ライフサイエンスコーパス: brush

1 solid-supported membranes, membrane-mimetic brushes).

2 d FG repeat binding avidity within the Nsp1p brush.

3 s that allow the perception of the slightest brush.

4 ursts, the most common of which is the delta brush.

5 promising for tailored synthesis of polymer brushes.

6 substrates leads to the formation of polymer brushes.

7 , or specific lectin binding on glycopolymer brushes.

8 er brushes or amphiphilic diblock co-polymer brushes.

9 chemical patterns based on polymer mats and brushes.

10 d in the synthesized single-tethered polymer brushes.

11 ryopherinbeta1 (Kapbeta1) to Nsp1p molecular brushes.

12 pontaneous hydrolysis is possible in the pCB brushes.

13 be induced by coating F-actin with polymeric brushes.

14 over the past years in the field of polymer brushes.

15 nanocrystals grafted covalently with polymer brushes.

16 could act as absorptive sinks for TCS during brushing.

17 uivalent to 7-12.5 doses of the TCS used per brushing.

18 n the case of lectin binding on glycopolymer brushes (3.4 nm thick), where the binding mainly takes p

19 The brush allele exhibited quantitative behavior since overe

20 h a lenient contrast of hand brushing versus brushing alone, we did not find any selective activation

21 igned with two anti-gingivitis regimens: the brush-alone treatment and the brush-plus-rinse treatment

22 arietal cortex required the presence of both brush and hand to elicit strong responses and showed som

23 t differences in microbial diversity between brush and lavage samples from asthmatic patients and con

24 on associated with conformational changes in brush and matrix chains.

25 uned by adjusting the density of the polymer brush and offer in silico models to rationalize this fin

26 ultra-low-fouling molecular structure of the brush and surface charges.

27 During exploratory behavior, rats brush and tap their whiskers against objects, and the me

28 urface-grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes and a conducting polymer sensing element with co

29 The glass surface-modified by PAA brushes and immobilized with AuNPs (AuNPs-PAA) can be us

30 w-fouling coatings including homopolymer pCB brushes and OEG-SAMs.

31 hat AuNPs were stably trapped within the PAA brushes and the carboxyl groups of PAA can serve as inte

32 OT), followed by grafting poly(acrylic acid) brushes and then electrochemically polymerizing a conduc

33 surfaces, and oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing are required for the periodic remo

34 titude and perceived behavioral control with brushing and interdental cleaning behaviors when designi

35 samples, and 50 early stage NSCLC bronchial brushing and normal specimens.

36 se toothpicks, dental water jet, interdental brush, and/or dental floss (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.30-9.32)

37 g their stress-strain curves in solvent-free brush- and comb-like polymer networks (elastomers).

38 an interactive super-network that integrates brushing-and-linking techniques for highlighting compone

39 Notably, the brush architecture is able to offer significantly greate

40 The brush architecture provides embedded DNA strands with en

41 he 96-blade system, if all the blades in the brush are used, the sample preparation time per sample i

42 Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the i

43 Sub-micrometer/nanoscale patterned polymer brushes are prepared by employing cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]

44 an be accurately reproduced by modelling the brush as a liquid drop, whereas at large compressions th

45 t associated with breastfeeding (e.g., tooth brushing), as can be guided using tools such as direct a

46 cal and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computatio

47 These polymer-brush-based ligands introduce new energetic contribution

48 quid drop, whereas at large compressions the brush behaves as a soft ball.

49 edictive validity of video-observed habitual brushing behavior for the capability to achieve oral cle

50 However, it is unknown how brushing behavior observed at one time relates to brushi

51 Studies observing their actual brushing behavior should be conducted to elucidate reaso

52 g movements are aspects of observed habitual brushing behavior that predict brushing capabilities in

53 s of predictive variables explained 22.5% of brushing behavior, 22.7% of interdental cleaning behavio

54 that attitude was the strongest predictor of brushing behavior, followed by oral health knowledge, pe

55 In our approach, an amphiphilic linear-brush block copolymer, with high potential for functiona

56 roups on gold and the PEO side chains of the brush block copolymer.

57 h an NP-driven order-order transition of the brush block copolymer.

58 tion has been circumvented using amphiphilic brush block copolymers as templates for the self-assembl

59 al domains were observed by TEM, whereas the brush block domains of BCP(18) (which displayed greater

60 or cordon bleu (COBL) promotes the growth of brush border (BB) microvilli.

