
bivariate analysis, the use of oral and topical antibiot
 
    63                                        Using 
bivariate analysis, we estimate a genetic correlation be
 
    64  for meta-analysis for diagnostic test and a 
bivariate analysis.                                     
 
    65 nt was performed using standard approach and 
bivariate analysis.                                     
 
    66 r of nurses per bed and doctors per bed in a 
bivariate analysis.                                     
 
    67  by conventional meta-analytical pooling and 
bivariate analysis.                                     
 
    68 d tested for correlations using Spearman Rho 
bivariate analysis.                                     
 
    69 mpared between case patients and controls in 
bivariate and adjusted conditional logistic-regression m
 
    70  with survival and neurologic function using 
bivariate and generalized estimating equation analyses. 
 
    71 her hospitals were estimated with the use of 
bivariate and graphical regression methods.             
 
    72                                              Bivariate and logistic regressions were used to identify
 
    73                                              Bivariate and mixed-effects regression analyses were per
 
    74  body size parameters was investigated using 
bivariate and multiple linear regression.               
 
    75                                              Bivariate and multiple logistic or Poisson regression an
 
    76 l and sexual TDV) and "none." Sex-stratified 
bivariate and multivariable analyses assessed associatio
 
    77                                              Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted usin
 
    78 ngly associated with survival (P < .0001) in 
bivariate and multivariable analyses.                   
 
    79                                              Bivariate and multivariable competing-risks models were 
 
    80  to mass spectrometry, with OS determined by 
bivariate and multivariable Cox models.                 
 
    81                                              Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses
 
    82 , defined as "FRC use" versus "non-FRC use." 
Bivariate and multivariable regression models were perfo
 
    83 spirometric abnormalities were computed, and 
bivariate and multivariable regression were used to iden
 
    84                                              Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed differences
 
    85                                              Bivariate and multivariate analyses controlling for pati
 
    86                                              Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done to find as
 
    87                                 Descriptive, 
bivariate and multivariate analyses were done using odds
 
    88                                              Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identif
 
    89 ences between groups were investigated using 
bivariate and multivariate analyses.                    
 
    90                                      We used 
bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify surgeon 
 
    91 on between risk factors and mortality in the 
bivariate and multivariate analysis, respectively.      
 
    92 t-related characteristics was analyzed using 
bivariate and multivariate analysis.                    
 
    93                                              Bivariate and multivariate linear regression models esti
 
    94                                              Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models an
 
    95 t was the outcome of interest, assessed with 
bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models.  
 
    96                                              Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were use
 
    97                                              Bivariate and multivariate models were used to determine
 
    98 use discontinuations were analyzed using Cox 
bivariate and multivariate models.                      
 
    99 tive statistics were calculated, followed by 
bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models to 
 
   100 factors associated with year-of-reporting by 
bivariate and multivariate regression modeling.         
 
   101 lity and impact factor were identified using 
bivariate and multivariate regression.                  
 
   102                                              Bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were com
 
   103  with the total phenolic content (TPC) using 
bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches.      
 
   104                                              Bivariate and multivariate statistical tools were used t
 
   105                                      We used 
bivariate and multivariate techniques to assess the rela
 
   106                                              Bivariate and regression analyses were performed to asse
 
   107 al study applied descriptive (univariate and 
bivariate) 
and multivariable logistic regression analyse
 
   108                        Baseline descriptive, 
bivariate, 
and concordance analyses were performed.     
 
   109                     We performed univariate, 
bivariate, 
and multivariate analyses to identify variabl
 
   110                         We used descriptive, 
bivariate, 
and multivariate statistical methods based on
 
   111              Commonly applied univariate and 
bivariate approaches to detecting genetic constraints ca
 
   112 ate area was positively correlated with fPRL 
bivariate area and the percent time the fPRL was on the 
 
   113                            Fingertip retinal 
bivariate area was positively correlated with fPRL bivar
 
   114                           We applied a novel 
bivariate association method, which was a joint test of 
 
   115       Patients were compared to controls for 
bivariate association with minor alleles.               
 
   116 ined the severity of anemia and measured the 
bivariate associations between anemia and factors at the
 
