ライフサイエンスコーパス: brainstem

1 , orbital and temporal polar cortex, and the brainstem.

2 o the striatum, but also to the thalamus and brainstem.

3 ive reorganization of terminal fields in the brainstem.

4 d at the protein level in SCA3 human disease brainstem.

5 increased in pre-sympathetic regions of the brainstem.

6 turation of the terminal fields in the mouse brainstem.

7 he frontal lobes, thalami, basal ganglia and brainstem.

8 n synapses from acute slices of the auditory brainstem.

9 midbrain nuclei, and several regions of the brainstem.

10 s dependent on bilateral computations in the brainstem.

11 trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (TSNC) in the brainstem.

12 cranial nerves and associated nuclei of the brainstem.

13 the subpallium, hypothalamus, midbrain, and brainstem.

14 diators of inhibition in the spinal cord and brainstem.

15 ted rostrally throughout the spinal cord and brainstem.

16 increased carotid body afferent input to the brainstem.

17 lism in extra-cerebellar regions such as the brainstem.

18 first auditory nerve synapse in the auditory brainstem.

19 ive respiratory network from carotid body to brainstem.

20 distinctly different trajectories within the brainstem.

21 se activity in the nociceptive lamina in the brainstem.

22 and nucleus tractus solitarius of the mouse brainstem.

23 projection to the reticular formation in the brainstem.

24 ivocochlear (MOC) neurons originating in the brainstem.

25 nociceptive nerve fibers projecting into the brainstem.

26 in axon-glial communication in the auditory brainstem.

27 arge and small synapses in the neocortex and brainstem.

28 ormation along separate pathways through the brainstem.

29 e and reproducible signaling in the auditory brainstem.

30 ve pointed to central sites in the brain and brainstem.

31 %), basal ganglia (22%), cerebellum(17.39%), brainstem(9%) and thalamus(4%).

32 e performed transcriptional profiling on the brainstem, a highly vulnerable brain region in SCA3, in

33 alian visual cortex massively innervates the brainstem, a phylogenetically older structure, via corti

34 studies, we found that at least a subset of brainstem abnormalities in Ptf1a(-/-) mice are mediated

35 OKR), an innate eye movement mediated by the brainstem accessory optic system, that stabilizes images

36 that are synthesized in the spinal cord and brainstem and act locally to influence pain processing.

37 site exhibited severe and progressive brain, brainstem and cerebellar atrophy, with hypomyelination i

38 Brainstem and cerebellar neurons implement an internal m

39 e vessels normally provide blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum but can, via the Circle of Will

40 tions showed more frequent bilateral, large, brainstem and deep grey matter lesions.

41 te matter tract changes in the frontal lobe, brainstem and hippocampal regions of the ALS group that

42 Interestingly, the infection targeted brainstem and hypothalamic neurons, including orexin/hyp

43 leep is located in the pontine and medullary brainstem and includes ascending and descending projecti

44 sequence relationships, indicating that the brainstem and medial cerebellar structures were function

45 tracers in the dorsal vagal complex or SNpc; brainstem and midbrain were examined for tracer distribu

46 cord and neurons and other cell types in the brainstem and other brain regions, exposure at therapeut

47 he primary inhibitory nuclei in the auditory brainstem and participates in the sound localization pro

48 scripts encoding key components in cortical, brainstem and spinal axon guidance/outgrowth pathways du

49 urons that project directly to nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord that regulate parasympathetic

50 ections leading from the hypothalamus to the brainstem and spinal cord.

51 It may act by shielding brainstem and spinal locomotor centers from abnormal cor

52 cts included the thalamus, substantia nigra, brainstem and superior frontal gyrus.

53 particular sensory and motor neurons in the brainstem and thalamus.

54 upon at least 3 sites of the pontomedullary brainstem and that a significant proportion arises indep

55 Coordination between the brainstem and the cortex helps to ensure that urination

56 r indirectly to nearby arousal nuclei of the brainstem and to more distant targets in the forebrain a

57 including atrophy of the cerebral cortex and brainstem, and cerebellar aplasia were observed.

58 ganglia, and distinct areas of the midbrain, brainstem, and cerebellar cortex.

