ライフサイエンスコーパス: brain slice

1 data into a spatial and temporal map of the brain slice.

2 CA3 and layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat brain slice.

3 tions without detectable cross-talk in mouse brain slice.

4 late individual presynaptic terminals in rat brain slices.

5 striatal population activity, as observed in brain slices.

6 th (3)H-MK-6240 binding patterns on adjacent brain slices.

7 ging of sub-neuronal structures in mammalian brain slices.

8 stribution of phosphorylated tau in human AD brain slices.

9 clamped neurons both in culture and in acute brain slices.

10 and halted U87 spheroid invasion in ex vivo brain slices.

11 electrical monitoring of MCH cells in mouse brain slices.

12 c NMDA receptor activation in the STN of rat brain slices.

13 course of training, and in vitro in striatal brain slices.

14 ts and hippocampal long-term potentiation in brain slices.

15 escence labeling of HA-DAT in acute sagittal brain slices.

16 e product Pyk2, and of NR2B Glu receptors in brain slices.

17 line expressing human mGluR2 and in primate brain slices.

18 l cell action potentials in rat (both sexes) brain slices.

19 tracers as well as intracellular fillings in brain slices.

20 acilitates molecular dynamic analyses within brain slices.

21 pses which excite oriens interneurons in rat brain slices.

22 microscopy in substantia nigra and striatum brain slices.

23 in cornu ammonis (CA) 3 pyramidal neurons in brain slices.

24 ing the excitatory response in ex vivo mouse brain slices.

25 ical and optical approaches in ex vivo mouse brain slices.

26 uronal cultures and metabolically active rat brain slices.

27 to focally deliver pharmacological agents to brain slices.

28 onal (3D) imaging of fluorescent pollens and brain slices.

29 analysis of fine structures in coronal mouse brain slices.

30 mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) brain slices.

31 animals, or in reduced preparations such as brain slices.

32 ltammetry and whole-cell recordings in mouse brain slices.

33 response to neuronal stimulation in amygdala brain slices.

34 leus (RMTg) was selectively activated in rat brain slices.

35 anuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration brain slices.

36 ng depression in voltage-clamp recordings in brain slices.

37 ehensively profile single neurons from mouse brain slices.

38 copy to map nanoscale diffusivity in ex vivo brain slices.

39 oeruleus (LC) neurons contained in acute rat brain slices.

40 onal calcium signals in mouse acute cortical brain slices.

41 areas using whole-cell electrophysiology in brain slices.

42 y on exposure to dietary doses of ethanol in brain slices.

43 artments, such as single dendritic spines in brain slices.

44 rgic neurons using patch-clamp recordings in brain slices.

45 tect single mRNAs deep within thick (0.5 mm) brain slices.

46 ex (PFC), or basolateral amygdala from acute brain slices.

47 ramidal cells in the infralimbic mPFC in rat brain slices.

48 and perform patch-clamp recordings from SCN brain slices across the projected day/night cycle.

49 In murine astrocytes and acute brain slices, activation of CaMKII decreases EAAT2b surf

50 BDNF protein itself is sufficient to protect brain slices against OGD, whereas downstream activation

51 a pars compacta dopaminergic neurons both in brain slice and after acute dissociation, we found that

52 elivery of drugs to a confined region of the brain slice and the application of this chamber to FSCV

53 o control optically the opening of ASIC1a in brain slices and also in awake animals.

54 aptic currents and long-term potentiation in brain slices and assessing the expression of synaptic po

55 n CA1 pyramidal neurons of mouse hippocampal brain slices and autaptic microcultures did not, per se,

56 In mouse brain slices and cultured midbrain neurons, menthol redu

57 A2/GluA1 surface expression from hippocampal brain slices and cultured neurons.

58 Endovascular perforation SAH rat model, brain slices and cultured pericytes were used, and inter

59 electrophysiology and imaging experiments in brain slices and enhance data collection and analysis.

60 e electrophysiological recordings from mouse brain slices and found that AgRP neurons do not contribu

61 single-cell electrical excitability in acute brain slices and in somatosensory ganglia in vivo, openi

62 nding in the subcortical regions of human AD brain slices and in the hippocampus/entorhinal cortex of

63 optically evoked activity in vitro in acute brain slices and in vivo in somatosensory ganglia.