   117                      We observed significant 
bivariate associations between delayed OL and variables 
 
   118                                  We assessed 
bivariate associations between testing behaviors and pro
 
   119                                  Significant 
bivariate associations emerged for: 1) MSDP/cotinine and
 
   120     Adjusting for sex and age, we found that 
bivariate associations of all pairs of diagnoses from wa
 
   121 e of four bumetanide dose levels by use of a 
bivariate Bayesian sequential dose-escalation design to 
 
   122 use were related to the outcome variables in 
bivariate but not multivariate analyses.                
 
   123                The primary end point was the 
bivariate change from baseline in the serum creatinine l
 
   124 ility analyses were performed using uni- and 
bivariate Cholesky decomposition models.                
 
   125  DLBCL microenvironment was the best gene in 
bivariate combination with LMO2.                        
 
   126                                              Bivariate comparisons assessed the associations between 
 
   127 ormed with the Student t test for continuous 
bivariate comparisons, the Pearson correlation for conti
 
   128              The major outcome measure was a 
bivariate construct that represented hot flash frequency
 
   129                               We formulate a 
bivariate continuous-time Markov process for the numbers
 
   130 xation instability was quantified as the 95% 
bivariate contour ellipse area (95% BCEA), the best-fit 
 
   131 rom each instrument were used to calculate a 
bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) that encompassed 6
 
   132 ated by both linear regression (R(2)WLS) and 
bivariate copula (R(2)Copula) models.                   
 
   133                        Linear regression and 
bivariate correlation analysis were carried out and leve
 
   134                         Logistic regression, 
bivariate correlation, and the chi(2) test were used to 
 
   135  using multivariate analysis of variance and 
bivariate correlation.                                  
 
   136 tes) were associated with periodontitis, and 
bivariate correlations between responses to these questi
 
   137                                              Bivariate correlations demonstrated that baseline QA was
 
   138 quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 
bivariate correlations elicited factors affecting team-l
 
   139 individual scored in another dimension (with 
bivariate correlations ranging from 0.05 to 0.96).      
 
   140                                              Bivariate correlations revealed that for men, higher rat
 
   141                                              Bivariate correlations showed a positive correlation bet
 
   142                                     Based on 
bivariate correlations, pain (numeric rating scale), lev
 
   143 BPM and ABPM were close according to Pearson 
bivariate correlations.                                 
 
   144 BPM and ABPM were close according to Pearson 
bivariate correlations.                                 
 
   145 e of a small number of events, 2 independent 
bivariate Cox models were tested for PFS.               
 
   146                            Using copulas and 
bivariate dependence analysis, we also quantify the incr
 
   147  bias can arise from temporal changes in the 
bivariate distribution of education and income.         
 
   148 leiotropic model of mutations sampled from a 
bivariate distribution of effects of mutations on a quan
 
   149                                              Bivariate elevated CXCL13 plus IL-10 was 99.3% specific 
 
   150 produce retinal maps showing the scotoma and 
bivariate ellipses of fPRL and fingertip retinal positio
 
   151 to pharmacologic therapy with respect to the 
bivariate end point of the change in the serum creatinin
 
   152 te regression model based on the significant 
bivariate findings, poorer physical function (increased 
 
   153                                              Bivariate fine mapping provided evidence that the indivi
 
   154                           Here, we propose a 
bivariate flood hazard assessment approach that accounts
 
   155  used chi(2) tests to examine differences in 
bivariate frequencies and used logistic models to examin
 
   156       The algorithm is based on a sequential 
bivariate gating approach that generates a set of predef
 
   157 otropic, distributed as vertically elongated 
bivariate Gaussians.                                    
 