59 rotonin transporter binding in the striatum, brainstem, and hypothalamus, possibly reflecting compens

60 modulated coupling between prefrontal areas, brainstem, and spinal cord, which might represent a flex

61 iated by neural interactions between cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord.

62 ectivity (partial correlation) between eight brainstem ARAS structures and 105 cortical/subcortical r

63 ons demonstrate that Sst-GABA neurons in the brainstem are crucial for regulating the activity of gas

64 lateral superior olive (LSO) in the auditory brainstem are glycinergic in maturity, but also GABAergi

65 tral regions of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem are populated by astrocytes sensitive to physi

66 cortex to the dorsal periaqueductal gray, a brainstem area vital for defensive responses.

67 l imaging studies have revealed that certain brainstem areas are activated during migraine attacks.

68 -Pet1 axonal boutons were found localized to brainstem areas implicated in respiratory modulation, wi

69 We hypothesized that phasic responses of brainstem arousal systems are a significant source of th

70 ty remained unknown and here we show that in brainstem astrocytes acidification activates Na(+)/HCO3(

71 Brainstem astrocytes detect physiological changes in pH,

72 responses were also dramatically reduced in brainstem astrocytes of mice deficient in the electrogen

73 hanism of functional CO2/H(+) sensitivity of brainstem astrocytes, which play an important role in ho

74 ized fMRI and analysis using a probabilistic brainstem atlas.

75 analyzed the neurons labeled retrogradely in brainstem auditory nuclei.

76 al origin and functional organization of the brainstem breathing circuits are poorly understood.

77 s placed at the center of the pre-irradiated brainstem (BS)/spinal cord (SC) and the jaws were set to

78 It does not project to the brainstem, but brainstem structures can influence this n

79 s particularly common in the spinal cord and brainstem, but its presence in the midbrain is unknown.

80 ivity of the corticospinal tracts within the brainstem (by magnetic resonance imaging diffusion tract

81 ituation, we analysed the asymmetries of the brainstem (by manual magnetic resonance imaging volumetr

82 al cortex and the projections to the PAG and brainstem can be studied with precision.

83 (hazard ratio 5.6, 95% CI 3.2-9.7) and with brainstem CCM location versus other locations (4.4, 2.3-

84 D, 18.4% (13.3-23.5) for 327 people with non-brainstem CCM presenting with ICH or FND, and 30.8% (26.

85 D, and 30.8% (26.3-35.2) for 495 people with brainstem CCM presenting with ICH or FND.

86 H or FND, 8.0% (0.1-15.9) for 80 people with brainstem CCM presenting without ICH or FND, 18.4% (13.3

87 .8% (95% CI 2.1-5.5) for 718 people with non-brainstem CCM presenting without ICH or FND, 8.0% (0.1-1

88 oper development of several major classes of brainstem cells, including neurons of the somatosensory

89 ked responses of a number of neuromodulatory brainstem centers involved in the control of cortical ar

90 s, and that are sourced in a multifunctional brainstem central pattern generator.

91 mmatory syndrome predominantly affecting the brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

92 the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), a brainstem cholinergic center that contributes to motor p

93 d complexity and flexibility to even a basic brainstem circuit.

94 ces, the PLR reflects the action of a simple brainstem circuit.

95 Overall, we show that the brainstem circuits activated by the MLR in the salamande

96 How do forebrain and brainstem circuits interact to produce temporally precis

97 The maturation of auditory brainstem circuits is guided by action potentials (APs)

98 is aberrant synaptic development of auditory brainstem circuits might be a major underlying cause of

99 Eye movements generated by simple brainstem circuits provide a means for relating cellular

100 mic motor activity orchestrated by dedicated brainstem circuits that require tonic excitatory drive f

101 signal transmission is required in auditory brainstem circuits to localize the sound source.

102 h sporadic Parkinson's disease, p=0.02), and brainstem (compared with LRRK2 mutation carriers with ma

103 oropharynx terminate in both the trigeminal brainstem complex and the rostral part of the nucleus of

104 tus, dizziness, and possibly even death from brainstem compression.