64 p3r2(-/-) (also known as Itpr2(-/-)) mice in brain slices and in vivo, occurred in end feet, and were

65 domains in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in brain slices and in vivo, which is sufficient to modulat

66 emical study of pericytes and capillaries in brain slices and isolated retinae, allowing investigator

67 ctrophysiological diversity of HA neurons in brain slices and the effect of their acute silencing in

68 egions by acute treatment of both tangential brain slices and the isolated guinea pig brain with the

69 be is biased by technical limitations of our brain-slicing and multipatching methods; and (iii) our c

70 cipal neurons and Purkinje neurons in vitro (brain slices) and in vivo.

71 rats in vitro (rat brain proteome), ex vivo (brain slices), and in vivo (intracerebroventricular admi

72 ne viewer in which the experimental rig, the brain slice, and the recorded data are represented to sc

73 nt synaptic depression (APSD) in hippocampal brain slices, and APSD levels were blunted by inhibiting

74 es of receptor localization and proximity in brain slices, and behavioral assays in mice to character

75 of individual channels, action potentials in brain slices, and finally, drinking behavior in the mous

76 Experiments in cultured cells, brain slices, and in living mice demonstrate single-neur

77 ys and electrophysiological experiments with brain slices, and might be used as a tool compound for d

78 y specific cell types in dissociated cortex, brain slices, and the brains of live mice.

79 idirectional synaptic plasticity in striatal brain slices, and the first evaluation of striatal synap

80 s across the MOB and AOB, using an in vitro, brain slice approach in postnatal 15-30 day mice.

81 c and neuronal calcium levels increase after brain slices are treated with the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN-NH

82 An in vitro hippocampal brain slice assay was used to assess the seizure liabili

83 , and Glu receptors by AZD0530 was tested by brain slice assays.

84 We examined this issue in brain slices, awake mice, and a computational model.

85 neuroprotection in both in vitro and in vivo brain slice-based models for focal ischemia.

86 e measured electrically evoked DA release in brain slices before and after the administration of two

87 lin-dependent protein kinase II in wild-type brain slices but not in Alzheimer disease transgenic bra

88 rated in cultured neurons and in organotypic brain slices, but not in acute brain slices or in vivo H

89 either in dissociated cultured neurons or in brain slices, but not in the intact living brain.

90 r circadian clock were also monitored in LHb brain slices, but were absent in Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) LHb

91 This issue is examined in the hippocampal brain slice by comparing GABAergic interneuron activity

92 cell bodies are captured from perfused mouse brain slices by patch clamping, and lipids are analyzed

93 volume transmission hypothesis in mouse DRN brain slices by recording 5-HT1A receptor-mediated inhib

94 we investigated isolated nerve terminals in brain slices by transecting hippocampal Schaffer collate

95 vivo or by oxygen and glucose deprivation in brain slices caused calpain-dependent conversion of the

96 In brain slices, cell-attached recordings of membrane poten

97 election of specific cells within an ex vivo brain slice, combined with whole-cell patch clamp record

98 of quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist, into a brain slice containing the dorsal striatum, a brain regi

99 opy images of the perpendicular and parallel brain slices containing mesh electronics showed that the

100 Notably, images of sagittal brain slices containing nearly the entire mesh electroni

101 and optogenetic stimulation to determine if brain slices could "learn" temporal intervals.

102 Utilization of a novel ex vivo brain slice culture (BSC) model of WNV encephalitis reve

103 osphorylation reduced HSV-1 replication in a brain slice culture model of encephalitis.

104 described a novel organotypic 3xTg-AD mouse brain slice culture model with key Alzheimer's disease-l

105 Organotypic brain slice culture models provide an alternative to ear

106 exes following reovirus infection of ex vivo brain slice cultures and results in decreased apoptosis

107 se findings highlight the utility of 3xTg-AD brain slice cultures as a rapid and reliable in vitro me

108 ollowing in vivo treatment are replicated in brain slice cultures from 3xTg-AD mice.

