戻る
「早戻しボタン」を押すと検索画面に戻ります。

今後説明を表示しない

[OK]

コーパス検索結果 (1語後でソート)

通し番号をクリックするとPubMedの該当ページを表示します
1  U/L, aspartate aminotransferase, 1401 U/L), blood urea (53 mg/dl), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha)
2 mpaired consciousness, convulsions, elevated blood urea, and underlying chronic illness) were associa
3 s identified serum bilirubin, serum albumin, blood urea, ascites, and spontaneous bacterial peritonit
4 egative animals had impaired renal function (blood urea nitrogen > 50 mg/dl) compared with 16.4% mice
5 , blood pH <7.35 (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.7), blood urea nitrogen >/=30 mg/dL (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.
6 ciation functional class >II, age >70 years, blood urea nitrogen >26 mg/dl, QRS duration >0.12 s, and
7 =(-2.4586+1.2726 [creatinine >1.9] + 0.9858 [blood urea nitrogen >27] + 0.4574 [Model for End-Stage L
8 (3 points), chronic lung disease (2 points), blood urea nitrogen >30 (2 points), reimplantation for r
9 of in-hospital mortality in both groups were blood urea nitrogen >37 mg/dl (OR: 2.53; 95% confidence
10 unction (defined as creatinine >2.5 mg/dl or blood urea nitrogen >40 mg/dl) and left ventricular dysf
11 0(9)/L or >/= 20 x 10(9)/L, albumin <25 g/L, blood urea nitrogen >7 mmol/L, and C-reactive protein >/
12 systolic artery pressure <50 mm Hg (OR 2.0), blood urea nitrogen <30 mg/dL (OR 3.3), and axial-flow d
13 ion (3.24 [1.63-6.43]; P < 0.001) and higher blood urea nitrogen (1.28 [1.14-1.45] per increase of 10
14 and control groups had similar elevations of blood urea nitrogen (114 +/- 13, 133 +/- 11, and 120 +/-
15 sue damage and significantly lower values of blood urea nitrogen (26.4 +/- 2.1 vs 36.0 +/- 9.3 mg/dL;
16 ersus 135 +/- 5 mEq/L, P = 0.007) and higher blood urea nitrogen (32 +/- 24 versus 24 +/- 15 mg/dl, P
17 tinine (0.77+/-0.1 vs. 0.88+/-0.1; P=0.275), blood urea nitrogen (37.6+/-4.6 vs. 23.3+/-1.9; P=0.123)
18                                              Blood urea nitrogen (47+/-8 versus 137+/-27 mg/dl) and c
19 0.9 mg/dl vs. 2.4 +/- 1 mg/dl, p = 0.12) and blood urea nitrogen (60 +/- 30 mg/dl vs. 60 +/- 28 mg/dl
20 , 1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.28 per 19 mg/dL), and blood urea nitrogen (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17 per 4.
21 CHF, IH-CE, no beta-blockers, digitalis use, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) >25, body mass index (BMI) > o
22  Creatinine (1.1 vs 1.1 mg/dL; P = .008) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (27 vs 21 mg/dL; P = .006) dec
23 g dialysis, while also correlating well with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (r = 0.61, p < 0.01, n = 96).