105 rsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in the brainstem consists primarily of vagal preganglionic neur

106 The brainstem contains diverse neuronal populations that reg

107 ferences in vivo In contrast to the auditory brainstem, coreleased GABAergic and glycinergic currents

108 y-adrenal axis, but rather probably acts via brainstem crh-expressing neurons.

109 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in regions of the brainstem critical in homeostatic regulation.

110 ated with altered ongoing functioning of the brainstem descending modulation systems.

111 B virus causes brainstem destruction in infected humans in the absence

112 ilitated SD in both the neocortex as well as brainstem dorsal medulla autonomic microcircuits.

113 is known about the response of the auditory brainstem during and after conductive hearing loss.

114 A crucial element of SUDEP is brainstem dysfunction, for which postictal generalised E

115 nt, including in particular motor neuron and brainstem dysfunction.

116 , always preceded or accompanied by signs of brainstem dysfunction; it was severe, requiring intensiv

117 ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia with brainstem dysgenesis, and cardiac and ophthalmologic ano

118 Thus, cortico-fugal projections to the brainstem enable the visual cortex, an area that has bee

119 es, predominantly within the spinal cord and brainstem, enable rapid recognition within evolving outb

120 ease included encephalomyelitis in 23 (40%), brainstem encephalitis in 20 (35%), encephalitis in 6 (1

121 Whereas the status of brainstem-evoked potentials did not predict the recovery

122 We study brainstem field potentials in the region of the medial s

123 rate systems, yet there is evidence that the brainstem fixation system inhibits pursuit.

124 s) can be transported to the spinal cord and brainstem following intramuscular injection into the dia

125 ly, these findings support a circuit whereby brainstem GLP-1 activates PVN signaling to mount an appr

126 (CH), a large nerve terminal in the auditory brainstem in mice.

127 n increase in T cells and macrophages in the brainstem; in addition, gene expression profiling data s

128 sistent with early tumour spread outside the brainstem including the cerebrum.

129 g low-grade gliomas of the optic pathway and brainstem, individuals with NF2 typically manifest low-g

130 Here we report in the SHR, increased brainstem infiltration of T cells and macrophages plus g

131 late neurons, and also reduced indicators of brainstem inflammation.

132 from cholinergic neurons originating in the brainstem inhibit inner hair cell spontaneous activity a

133 aris (NA), and regio intermedius (RI) in the brainstem, innervating three subdivisions of the nucleus

134 displays rhythmic oscillations generated by brainstem inspiratory and expiratory neurons.

135 ellar associative learning and basal ganglia-brainstem interaction were investigated in 17 myoclonus-

136 We sequenced the transcriptome of brainstem interneurons in the specialized respiratory rh

137 goencephalitis in 212 (84%) of 252 patients; brainstem involvement was only reported in 42 (17%) of 2

138 and inhibition in FXS and that the auditory brainstem is a useful circuit for testing these imbalanc

139 usly shown that local GABA signalling in the brainstem is an important determinant of vagally-mediate

140 lateral superior olive (LSO) in the auditory brainstem is one of the locations where such acoustic in

141 C52A3 mutations showed classical symmetrical brainstem lesions resembling pathology seen in mitochond

142 Brainstem lesions were associated with all-cause mortali

143 h MOG antibody disease frequently had fluffy brainstem lesions, often located in pons and/or adjacent

144 ural code for phantom sounds emerges in this brainstem location and likely contributes to the formati

145 paminergic region evoked dopamine release in brainstem locomotor networks and concurrent reticulospin

146 The brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) supplies norepinephrine t

147 d to be a homogeneous cell population in the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC).

148 ies identified NPS fibers originating in the brainstem locus coeruleus, and projecting to the PVN.

149 t study suggests that several regions in the brainstem may be involved in CGRP signaling.

150 dy temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5

151 that higher brain regions interact with the brainstem modulation system differently in chronic pain,

152 medulla primarily and axonal projections to brainstem motor nuclei most prominently, and, when silen

153 In lampreys, we recently showed that brainstem networks also receive direct descending dopami

154 ll-fate decisions during both early and late brainstem neurogenesis, which are critical for proper de

155 ated either via changes in blood gases or by brainstem neuronal connections, but their ultimate effec

156 Patch clamp recordings from auditory brainstem neurons and in silico modeling revealed that a

157 s the downstream projections from the MLR to brainstem neurons are not fully understood.