109 ased assay, followed by secondary screens in brain slice cultures from transgenic mice expressing the

110 Using organotypic brain slice cultures generated from embryonic mice of va

111 In brain slice cultures, Treg accelerated developmental mye

112 in cell culture, but also in corticostriatal brain slice cultures.

113 death in a human dopaminergic cell model and brain slice cultures.

114 neuroprotection provided by PBI-05204 to rat brain slices damaged by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)

115 ce for vessel-to-neuron communication in the brain slice defined here as vasculo-neuronal coupling.

116 rophysiological experiments performed in BST brain slices demonstrated that IL-18 strongly reduces th

117 Recordings in brain slices demonstrated that these behavioral modifica

118 tic activation of the pathway in acute mouse brain slices drove IN activity despite small amplitude s

119 microglia in acutely isolated cortical mouse brain slices during an experimentally induced CSD.

120 ma of pyramidal neurons in mouse neocortical brain slices during whole-cell patch clamp recording.

121 toxicity was assessed in rat corticostriatal brain slices, either flanking region alone sufficed to g

122 Here, we used brain slice electrophysiology to construct a timeline of

123 e, we studied these receptors and cells with brain slice electrophysiology using both acute and chron

124 ative approach of gene transfer, systems and brain slice electrophysiology, behavior, and immunohisto

125 We found that in mouse brain slices evoked serotonin release produced a 5-HT1A

126 vivo and drug-induced epileptic activity in brain slices ex vivo.

127 Acute brain slice experiments demonstrated that ChR2-expressin

128 In brain slice explants, oxygen deprivation (OD) activated

129 Organotypic cortical brain slices exposed to ischemic injury by oxygen-glucos

130 In brain slices, exposure of LC neurons to GABAAR agonists

131 or phosphorylated tau was performed on human brain slices for comparison with (3)H-MK-6240 binding pa

132 include low-magnification maps of the entire brain slice, for spatial context, or any other type of h

133 Fluorescence imaging of brain slices found that IN administration followed by FU

134 ng transgene-labeled markers in a 1-mm thick brain slice from adult mice, and 14 days were required f

135 Electrophysiological recordings in brain slices from a novel line of transgenic mice that s

136 connecting breast cancer cells in live acute brain slices from an experimental mouse model of breast

137 amidal cell excitability by HCO3(-) in acute brain slices from C57BL/6 mice.

138 sorimotor cortex or intralaminar thalamus in brain slices from control and dopamine-depleted mice.

139 performed whole-cell patch clamp analysis of brain slices from control and Sf1Gck(-/-) mice.

140 Using voltammetry in brain slices from cynomolgus macaques after 6 months of

141 Electrophysiological recordings in brain slices from kisspeptin-GFP mice showed that AVP do

142 voked robust long-term potentiation (LTP) in brain slices from LV control rats, failed to evoke LTP i

143 xamined its acute effects on GHRH neurons in brain slices from male and female GHRH-GFP mice.

144 gRP neurons and POMC neurons was examined in brain slices from male and female mice.

145 We studied spontaneous GnRH secretion in brain slices from male mice during perinatal and postnat

146 In each case, imaging in brain slices from male or female animals revealed electr

147 Here we use GCaMP Ca(2+) imaging in brain slices from mice to address how nerve terminal Ca(

148 ion between midbrain dopaminergic neurons in brain slices from mice we have discovered that the modul

149 cordings from basal amygdala (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin genetically

150 ell recordings from MSO principal neurons in brain slices from Mongolian gerbils.

151 current-clamp recordings from bushy cells in brain slices from mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus.

152 Using brain slices from mouse somatosensory thalamus and corte

153 s to stimuli, GFP-identified GnRH neurons in brain slices from OVX+E or OVX female mice were recorded

154 We recorded directly on viable brain slices from rats after brain stimulation to detect

155 es, synaptic mechanisms were investigated in brain slices from rats.

156 Previous experiments in brain slices from rodents have shown that several intrin

157 ed currents in pyramidal cortical neurons in brain slices from rodents in response to oxygen and gluc

158 ory transmission from BLA to CeA recorded in brain slices from SNL rats using whole-cell patch-clamp

159 recision and repeated firing up to 100 Hz in brain slices from Swiss male mice.