24 ts who experienced postoperative increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine compared with t
25 nction as determined by measurement of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, chemistries (s
26 y taken blood samples that were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, which are the
27 nd sacrificed them 6 h later for analysis of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and kidney tissue (n = 8 per g
28 ith OPH-001 had a marked (100%) reduction in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine and a hig
29 /- SD 13.43 +/- 5.65 mg/24 hours), increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels (3
30 renal insufficiency and significantly higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total and direct bilirubin
31 n animal systems, serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are the primary options for mo
32 al at seven days, serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) daily for 3 days, and neutroph
33 6, prothrombin time greater than 15 seconds, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) greater than 50 mg/dL, intubat
34 f incident coronary heart disease (CHD), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been shown to be a strong
35  and specific than serum creatinine (SCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in monitoring generalized rena
36 nce and increased heart rate, cardiac index, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, creatinine (Cr) concent
37                    Thirty h after injection, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were 30.3 +/- 4.4 and 1
38                   Serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were evaluated postisch
39 ssive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and evidence of severe
40 um were higher mean alkaline phosphatase and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
41                   CI was not associated with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or the BUN to creatinine ratio
42 his study was to evaluate accuracy of serial blood urea nitrogen (BUN) versus serial hemoglobin (Hgb)
43 urrogate for renal neurohormonal activation, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), could identify patients desti
44 ith a diagnosis of sepsis, APACHE III score, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, net fluid balance
45 ) cell number was negatively associated with blood urea nitrogen (BUN), supernatant IL-4, serum IL-6,
46                 Similar changes were seen in blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
47 inical biomarkers serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
48 nine: 1.6 +/- 1.2 versus 0.77 +/- 0.2 mg/dl; blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 20.1 +/- 14.1 versus 10.3 +/-
49  95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30 to 2.49), blood urea nitrogen (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.005 to 1.02), can
50                                 Preoperative blood urea nitrogen (odds ratio [95% CI], 1.52 [1.15 to
51 (OR, 3.40), creatinine (OR, 0.71 per mg/dl), blood urea nitrogen (OR, 1.02 per mg/dl), log urine outp
52 ntrations of inorganic phosphorus (p = .03), blood urea nitrogen (p = .0003), and creatinine (p = .02
53 pulsation was associated with an increase in blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.002) and creatinine (p = 0.12
54 atinine level >1.5 mg/dl (P = 0.028), higher blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.017), and worse APACHE neurol
55 e as measured by albuminuria (p = 0.040) and blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.021).
56 decline in renal function and an increase in blood urea nitrogen (P<0.01).
57 P<0.0001), LV lateral E/e' ratio (P=0.0001), blood urea nitrogen (P=0.0002), and erythropoietin (P=0.
58 trongly correlated with creatinine (r=0.73), blood urea nitrogen (r=0.70), and estimated glomerular f
59 of very high-risk (VHR) patients (defined by blood urea nitrogen [BUN] >or=50 mg/dl and/or serum crea
60 l ischemia, followed by 20 h of reperfusion (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] values, 46.6 +/- 6.9 and 68.4
61 marrow ablation results in a greater rise in blood urea nitrogen after renal ischemia, while stem cel
62  of dialysis), dialysis dose, and changes in blood urea nitrogen and bicarbonate concentrations were
63        At 27 mg siRNA/kg, elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine are observed that are
64 red by changes in renal histology and plasma blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in mice.
65                                              Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increase, and Glis2(m
66  weeks later, the UNx group had higher serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels and a longer e
67 e of necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy, and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in the damaged
68                      In both recipients, the blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels returned to no
69                  Compared with control mice, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were at least
70      However, the rates of recovery of serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were markedly
71 inear mixed models of serial measurements of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine to describe trajector
72 administration, mild anemia and increases of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were detected.
73 with an impaired hemodynamic profile, higher blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and lower albumin, t
74 roke volume index) and metabolic data (serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, arterial lactate, an
75 d a trend toward renal dysfunction (elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine; p = 0.05 and 0.07, r
76 loped reduced inulin clearance with elevated blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine.
77 e showed more rapid and greater increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine compared with w
78 l animals tested were in renal failure, with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations
79  compound 19 significantly lowered levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in rats with re
80                                         Mean blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in the above-no
81      These animals had significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels and a lo
82 animals demonstrated signs of HUS: increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, protein
83 of cisplatin (20 mg/kg), by both functional (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine) and histologic
84  most important risk predictors are elevated blood urea nitrogen and systolic blood pressure < or = 1
85 groups, intravenous inotrope requirement and blood urea nitrogen as significant independent predictor
86 ificant improvements in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen at 24 hr in the NA-NP group when com
87 blood cultures (n = 7,482) demonstrated that blood urea nitrogen at intensive care unit admission was
88                                              Blood urea nitrogen at intensive care unit admission was
89                                              Blood urea nitrogen at intensive care unit admission was
90 er concentrations of complement factor 3 and blood urea nitrogen but higher serum albumin concentrati
91                We hypothesized that elevated blood urea nitrogen can be associated with all-cause mor
92 l laboratory findings (such as a pH <7.35, a blood urea nitrogen concentration > or = 30 mg per decil
93         Acute kidney injury was defined as a blood urea nitrogen concentration >100 mg/dL, serum crea
94  vs. 134 mg/dl; p = 0.001) and a higher mean blood urea nitrogen concentration (59 vs. 40; p = 0.02).