158 ity in an electrically-coupled population of brainstem neurons driving swimming locomotion in young f

159 ory responses of breathing are controlled by brainstem neurons in the preBotzinger complex (preBotC)

160 sel constriction (vessel tone) is induced by brainstem neurons that release the monoamines serotonin

161 e from interactions between critical sets of brainstem neurons whose origins and synaptic ordered org

162 significantly longer than observed in lower brainstem neurons.

163 fy three novel subpopulations of EGFP+ vagal brainstem neurons: (a) EGFP+ neurons in the nAmb project

164 ory interaction evident in midbrain, but not brainstem, neurons.

165 Descending connections from brainstem nuclei are known to exert powerful control of

166 It is known that brainstem nuclei contribute to the FFR, but recent findi

167 tion/inhibition in any of the other auditory brainstem nuclei measured, suggesting that the alteratio

168 Permutation testing within the brainstem nuclei revealed the following: main effects of

169 Many cortico-fugal projections target brainstem nuclei that mediate innate motor behaviours, b

170 ed separately on each side of the midline in brainstem nuclei that project to the ICs.

171 FR is widely interpreted as originating from brainstem nuclei, a recent study using MEG suggested tha

172 neurons of the inferior olivary and cochlear brainstem nuclei, which contribute to motor coordination

173 dunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is a brainstem nucleus containing glutamate-, acetylcholine-,

174 d within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a brainstem nucleus defined by genetic lineage and a cumbe

175 The avian nucleus laminaris (NL) is a brainstem nucleus necessary for binaural processing, ana

176 c-Fos activity in the dorsomedial trigeminal brainstem nucleus situated laterally adjacent to the ros

177 ed a biophysically-based model of a binaural brainstem nucleus, the medial superior olive (MSO), that

178 l superior olive (LSO), a prominent auditory brainstem nucleus, which integrates ipsilateral excitati

179 r cellular expression patterns of MET in the brainstem of both the mouse and nonhuman primate suggest

180 In the auditory brainstem of cats, spatial patterns of sound-evoked Ve c

181 lutamate, glycine, and GABA) in the auditory brainstem of Fmr1 knockout mice.

182 ythm- and pattern-generating circuits in the brainstem of mammals.

183 degradation and downstream signalling in the brainstem of the SHR are dynamically regulated during hy

184 degradation and downstream signalling in the brainstem of the SHR are dynamically regulated during hy

185 synaptic network spanning the forebrain and brainstem, of which HVC is a component.

186 at BBB permeability was localized within the brainstem, olfactory bulb, and lateral ventricle.

187 involvement in endogenous analgesia, we used brainstem optimized, whole-brain imaging to record respo

188 ithin an attentional analgesia paradigm with brainstem-optimized fMRI and analysis using a probabilis

189 proposes that anesthetics act on one or more brainstem or diencephalic nuclei, with suppression of co

190 iod between screening and randomisation, had brainstem or lacunar infarct, a substantial comorbid dis

191 ing mechanisms, we present a novel breathing brainstem organotypic culture that generates rhythmic ne

192 oid prostanoid 3 receptors (EP3R), breathing brainstem organotypic slices and optogenetic inhibition

193 ulation efficacy, it remains unknown whether brainstem pain-modulation circuits are altered in indivi

194 s have suggested that altered functioning of brainstem pain-modulation circuits may be crucial for th

195 onal connectivity between regions within the brainstem pain-modulation network.

196 studies suggest that altered functioning of brainstem pain-modulation systems contributes to the mai

197 rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and other brainstem pain-modulatory regions, including the ventrol

198 ly, the responses of neurons within indirect brainstem pathways also remained constant, even though t

199 NCE STATEMENT It has been long proposed that brainstem pathways contribute to the recovery of hand fu

200 In addition, indirect brainstem pathways display complementary nearly instanta

201 is to the vulnerability of central autonomic brainstem pathways to hypoxic stress and implicate brain

202 Examples including retinofugal and brainstem pathways will be reviewed.

203 ssues, including the cerebral leptomeninges, brainstem, peripheral nerves from both fore and hind lim

204 x (mPFC)/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and brainstem pons region.