160 dynamics in intact neurons in acute sagittal brain slices from the knock-in mouse expressing epitope-

161 l stimulation and an optogenetic approach in brain slices from the mouse, we investigated the synapti

162 properties of axo-axonic synapses (AASs) in brain slices from the piriform cortex (PC) of mice.

163 In brain slices from these animals, single-trial hybrid opt

164 logical and anatomical approaches in ex vivo brain slices from transgenic mice, it was found that 2 w

165 Rs and with synaptically activated NMDARs in brain slices from wild-type (WT), but not GluN2A knockou

166 n reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in hippocampal brain slices from wild-type rats and serotonin transport

167 Previous studies in brain slices have demonstrated considerable cell-type sp

168 Studies in brain slices have led to a model in which rhythmic synch

169 Studies using ex vivo guinea pig brain slices have revealed that activity-generated H2 O2

170 Brain slices have the advantage of maintaining the funct

171 ynaptic physiology of auditory UBCs in mouse brain slices, identifying two response profiles, and cor

172 iated clearance of amyloid-beta plaques from brain slices in a dose-dependent manner.

173 structure, has yet to be evaluated in either brain slices in vitro or the intact organism.

174 CSF (aCSF), routinely used for perfusion of brain slices in vitro, with human CSF (hCSF) powerfully

175 ed specific binding to striatal D2/3R in rat brain slices in vitro.

176 g assays, electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, in vivo electrophysiological recordings in

177 We found that, in rat brain slices, increasing the supply of the physiological

178 MP6f Ca(2+) imaging in POMC neurons in mouse brain slices indicate that maximal inhibition of cellula

179 knockout mice (TKO) were used in an ex vivo brain slice invasion assay.

180 tion and invasion in vitro and in an ex vivo brain slice invasion model.

181 cs were measured using an in vitro rat/mouse brain slice model of perfused/pressurized PAs; studies w

182 uronal culture, IL-34 expression in a rodent brain slice model with intact neuron-microglial networks

183 In brain slices, mu opioid agonists hyperpolarized a distin

184 Here we use brain slice multiphoton microscopy to show that substant

185 Using cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices, nAChR-dependent spontaneous dopamine trans

186 In brain slices obtained from mice, we examined synaptic re

187 NVC from vasodilation to vasoconstriction in brain slices obtained from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

188 halamic afferent stimulation were studied in brain slices obtained from young and aged CBA/CAj mice (

189 In brain slices of a mouse model of this neurological disor

190 onnected pairs of pyramidal neurons in acute brain slices of adult human and mouse temporal cortex an

191 heimer's disease (AD), their distribution in brain slices of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, a murine model of AD

192 Moreover, in acute coronal brain slices of control mice, Abeta25-35 peptide promote

193 the medulla oblongata or cerebral cortex in brain slices of MeCP2-knockout and wild-type mice were f

194 rizes medially located ITCs (mITCs) in acute brain slices of mice.

195 Here, we recorded in brain slices of mouse AC from retrogradely labeled corti

196 alian cells, in primary neuronal culture, in brain slices of mouse and monkey, and in mouse brain in

197 l recordings from pyramidal neurons in acute brain slices of mouse somatosensory cortex show that exc

198 In acute brain slices of murine layer 2/3 cortical neurons, we de

199 ivity of neurons in dissociated cultures and brain slices of rat hippocampus.

200 In brain slices of rat PFC, we employed multiphoton imaging

201 aging combined with patch-clamp in acute rat brain slices of sensory-motor cortex, we demonstrate tha

202 ic binding of (18)F- AMC20: was evaluated in brain slices of Sprague-Dawley rats by in vitro autoradi

203 two-photon Ca(2+) imaging in male rat acute brain slices of the somatosensory neocortex, we found th

204 rescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence from the brain slices of Thy-1 EGFP transgenic mice, we show that

205 ificantly increased GSC invasion through the brain slices of TKO mice relative to wild-type (WT) litt

206 responses in SON arterioles of hypothalamic brain slices of Wistar or VP-eGFP Wistar rats.