95 as significantly inversely related to plasma blood urea nitrogen concentration (rs= -0.50, P = 0.012)
96 rea reduction ratio (percentage reduction in blood urea nitrogen concentration after a hemodialysis s
97 ed by measuring the percent reduction in the blood urea nitrogen concentration and the serum albumin
98 ut neurohormonal activation (as evidenced by blood urea nitrogen concentration) and lower blood press
99 were more likely than Inc-AA infants to have blood urea nitrogen concentrations >7 mmol/L or >10 mmol
100                                 In addition, blood urea nitrogen concentrations and urinary protein e
101 re recorded, as well as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations from 24 hours before
102                                              Blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased across deci
103                                  Predialysis blood urea nitrogen concentrations peaked in March, whic
104 Shp2 KO mice exhibited lower proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen concentrations than controls indicat
105 n deficient mice showed lower creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations than wild-type mice a
106                      Potassium, lactate, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were lower and arteri
107                                              Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were lowest for breas
108 correlated with dehydration, as reflected in blood urea nitrogen concentrations.
109 delayed the onset of albuminuria and reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations.
110 y readmission, whereas the rate of change of blood urea nitrogen from baseline was not predictive of
111 9 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR] 3.57), preoperative blood urea nitrogen greater than 27 mg/dL (OR 2.68), int
112 N-8050 significantly reduced the increase in blood urea nitrogen in the Cy/+ rats.
113  hr after reperfusion, both serum creatinine/blood urea nitrogen in WT increased further, whereas tho
114 alemia, metabolic acidosis, pulmonary edema, blood urea nitrogen level higher than 112 mg per decilit
115 ncy surgery, albumin level less than 30 g/L, blood urea nitrogen level more than 30 mg/dL, dependent
116 tentially modifiable preoperative variables (blood urea nitrogen level, albumin level, and hematocrit
117 n the logistic regression analysis: elevated blood urea nitrogen level, impaired sensorium, low serum
118                         Elevated presurgical blood urea nitrogen level, impaired sensorium, low serum
119 aired sensorium, cerebral vascular accident, blood urea nitrogen level, transfusion, emergency surger
120 ns; serum carbon dioxide content; anion gap; blood urea nitrogen level; and serum creatinine level.
121 +/- 3.6 microg/mg creatinine; P < 0.001) and blood urea nitrogen levels (54.4 +/- 6.1 versus 44.2 +/-
122               Septic CD73 KO mice had higher blood urea nitrogen levels and increased cytokine levels
123 ssociated with nephrotoxicity as assessed by blood urea nitrogen levels and renal histology.
124 gnificantly decreased survival and increased blood urea nitrogen levels compared with WT mice given t
125 al was associated with delayed elevations of blood urea nitrogen levels in the ICAM-1/Fas(lpr) mice.
126 paring serum aminotransferase activities and blood urea nitrogen levels in wild-type and Cyp2e1-null
127                                              Blood urea nitrogen levels increased from 7.92 +/- 5.7 m
128 h two of 13 controls (P = 0.001), with final blood urea nitrogen levels of 133.9 +/- 33.0 and 55.6 +/
129 tality nor abnormal blood chemistry based on blood urea nitrogen levels or alanine transaminase activ
130                At 5 hr, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were markedly reduced in IFNA
131                                 Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen levels, and autoantibody titers were
132 l IRI as indicated by significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, histological scores, and neu
133 ignificantly increased proteinuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, more severe histologic GN an
134 tion results in milder nephritis, with lower blood urea nitrogen levels, reduced necrotic lesions, an
135  days after treatment, renal histopathology, blood urea nitrogen levels, serum creatinine, platinum e
136 ion; cardiac shock; hematocrit of < or =34%; blood urea nitrogen of > or =24 mg/dL; serum albumin con
137 le adjustment for confounders; patients with blood urea nitrogen of >40 mg/dL had an odds ratio for m
138 intensive care unit admission, patients with blood urea nitrogen of >40 mg/dL had an odds ratio for m
139 0-1.68; p < .0001) relative to patients with blood urea nitrogen of 10-20 mg/dL.