   158 t analysis (GCTA)-GREML; independent samples 
bivariate GCTA-GREML using Generation Scotland for cogni
 
   159 as well as variables that were identified in 
bivariate generalized estimating equation models, and ma
 
   160                                              Bivariate genetic analyses showed that, although the gen
 
   161                                              Bivariate genetic analyses were used to estimate the sha
 
   162 FOF, attention, and their correlations using 
bivariate genetic analysis.                             
 
   163                               Results from a 
bivariate genetic model indicated that genetic factors e
 
   164                                      Through 
bivariate genetic modeling, genetic and environmental in
 
   165                                           In 
bivariate genetic models based on monozygotic and dizygo
 
   166      In this study, we conducted a two-stage 
bivariate genome-wide association study (BGWAS) of the K
 
   167 e estimated using the following: same-sample 
bivariate genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)-GREM
 
   168        We conducted classical univariate and 
bivariate genome-wide linkage analysis of TNF production
 
   169 e-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) 
bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum
 
   170 ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with 
bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not c
 
   171 2,528 autosomal gene expression probes using 
bivariate GREML, and tested for differences in autosomal
 
   172    Here, Medina-Gomez and colleagues perform 
bivariate GWAS analyses of total body lean mass and bone
 
   173  the shared SNP heritability and performed a 
bivariate GWAS meta-analysis of total-body lean mass (TB
 
   174                            This is the first 
bivariate GWAS meta-analysis to demonstrate genetic fact
 
   175 ared to be due to shared genetic influences (
bivariate heritabilities, 0.54-0.71).                   
 
   176 tested our hypotheses through univariate and 
bivariate heritability analyses in a three-generation pe
 
   177                                              Bivariate heritability analyses provided the first evide
 
   178                                            A 
bivariate heritability model was used to assess the gene
 
   179 cs data that relies on an intensity-weighted 
bivariate kernel density estimation on a pooling of all 
 
   180  was depicted in an animated display using a 
bivariate kernel smoother.                              
 
   181 s the model fits for different methods using 
bivariate lag-distributions of the dihedral/planar angle
 
   182 d four other samples (n=20 806) for BMI; and 
bivariate LDSC analysis using the largest genome-wide as
 
   183 REML approach and -0.22 (s.e. 0.03) from the 
bivariate LDSC analysis.                                
 
   184                                       At the 
bivariate level, gun carrying was consistently associate
 
   185 omputationally efficient implementation of a 
bivariate linear mixed model for settings where hundreds
 
   186 ce and eyelid markers was calculated through 
bivariate linear regression analysis, and the associatio
 
   187                                         In a 
bivariate linear regression analysis, distance to primar
 
   188                             We used adjusted 
bivariate linear regression to examine the relation betw
 
   189                                  There was a 
bivariate linear relationship between S. mutans levels a
 
   190 ts were utlized along with disease status in 
bivariate linkage analysis.                             
 
   191 lysis conducted in the region underlying the 
bivariate linkage peak revealed a variant meeting the co
 
   192 authors used a combination of univariate and 
bivariate linkage to investigate pleiotropy between amyg
 
   193 e LOD 3.2, P = 0.0012, and 2.38, P = 0.0087; 
bivariate LOD 2.66), and one additional region showed li
 
   194                                            A 
bivariate logistic regression was then performed, which 
 
   195                                            A 
bivariate mapping model identified 11 pleiotropic hQTLs 
 
   196  demonstrate the implications of thresholded 
bivariate measures for network inference.               
 
   197        Here, we demonstrate analytically how 
bivariate measures relate to the respective multivariate
 
   198                                              Bivariate meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly hig
 
   199                            In random-effects 
bivariate meta-analysis of 22 studies, the summary sensi
 
   200    We have used genome-wide association in a 
bivariate meta-analysis of both traits to identify genes
 
   201                               We performed a 
bivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic data for an Asperg
 
   202                               We performed a 
bivariate meta-analysis of the published literature to c
 
   203                      We did a random-effects 
bivariate meta-analysis using a non-linear mixed model a
 
   204 receiver operating characteristics curve and 
bivariate meta-regression.                              
 