207 4800567 failed to increase NMDAR activity in brain slices of WKY rats pretreated with the protein pho

208 n organotypic brain slices, but not in acute brain slices or in vivo Here, we describe a transgenic m

209 ices but not in Alzheimer disease transgenic brain slices or wild-type slices incubated with Abetao.

210 rror their pattern of spread in disinhibited brain slices over millimeters.

211 timulation of the entorhinal cortex in mouse brain slices paradoxically generates spiking of mature n

212 Therefore, in this study we used a brain slice preparation containing the MHb to determine

213 Using the brain slice preparation for cellular recordings, superfu

214 Experiments were conducted in brain slice preparation of transgenic adult Sst-IRES-Cre

215 In the present study, we develop a novel brain slice preparation that preserves the geniculohypot

216 sent study, we established an in vitro mouse brain slice preparation that retains connectivity across

217 s of layer V pyramidal neurons in an ex vivo brain slice preparation, we found that operant self-admi

218 mouse entorhinal cortex (EC) in an in vitro brain slice preparation.

219 proven problematic to identify and study in brain slice preparations because P2X4 expression is spar

220 Measurement of [Cl(-)](i) in murine brain slice preparations expressing the transgenic fluor

221 In brain slice preparations, activation of mu opioid recept

222 Using whole-cell voltage clamp recordings in brain slice preparations, the present study demonstrates

223 hese synapses have been performed largely in brain slice preparations, without consideration of physi

224 orphine-mediated currents in locus coeruleus brain slice preparations.

225 acterization of neurons in the rostral Re of brain slices prepared from adult male mice.

226 iring later in the day and was absent in LHb brain slices prepared from Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) mice that

227 to sensitize the firing responses of CINs in brain slices prepared immediately after the PIT test.

228 ies and immunofluorescent staining of murine brain slices reveal that alphavbeta3 receptors and SERTs

229 ring in Scn8a(N1768D/+) pyramidal neurons in brain slices revealed early afterdepolarization (EAD)-li

230 Imaging of brain slices revealed immediate early induction of beta-

231 th GluN2B S1413L in GluN2A/B-deficient mouse brain slices revealed only partial rescue of synaptic cu

232 Measurements of brain slices revealed resistivity profiles correlated wi

233 Electrophysiological measurements of murine brain slices revealed that GLP-1 directly stimulates POM

234 Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices revealed that intrinsic excitability of DG

235 inally, live-cell imaging in early postnatal brain slices revealed that the migration and proliferati

236 ing, state-indifferent VLPO neurons in mouse brain slices revealed widespread expression of alpha2A-,

237 ng the first six postnatal weeks of life and brain slices show neuronal hyperexcitability.

238 mp recordings from mEC stellate cells in rat brain slices showed that GTx inhibited delayed-rectifier

239 ssfully grafted into organotypic hippocampal brain slices, showing an approximately 3.5-fold improvem

240 munohistochemical staining of mice and human brain slices shows DAM with intracellular/phagocytic Abe

241 g endogenous TRIO in organotypic hippocampal brain slices significantly increased synaptic strength b

242 e induced by ischemia-like conditions in rat brain slices suggested neuroprotective properties for th

243 Here we report in brain slices that activation of nAChRs depolarizes LHb c

244 ogical recordings and calcium imaging in rat brain slices that ghrelin stimulates VP neurons in the h

245 In sagittal brain slices that isolate the SNc soma from their striat

246 over, we show in patch-clamp recordings from brain slices that VLPO neurons exhibiting properties of

247 tch-clamp electrophysiological recordings in brain slices, that substantia nigra dopamine neurons fro

248 e isolated deep layer prefrontal circuits in brain slices then used single-photon GCaMP imaging to re

249 patch-clamping techniques in rat horizontal brain slice to investigate the role of NMDA receptors in

250 r recordings in rat (both sexes) neocortical brain slices to assess the ionic mechanisms supporting p

251 cordings and optogenetic approaches in mouse brain slices to determine the cellular organization of t

252 gy and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices to determine the effects of NT on dopamine

253 used two-photon imaging of Fluo-4-loaded rat brain slices to determine whether altered endfoot Ca(2+)

254 structure and multielectrode recordings from brain slices to explore intrinsic excitatory connectivit

255 Exposing brain slices to Glut and D-aspartate (D-Asp) before reco

256 cker Guangxitoxin-1E (GTx; 10-100 nm) in rat brain slices to investigate Kv2 channel functions in mEC

257 synaptically evoked NMDAR responses in acute brain slices to investigate mechanisms by which channel

258 nducted whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices to reveal how nanomolar concentrations of K

259 ACSs and restored arteriolar dilation in SAH brain slices to two mediators of NVC (a rise in endfoot

260 dye-filling and whole-cell patch clamping in brain slices, together with high-resolution spinning dis

261 al voltage changes in acutely prepared mouse brain slices using 2P illumination.