140 7-3.39; p < .0001) relative to patients with blood urea nitrogen of 10-20 mg/dL.
141 0-6.09; p < .0001) relative to patients with blood urea nitrogen of 10-20 mg/dL.
142 intensive care unit admission, patients with blood urea nitrogen of 20-40 mg/dL had an odds ratio of
143               Serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen provided similar levels of discrimin
144                                              Blood urea nitrogen remained a significant predictor of
145 3 (p = 0.0272) and IgG (p = 0.032), although blood urea nitrogen remained normal and significant prot
146 ntrations of serum amino acids, insulin, and blood urea nitrogen than do breastfed infants.
147 At day 10, eNOS-/- mice had higher levels of blood urea nitrogen than WT mice (P < 0.02), although pr
148 creased plasma renin activity, and increased blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio.
149                        Rapamycin reduced the blood urea nitrogen to normal in Cy/+ rats.
150 d with NEVKP grafts had serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values comparable to their basal lev
151 lure, while those without the transgene did (blood urea nitrogen values of 46.6 +/- 9 and 122 +/- 29
152 gly correlated with the severity of ARF (eg, blood urea nitrogen versus CE; r, 0.84).
153  was 1.2 (1.0-1.6) mg/dL and median baseline blood urea nitrogen was 25 (18-39) mmol/L.
154                                              Blood urea nitrogen was 59% increased in vehicle-treated
155                                              Blood urea nitrogen was also elevated in CAP WT (high do
156 ith creatinine of 0.8-1.3 mg/dL, an elevated blood urea nitrogen was associated with increased mortal
157  uninephrectomised mice and found that their blood urea nitrogen was elevated at two days post-transf
158                                              Blood urea nitrogen was higher in VEH T26 mice (52+/-16.
159                                              Blood urea nitrogen was significantly lower, which sugge
160  anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies and blood urea nitrogen were determined monthly.
161 acteristics were similar, but creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were lower in the HM II versus COMP
162         Changes in both serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were similar in nesiritide-treated a
163 d persistently elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen when compared with basal levels (P =
164 ejection, manifested by a sudden increase in blood urea nitrogen within a week.
165                                     Baseline blood urea nitrogen>35 mg/dL and increase in creatinine>
166 malized Ratio>2.0), and renal insufficiency (blood urea nitrogen>40 mg/dL) were associated with a hig
167 THODS AND We evaluated renal (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) and hepatic (aspartate transaminase
168 rubin), hematologic (fibrinogen), and renal (blood urea nitrogen).
169 ays]) adjusting for systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, 6-minute walk distance, and PCWP.
170           Patient age, sex, and race and the blood urea nitrogen, albumin, and serum creatinine level
171 ans should measure serum electrolytes, serum blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels when diagnost
172 , potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine tests) into single c
173 icarbonate, pH, calcium, phosphate, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine values were not diff
174 d elevations of thyroid-stimulating hormone, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were few, minor, and
175 isting of electrocardiography, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, escalating doses of
176 C, but consistent patterns for urine output, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, were not seen.
177 f blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.
178 spartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.
179 asma concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolytes (sodium, chloride,
180 sed on height, serum creatinine, cystatin C, blood urea nitrogen, and gender.
181 K mRNA, blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, blood urea nitrogen, and gluconeogenesis when compared w
182 iated with low systolic blood pressure, high blood urea nitrogen, and history of coronary revasculari
183 is other than dilated cardiomyopathy, higher blood urea nitrogen, and panel reactive antibody >10%.
184 , hepatic failure, sepsis, thrombocytopenia, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine and stratified
185 zed rats had markedly greater kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen, and serum levels of creatinine, pho
186 s: days in the hospital, serum albumin, age, blood urea nitrogen, and total Braden score.