205 established by bilateral CIs in the auditory brainstem, potential deficits in cortical processing of

206 CLIPPERS patients had brainstem predominant perivascular gadolinium enhancing

207 The magnocellular red nucleus (RNm), a brainstem premotor structure, is a major target of the i

208 Using isolated brainstem preparations and patch clamp electrophysiology

209 ential chemosensory behaviours driven by the brainstem raphe nuclei into these parallel systems.

210 (SIDS) cases often have abnormalities of the brainstem raphe serotonergic (5-HT) system.

211 myelinating oligodendrocytes in the auditory brainstem receive excitatory inputs and can generate Nav

212 The NTS, located in the dorsal brainstem, receives constant viscerosensory afferent tra

213 dence of the selective regulation of a basic brainstem reflex by the PFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The p

214 nts of GABAA-receptor agonists into an upper brainstem region named the mesopontine tegmental anesthe

215 sing pathways that originate in midbrain and brainstem regions and project onto the spinal cord, have

216 central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) target brainstem regions known to regulate muscle tone, we hypo

217 cerebral blood flow (in inner and cerebellum brainstem regions) remaining higher in the bolus surfact

218 st ascending auditory information from lower brainstem regions, receives prominent long-range inhibit

219 able in astrocytes and the rest of the lower brainstem respiratory network.

220 We used measurements of auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacous

221 adult mice virtually eliminated the auditory brainstem response and acoustic startle reflex, yet tone

222 e ducky mouse (du), showed elevated auditory brainstem response click and frequency-dependent hearing

223 of two competing speakers, and show that the brainstem response is consistently modulated by attentio

224 weeks after infection, measured by auditory brainstem response recordings, correlated to the initial

225 r were click- or noise-burst-evoked auditory brainstem response thresholds different from controls.

226 hair cell survival rates and lower auditory brainstem response thresholds in injected ears than in u

227 mathematical method to measure the auditory brainstem response to running speech, an acoustic stimul

228 n humans, namely, modestly abnormal auditory brainstem response Wave I/Wave V ratios in the presence

229 naffected in these mutant mice, but auditory brainstem response wave-I amplitude was reduced.

230 we demonstrate that the latency of auditory brainstem response wave-V in noise reflects auditory ner

231 20 dB elevation in threshold in the acoustic brainstem response, so raising questions about the signi

232 , been hindered by the tiny amplitude of the brainstem response.

233 with prepulse inhibition (PPI) and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs).

234 induced ototoxicity, as measured by auditory brainstem responses and scanning electron microscopy in

235 tion product otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses, envelope following responses, and t

236 cochlear amplification but impaired auditory brainstem responses.

237 ns and 70-80 dB threshold shifts in auditory brainstem responses.

238 (P7) to P96 using voltage-clamp and auditory brainstem responses.

239 y edema (severe disease) demonstrated dorsal brainstem restricted diffusion (odds ratio, 2; 95% CI, 1

240 ctor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as a brainstem-restricted receptor for growth and differentia

241 We employ this method to assess the brainstem's activity when a subject listens to one of tw

242 vagal preganglionic neurons residing in the brainstem's dorsal vagal motor nucleus dramatically impa

243 tem pathways to hypoxic stress and implicate brainstem SD as a previously unrecognized site and mecha

244 cortical seizures frequently led to apneas, brainstem SD, cardiorespiratory failure, and death.

245 ralized clonic seizures that transition into brainstem seizures.

246 time that the infant rat red nucleus (RN)-a brainstem sensorimotor structure-exhibits theta (4-7 Hz)

247 al time period is associated with changes in brainstem serotonin (5-HT) expression and whether it can

248 cases exhibit a partial ( approximately 26%) brainstem serotonin deficiency.

249 ere to provide direct evidence for a role of brainstem serotonin neurons in spasticity.