61 trols genes required to construct the apical brush border and absorb nutrients, including dietary lip

62 to continuous FSS also acquired an extensive brush border and basolateral membrane invaginations rese

63 We postulate that antibodies to brush border antigens cause direct epithelial injury, ac

64 ointerstitial nephritis due to antibodies to brush border antigens of the proximal tubule has been de

65 ding, we found that the abundance of AQP1 in brush border apical and basolateral membranes was augmen

66 udy uncovers an essential role for ANKS4B in brush border assembly, reveals a hierarchy in the molecu

67 isrupts intermicrovillar adhesion and, thus, brush border assembly.

68 The brush border enzymes DPPIV and sucrase-isomaltase still

69 In conclusion, epithelial MLCK-activated brush border fanning by IFN-gamma promotes adherence and

70 ly, the treatment strategy prevented tubular brush border loss, diminished tubular iron deposition, b

71 Here we show that Fas2 is essential to brush border maintenance in renal tubules of Drosophila.

72 chronically inflamed rabbit small intestine, brush border membrane (BBM) Na-glutamine co-transport is

73 The apical brush border membrane (BBM) of intestinal epithelial cel

74 , and ezrin, was decreased in the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) of mice with streptozotocin-

75 ce expression of AQP1 in the proximal tubule brush border membrane is regulated in response to flow.

76 ed the dynamic translocation of GLUT2 to the brush border membrane of RPTCs, and reduced glucose reab

77 ssays of Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa and Cry1Ca to midgut brush border membrane proteins from BPH and PWS.

78 g and oligomerization by western blots using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from a strain of P

79 Finally, in assays with aphid gut-derived brush border membrane vesicles, binding of CP-P-GFP comp

80 and protein levels of NHE3 and SGLT1 in the brush border membrane.

81 hanced AQP1 abundance in the proximal tubule brush border membrane.

82 B (ANKS4B) localizes to the tips of adherent brush border microvilli and is essential for intermicrov

83 imately to intestinal enterocytes and efface brush border microvilli.

84 um samples from the patient reacted with the brush border of normal human kidney, in contrast with th

85 expression of NHE3 was reduced in the ileal brush border of patients with diarrhea.

86 b2 (p = 0.006) were significantly reduced in brush border of syncytiotrophoblast of infected placenta

87 Preliminary characterization of the brush border target antigen excluded megalin, CD10, and

88 ring tubule morphogenesis, localizing to the brush border whenever the tissue is transport competent.

89 nterocytes, M cells lack an organized apical brush border, and are able to transcytose microparticles

90 ges (vacuolization of tubular cells, loss of brush border, and tubular cell swelling) were each obser

91 In the enterocyte brush border, protocadherin function requires a complex

92 idney tubules resulted in loss of the tubule brush border, reduced GFR, pericardial edema, and increa

93 hrough hydrolysis of the phosphate esters by brush border-associated enzymes, leading to a high conce

94 ve with normal human kidney proximal tubular brush border.

95 philic adhesion complexes help stabilize the brush border.

96 htly packed array of microvilli known as the brush border.

97 -Reg variant that downregulates SGLT1 in the brush-border membrane at high luminal glucose concentrat

98 Enrichment of PLBs with WCRW midgut brush-border membrane material resulted in a 2000-fold r

99 -glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) on the apical brush-border membrane of 786-O proximal tubule cells wit

100 e, ERM proteins are significantly reduced in brush-border membranes from kidney and small intestine.

101 The epithelial brush-border Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 is acutely inhibi

102 rter 3 (NHE3), which is the major intestinal brush-border Na(+)/H(+) exchanger.

103 The susceptibility to the brush-border peptidases and route of transepithelial tra

104 Villin 1, a protein typically found in the brush borders of proximal tubular cells, has been detect

105 of microvilli in both kidney and intestinal brush borders, and loss of Myo7b in differentiating inte

106 have previously been used to modify polymer brushes by postpolymerization modification with high eff

107 The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymeri

108 The carboxyl groups of PAA brushes can act as reducing moieties for in situ synthes

109 ng resistance capabilities of such copolymer brushes can be tuned by changing the surface contents of

110 strand to an internal position, much smaller brushes can be used to achieve the same level of steric

111 rved habitual brushing behavior that predict brushing capabilities in terms of oral cleanliness.