   205 works if observations thereof are treated by 
bivariate methods.                                      
 
   206 er confidence intervals than do recommended (
bivariate) 
methods.                                     
 
   207 falcon is based on a change-point model on a 
bivariate mixed Binomial process, which explicitly model
 
   208                                            A 
bivariate mixed-effects binary regression model was used
 
   209   Annualized event rates were pooled using a 
bivariate mixed-effects binomial regression model to cal
 
   210                                            A 
bivariate mixed-effects model was applied for pooling th
 
   211                                            A 
bivariate model for diagnostic meta-analysis was used to
 
   212                                            A 
bivariate model of HIV RNA control (P < 0.05) and increa
 
   213 rating characteristic curve) or recommended (
bivariate model or hierarchic summary receiver operating
 
   214                                Model 1 was a 
bivariate model to determine differences in preventive c
 
   215 ounterparts (cumulative hazard rate based on 
bivariate model, 26% vs 16%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.8; 95%
 
   216 ombining GM and PCR were estimated using the 
bivariate model.                                        
 
   217 analyses were carried out in STATA using the 
bivariate model.                                        
 
   218 ate pooling methods were recalculated with a 
bivariate model.                                        
 
   219 fects meta-analyses were reanalyzed with the 
bivariate model; the average change in the summary estim
 
   220 st and pure-tone audiometry determined using 
bivariate modelling.                                    
 
   221 ociation with depression diagnosis claims in 
bivariate models and models adjusted for demographic (ag
 
   222 ted odds of subsequent suicidal behaviors in 
bivariate models.                                       
 
   223 rceived burden using Fisher's exact test and 
bivariate modified Poisson regression.                  
 
   224 onship between periodontal disease and PH on 
bivariate multiple logistic regression analysis.        
 
   225                                              Bivariate multiple logistic regression and adjusted prev
 
   226                                 Descriptive, 
bivariate, 
multivariate and Cochran-Armitage trend analy
 
   227 em recommendations, and those derived from a 
bivariate/
multivariate analysis of variables associated 
 
   228 zed multivariate (complex network measures), 
bivariate (
network-based statistic), and univariate (reg
 
   229 with different split criteria and found that 
bivariate node-splitting random survival forests with lo
 
   230 with survival outcomes and introduce a novel 
bivariate node-splitting random survival forests.       
 
   231 aracteristic curves, technical cut-offs, 95% 
bivariate normal density ellipse prediction, and statist
 
   232            MGA decreased with increasing PRL 
bivariate normal ellipse area, and visual reaction time 
 
   233                                 We propose a 
bivariate null kernel (BNK) hypothesis testing method, w
 
   234 imary or secondary immunological outcomes in 
bivariate or multivariable models.                      
 
   235 low-income and middle-income countries using 
bivariate or multivariate analysis and published in Engl
 
   236 between ocular symptoms was obtained through 
bivariate ordered logistic regression.                  
 
   237                     A dynamic random effects 
bivariate panel probit model with initial conditions (Wo
 
   238               A correlational analysis using 
bivariate plots and fixed effects linear regression mode
 
   239           Among HIV-infected patients, HSROC/
bivariate pooled sensitivity estimates (highest quality 
 
   240                                        HSROC/
bivariate pooled specificity estimates were low for both
 
   241 to estimate the tight bounds on the two-site 
bivariate probabilities in each viral sample, and the mu
 
   242                                          The 
bivariate probit demonstrated significant correlation be
 
   243                                            A 
bivariate probit model estimated the effects of risk whi
 
   244 fferences between the 2 groups, we created a 
bivariate probit model to estimate the probability of re
 
   245 he limiting probability distribution for the 
bivariate process, conditioned on non-extinction of both
 
   246                                              Bivariate quantitative genetic analysis between these ey
 
   247 bined with a logistic regression model, with 
bivariate random effects capturing heterogeneity in rate
 
   248                                  We used the 
bivariate random effects model for quantitative meta-ana
 
   249                     For the meta-analysis, a 
bivariate random effects model was used to jointly model
 
   250 tive likelihood ratios were calculated using 
bivariate random effects models.                        
 
   251 operating characteristic (HSROC) curves, and 
bivariate random effects models.                        
 