250 leting mutant SOD1 expression selectively in brainstem serotonin neurons was sufficient to rescue los

251 ctivity that extend beyond the cortex to the brainstem.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Presynaptic Ca(2+) entr

252 eceptors, and the raphe nuclei, a postulated brainstem site of action during migraine, suggesting tha

253 dual astrocytes was performed in organotypic brainstem slice cultures and acute brainstem slices of a

254 TS EAAT2 was determined via whole animal and brainstem slice patch clamp experiments.

255 the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in brainstem slices by recording from retrogradely labelled

256 re we use electrophysiological recordings in brainstem slices from P3-P21 mice to demonstrate that GA

257 ganotypic brainstem slice cultures and acute brainstem slices of adult rats.

258 de from bulbospinal RVLM neurons (n = 31) in brainstem slices prepared from juvenile rat pups.

259 adaptation for input timing adjustment in a brainstem sound localization circuit.

260 ed response data, and show that thalamic and brainstem sources can be correctly estimated in the pres

261 ified the periaqueductal gray (PAG) as a key brainstem structure implicated in endogenous analgesia.

262 uronal loss co-occurs, particularly within a brainstem structure, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN).

263 It does not project to the brainstem, but brainstem structures can influence this nucleus.

264 a (VTA) receive cholinergic innervation from brainstem structures that are associated with either mov

265 l data indicate that the PAG acts via caudal brainstem structures to control nociception.

266 esolution of contributions from a hub of key brainstem structures to endogenous analgesia.

267 PAG analgesia is mediated largely via caudal brainstem structures, such as the rostral ventromedial m

268 regation of alpha-synuclein in precerebellar brainstem structures.

269 nnections are present with some midbrain and brainstem structures.

270 either to the contralateral cortex or to the brainstem suggesting that Ctip2/Satb2 co-expression may

271 trate that functional maturation of auditory brainstem synapses is impaired in FXS.

272 to those with an isolated supratentorial or brainstem syndrome.

273 c neuritis, transverse myelitis, or isolated brainstem syndromes in whom multifocal brain lesions wer

274 the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a brainstem target of BG that is critical for locomotion.

275 gated the primary somatosensory areas in the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex in one sea lion pup and

276 critical to identify the regions within the brainstem that process CGRP signaling.

277 Investigating the contribution of the human brainstem to attention has, in particular, been hindered

278 that cortical neurons directly innervate the brainstem to drive feedforward inhibition of nociceptive

279 ion is essential in circuits of the auditory brainstem to encode timing with submillisecond accuracy.

280 The response of the brainstem to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the b

281 Acute injury along a neural trajectory from brainstem to muscle will impair the coordinated interact

282 ouse line, in which the projections from the brainstem to the thalamus are disrupted.

283 he first direct demonstration of an obligate brainstem-to-hypothalamus circuit orchestrating general

284 These results identify distinct roles for a brainstem triumvirate in attentional analgesia: with the

285 ioma (DIPG) is a highly aggressive pediatric brainstem tumor characterized by rapid and uniform patie

286 trinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a childhood brainstem tumor with a universally poor prognosis.

287 r, the data suggest that MET+ neurons in the brainstem vagal motor nuclei are anatomically positioned

288 ed to identify the pathway that connects the brainstem vagal nuclei and the SNpc, and to determine wh

289 netic silencing of the largest population of brainstem vagal preganglionic neurons residing in the br

290 Other affected sites included the brainstem, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and superio

291 ar gray (CG), whole cerebellum (WC), WC with brainstem (WC + B), pons, and white matter (WM).

292 of FXS was used to investigate the auditory brainstem where basic sound information is first process

293 ctions using EFPs from the barn owl auditory brainstem where we recorded in nucleus laminaris using a

294 increase toward hatching, except for caudal brainstem, where a gradual decrease was observed during

295 CPEB2 is highly expressed in the brainstem, which controls vital functions, such as breat

296 tory processing at the level of the auditory brainstem, which is responsible for sound localization a

297 drivers show cumulative activity beyond the brainstem while being used in intersectional genetic exp

298 a giant axosomatic terminal in the auditory brainstem, whose biophysical properties have been well s

299 by a large trigeminal representation in the brainstem with well-defined parcellation that resembles

300 lvement of the basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem, with or without hemorrhage and restricted dif