112 ing behavior observed at one time relates to brushing capabilities observed at another time.

113 However, at the mossy fiber-to-unipolar brush cell synapse in the cerebellum, AMPAR-mediated EPS

114 Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN)

115 cerebellar nuclear (CN) neurons and unipolar brush cells (UBCs), respectively.

116 ebellar slices synaptic currents in Unipolar Brush Cells (UBCs), which generate intrinsic mossy fiber

117 ar (CN) neurons, granule cells, and unipolar brush cells (UBCs)].

118 presence of prebound Kapbeta1 inhibits Nsp1p brush collapse during NTF2 binding, which is dominated b

119 fined grafting density, tethering points and brush conformation.

120 modified by pH-tunable polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes connecting two large reservoirs subject to an ap

121 gonucleotide) brush polymers and amphiphilic brush copolymers from nucleic acid monomers via graft-th

122 colour fluorescence in situ hybridization on brush cytology specimens, from two time points with a me

123 specificity for CCA, outperforming standard brush cytology, and suggest that the biomarker panel, po

124 ntisense gene regulation efficiency of these brush-DNA conjugates as a function of their nuclease sta

125 As a result patterning of polymer brushes down to ca. 300 nm is reported.

126 o independent, calibrated examiners assessed brushing duration, evenness of distribution of brushing

127 of aluminium-incorporated nickel coatings by brush electroplating, focusing on the electroplating set

128 e multivalent binding to the immobilized GAG brushes ensures firm virus attachment to the interface.

129 ous EEG-fMRI to localise the source of delta brush events in 10 preterm infants aged 32-36 postmenstr

130 It exists in distinct forms, including brush-evoked dynamic and filament-evoked punctate hypers

131 and Lbx1 (VT3(Lbx1) neurons): the mice lost brush-evoked nocifensive responses and conditional place

132 unctionalized poly(CBMAA 15 mol %-ran-HPMAA) brush exhibits superior biorecognition properties over t

133 brushes, whereas Kapbeta1 binding generates brush extension.

134 al of hyaluronic content of the pericellular brush for guinea pig fibroblast cells.

135 able poly(carboxybetaine acrylamide) (pCBAA) brushes for the rapid and sensitive detection of bacteri

136 The enabled brush form can couple to other types of ToF imaging syst

137 rticle as a sensor to understand the polymer brush formation is applicable to investigating the graft

138 G), the three-regime kinetics of the polymer brush formation is confirmed.

139 nsors for unveiling the mechanism of polymer brush formation on surfaces.

140 nal analysis and characterization of polymer brush formation relies on laborious methods that use a q

141 F or PISF, and with several covariates (age, brushing frequency, days since professional cleaning, pr

142 ethylation frequencies of 45%-77% in biliary brushes from CCA patients.

143 The poly(CBMAA 15 mol %-ran-HPMAA) brushes functionalized with antibodies are demonstrated

144 ylamide)-co-(carboxybetaine methacrylamide)] brushes functionalized with bioreceptors.

145 Herein, we demonstrate oil-soluble polymer brush-grafted inorganic nanoparticles (hairy NPs) as hig

146 es of oil-miscible poly(lauryl methacrylate) brush-grafted silica and titania NPs were synthesized by

147 idly and quantitatively clicked to a polymer brush grown by free-radical polymerization containing na

148 olyte macroinitiators and subsequent polymer brush growth using SI-ARGET-ATRP.

149 These findings were recapitulated in freshly brushed HAECs from cells and tissue of asthmatic patient

150 Moreover, polymer loop brushes have been successfully obtained using oddly fold

151 able poly(carboxybetaine acrylamide) (pCBAA) brushes having optimized thicknesses and directly functi

152 resented with a 3-year history of jerks when brushing her teeth and a tremor when carrying drinks.

153 Transcriptome analysis of bronchial brushes in the nonhuman primate model showed downregulat

154 quantitative gain-of-function CNGC mutation (brush) in Lotus japonicus resulting in a leaky tetrameri

155 lements of OHB were identified for analysis: brushing, interdental cleaning, and tongue cleaning.