   252                Findings were pooled by using 
bivariate random-effects and hierarchic summary receiver
 
   253         We calculated predictive values with 
bivariate random-effects generalised linear mixed modell
 
   254                               We performed a 
bivariate random-effects meta-analysis of 45 studies, id
 
   255                      For detection of fever (
bivariate random-effects meta-analysis), sensitivity was
 
   256  in 4 or more studies were summarized with a 
bivariate random-effects meta-analysis.                 
 
   257                                              Bivariate random-effects meta-analytic methods were used
 
   258                                            A 
bivariate random-effects meta-analytic model was impleme
 
   259                                              Bivariate random-effects meta-analytical methods were us
 
   260 culated with the unified model (comprising a 
bivariate random-effects model and a hierarchical summar
 
   261                       Pooling results from a 
bivariate random-effects model gave sensitivity and spec
 
   262  meta-analysis was then performed by using a 
bivariate random-effects model to derive estimates of se
 
   263 titatively pooled for all studies by using a 
bivariate random-effects model with exploration involvin
 
   264                 We did meta-analyses using a 
bivariate random-effects model.                         
 
   265  diagnostic accuracy of various NITs using a 
bivariate random-effects model.                         
 
   266 hood ratios (LRs) were determined by using a 
bivariate random-effects model.                         
 
   267 dies and pooled the accuracy numbers using a 
bivariate random-effects model.                         
 
   268                                              Bivariate random-effects modeling was used to obtain sum
 
   269 ties for detecting influenza A from Bayesian 
bivariate random-effects models were 54.4% (95% credible
 
   270  individual studies were meta-analyzed using 
bivariate random-effects models.                        
 
   271  95% confidence intervals calculated using a 
bivariate random-effects regression model.              
 
   272                                  A series of 
bivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine 
 
   273 quotients, partial correlation analyses, and 
bivariate regressions relating brain size to maternal in
 
   274                                              Bivariate relations were assessed by Spearman's correlat
 
   275                                         Both 
bivariate relationships and multivariate relationships b
 
   276 pearman correlation (rho) was used to assess 
bivariate relationships.                                
 
   277  were found related to alveolar bone loss in 
bivariate relationships: age (P < or = 0.0001); smoking 
 
   278                        Here we introduce the 
Bivariate Response to Additive Interacting Doses (BRAID)
 
   279                                            A 
bivariate restricted maximum likelihood estimation metho
 
   280                                First, we use 
bivariate shrinkage estimator in stationary wavelet doma
 
   281                      We also introduce a new 
bivariate shrinkage model which shows the relationship o
 
   282             The significance of the observed 
bivariate spatial associations between the basal area of
 
   283 ably detected directionality (anisotropy) in 
bivariate species-environment relationships and identifi
 
   284 g distributed lag non-linear models, using a 
bivariate spline to model the exposure-lag-response over
 
   285                                              Bivariate statistics and multiple correspondence analysi
 
   286                               Univariate and 
bivariate statistics were used to describe the subtypes.
 
   287 d predictors of parent-reported errors using 
bivariate statistics.                                   
 
   288                                              Bivariate, 
stratified, and multivariable analyses were u
 
   289          We analyzed data using mixed-effect 
bivariate summary receiver operating characteristic meta
 
   290 arterial stenosis were calculated by using a 
bivariate summary receiver operating characteristic or r
 
   291 , building on previous results obtained with 
bivariate systems and extending them to multivariate sys
 
   292 ial to be extended to broader fields where a 
bivariate test is needed.                               
 
   293  5,657 children from Bwamanda to construct a 
bivariate time-series model that tracks each child's hei
 
   294                                              Bivariate trait analyses were used to estimate the genet
 
   295 ce component-based heritability analyses and 
bivariate trait analyses, we detected significant geneti
 
   296                                   A standard 
bivariate twin additive genetics and unique environment 
 
   297 tion in EUE and EOE were established using a 
bivariate Twin Model.                                   
 
   298                                              Bivariate twin modeling confirmed both traits were herit
 
   299 tion model-fitting, including univariate and 
bivariate twin models, liability threshold models, DeFri
 
   300                                              Bivariate variance components analysis was used to estim