262 alize and quantify fixed charge-densities on brain slices using a focused proton-beam microprobe in c

263 aptic currents in E18.5 hypoglossal MNs from brain slices using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, fol

264 vivo with microelectrode arrays and ex vivo brain slices, using whole-cell voltage clamp.

265 ha-SMA expressions in cultured pericytes and brain slices via inhibiting NO/cGMP pathway.

266 ing each training session, a thalamocortical brain slice was generated, and inhibitory synaptic prope

267 )F- AMC20: in the D2/3R-rich striatum in rat brain slices was D(2/3)R-specific; in living rats, the u

268 rate and the excitability of LHb neurons in brain slices was higher, whereas the amplitude of medium

269 ide-induced inhibition of PV interneurons in brain slices was reversed by activation of alpha4beta2 n

270 Subsequently, voltammetry in brain slices was used to examine the effects of low (10

271 tidisciplinary approach in both rat and mice brain slices, we determined whether flow/pressure-evoked

272 Using Ca(2+) imaging in acute mouse brain slices, we find a surprisingly steep relationship

273 ng optogenetics and whole-cell recordings in brain slices, we find that a large component of these in

274 electrophysiology and optogenetics in mouse brain slices, we found that 5-HT directly enhances the e

275 electrophysiology and optogenetics in mouse brain slices, we found that ACh generated nicotinic ACh

276 Using whole-cell recordings in brain slices, we found that dynorphin-A directly inhibit

277 In this study, using rat brain slices, we found that isradipine, a general LTCC a

278 In cultured neurons and acute brain slices, we found that multiple beta-actin mRNAs ca

279 ing time-lapse superresolution microscopy in brain slices, we report that axons grow wider after high

280 In cultured neurons and brain slices, we show that Cal-Light drives expression o

281 Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in mouse brain slices, we show that nicotine (1 mum) increases in

282 lamp in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in brain slices, we showed that the effects of INaP on Rin

283 Using voltammetry in brain slices, we tested the ability of a single amphetam

284 le and adult mouse SN DA neurons in in vitro brain-slices, we observed that D2-autoreceptor desensiti

285 Subsequently, nucleus accumbens brain slices were prepared, and we tested for changes in

286 e to those found in saline control rats when brain slices were treated with translational inhibitors,

287 sion in DKO neurons and GODZ or SERZ-beta KO brain slices were unaltered, indicating that GODZ-mediat

288 ophysiological recording techniques in acute brain slices were used to measure synaptic transmission

289 In this study, mouse brain slices were used to perform a parametric experimen

290 he antifouling properties were maintained in brain slices when serotonin was exogenously applied mult

291 functional circuit mapping in ex vivo acute brain slices, which preserve in vivo-like connectivity o

292 ase of endogenous dynorphin from D1R-SPNs in brain slice while using whole-cell patch recording to me

293 tro and in vivo detection of Zn(2+) in mouse brain slice with Alzheimer's disease and zebrafish, resp

294 ging from low-threshold spiking cells in rat brain slices with computational modeling, the cellular m

295 that the mass fragments observed for the fly brain slices with different surface modifications are si

296 We combined two-photon imaging microscopy in brain slices with in vivo work in rats and C57BL/6J mice

297 lation of individual cells in mouse cortical brain slices with single-cell resolution and <1-ms tempo

298 urrently based on immunochemical analysis of brain slices with the AT8 antibody.

299 ial memory in young mice, while treatment of brain slices with TIMP2 antibody prevents long-term pote

300 inothalamic synapse in the visual pathway in brain slices, with cortical and inhibitory input to the