187 n did controls, with greater proteinuria and blood urea nitrogen, as well as a higher frequency of cr
188  dizziness, diarrhea, and elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and cre
189 se, renal dysfunction, low albumin, elevated blood urea nitrogen, congestive heart failure and atrial
190 ein-1, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and bilirubin (P < 0.05
191 C(+/-) mice, as shown by increases in plasma blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and creatinine kinase.
192 ating targeted tests (including electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose tests; elec
193                                              Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and the rate of change
194 , and urine output were recorded, as well as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, bleeding time, hematuri
195 ine kinase, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, K(+) in serum.
196 nt for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, pulse, and dysp
197 ge in serum creatinine were a lower baseline blood urea nitrogen, higher systolic blood pressure, low
198 ntly attenuated albuminuria, the increase in blood urea nitrogen, histopathological changes, and kidn
199   None of the controls showed an increase in blood urea nitrogen, including DT-treated B6 wild-type r
200 ed similar increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, indicative of kidney damage, as wel
201 meters evaluated included: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, neutrophil infiltration determined
202  renal function (urinary protein/creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, P < 0.05).
203 ory of Fontan, ventilator dependence, higher blood urea nitrogen, panel reactive antibody >10%, and l
204                               Sera levels of blood urea nitrogen, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline p
205 talization (HR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.12 to 5.78), blood urea nitrogen, per 20-U increase (HR: 1.22, 95% CI
206  survival, lower levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium, and less
207 The severity of ARF was assessed 24 h later (blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine [Cr], and renal h
208 ephrotoxicity was manifested by increases in blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, urinary N-acetyl
209 rkers of nutritional status such as albumin, blood urea nitrogen, protein catabolic rate (PCR), trans
210                                Renal injury (blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria) was assessed 2 and 7 d
211 ilure among transgenic offspring (histology, blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria, serum albumin, and ser
212 e blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, blood urea nitrogen, red blood cell transfusion, sepsis,
213 Treatment of septic animals with APC reduced blood urea nitrogen, renal pathology, and chemokine expr
214 s is strongly associated with an increase in blood urea nitrogen, renal pathology, and expression of
215 rk Heart Association heart failure class and blood urea nitrogen, SAI QRST predicted SCD/VT/VF (HR 1.
216 tation, had significantly elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and renal tubular
217 um glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, estimated glomeru
218 D4(+)CD25(+) cells was negatively related to blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, proteinuria, and s
219                 Increases in serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, sodium, and alkaline phosphatase we
220 ore, including age, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, cerebrovascular disease, ch
221 only variable that changed significantly was blood urea nitrogen, which increased significantly after
222 s compared to the control for creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.
223 emolysis, and increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.
224 re as indicated by a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen.
225 in renal function manifesting as increase in blood urea nitrogen.
226 n increased 24-hour ZD9931 concentration and blood urea nitrogen.
227 d by improved levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.
228 osmolality and urea clearance, and increased blood urea nitrogen.
229 nous pressure, recent weight gain, and lower blood urea nitrogen.
230 on was assessed 24 h later by measurement of blood urea nitrogen.
231 with formula 4, 1.86 (sodium + potassium) + (blood urea nitrogen/2.8) + (glucose/18) + 10, requires t
232 ipstick urinalysis for proteinuria and serum blood urea nitrogen/creatinine (glomerular defects), mic
233 y was to evaluate whether elevated admission blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio (BUN/Cr) could iden
234 rite (p = .02), liver enzymes (p = .08), and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios (p = .001) rose, w
235 re; C(3a) levels; urine output; proteinuria; blood urea nitrogen; and kidney C(3) deposition, fibrosi
236 ter, and the values contrasted to prevailing blood-urea nitrogen concentrations.
237  correlations (r </= 0.99) between FC/CE and blood-urea nitrogen levels were observed.
238     They also had significantly higher serum blood-urea-nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels.
239 scores from patients' admission haemoglobin, blood urea, pulse, and systolic blood pressure, as well
240                                              Blood urea was generally the strongest single predictor.
241  were fed urea to determine whether elevated blood urea would increase UT-A protein.

WebLSDに未収録の専門用語(用法)は "新規対訳" から投稿できます。
 
Page Top