156 on of polymer ligands from a uniform polymer brush into surface-pinned micelles following a change in

157 CO2-philic agent, is introduced as a carrier-brush into the GO nanochannels with chemical bonding.

158 coaxial precalibration, the proposed optical brush is flexible and uses off-axis calibration method b

159 this study, a printing method using natural brushes is adopted as an informative tool to realize dir

160 We further extend the brush model for brushes larger than the height of the AFM probe, which s

161 lectric surface treatment with a polystyrene brush layer clarified the GB-induced charge trapping by

162 where the binding mainly takes place in the brush layer in the vicinity of the surface, LSPR data ar

163 grafting a non-fouling zwitterionic polymer brush layer to effectively repel protein fouling.

164 brane part is hidden inside the pericellular brush layer) and on treated cells after the enzymatic re

165 but also the parameters of the pericellular brush layer, including quantitative characterization of

166 tion curves associated with the pericellular brush layer.

167 The brush-like architecture expands the diameter of the poly

168 molecules (surfactants) containing flexible, brush-like chains.

169 )-based hollow fiber membranes with grafted, brush-like CO2-philic agent alternating between GO layer

170 tamatergic mossy fiber input on an elaborate brush-like dendrite.

171 acteristically have monostratified arrays of brush-like dendritic terminations and respond mostly to

172 here tethering of nups is dominant, features brush-like moderately cross-linked bundles, but in the c

173 matrix is a robust, hyaluronan-rich polymer brush-like structure that controls access to the cell su

174 are packed on the camera end, thus making a brush-like structure.

175 30 genome units which generate exceptional 'brush-like' structures.

176 ative materials (e.g. star polymers, polymer brushes, macrocyclic polymers, and hyperbranched polymer

177 Both current density and brush material have a significant impact on the morpholo

178 luence of bath load, current density and the brush material used was investigated.

179 ion, we demonstrate that an extension of the brush model (i.e., double-brush model) is capable of det

180 y (AFM) indentation method combined with the brush model can be used to separate the mechanical respo

181 We further extend the brush model for brushes larger than the height of the AF

182 We conclude that the brush model is capable of not only measuring the mechani

183 Although self-consistency of the brush model to derive the elastic modulus of the cell bo

184 n extension of the brush model (i.e., double-brush model) is capable of detecting the hierarchical st

185 yer of glycocalyx and membrane protrusions ("brush" models).

186 ushing systematics, and duration of specific brushing movements.

187 The recessive mongenic brush mutation impaired root development and infection b

188 ies on the hair bundle, the highly polarized brush of movement detectors that crowns hair cells.

189 polyHIPE foam columns surface-grafted with a brush of polymer containing ion-exchange functionality f

190 phiphilic Au-Fe3 O4 NPs grafted with polymer brushes of different hydrophilicity on Au and Fe3 O4 sur

191 study covalently end-grafted, nanometer-thin brushes of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), a thermoresponsi

192 orption of biomolecules present in saliva by brushes of poly[(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide)-co-

193 e is further combined with ultra-low-fouling brushes of random copolymer carboxybetaine methacrylamid

194 levels in nasal epithelial cells from nasal brushing of atopic rhinitis patients and a parallel redu

195 Nasal epithelial cells were collected by brushing of the inferior turbinates, and gene expression

196 d-grafting-to approach to synthesize polymer brushes on flat substrates.

197 reagents as microarrays on nanoscale polymer brushes on glass chips, so that all reagents are "on-chi

198 o obtain N3-chain-end-functionalized polymer brushes on the surface, uniquely controlling the N3 cove

199 Twenty-six healthy human adults rated brushing on the hand during fMRI.

200 stroked daily for 8 days either with a soft brush or directly with a gloved hand and then analysed f

201 th mixed hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer brushes or amphiphilic diblock co-polymer brushes.

202 ntities of microbial DNA than did endoscopic brushes or biopsies using quantitative PCR (p<0.0001).

203 performed to assess the predictive values of brushing parameters.

204 ditionally show that a looming stimulus that brushes past the face also enhances tactile sensitivity

205 fouling carboxybetaine polymer and copolymer brushes (pCB) as well as conventional carboxy-terminated

206 Brushing performance is an important factor for brushing

207 Thus, observing brushing performance might help to explain deficits in o

208 nimalis for 28 days, followed by a 5-day non-brushing period.

209 us a placebo yogurt, followed by a 5-day non-brushing period.

210 luster subunits was required to suppress the brush phenotype.

211 the polymerization chemistries used to grow brushes place limitations on the monomers that can be gr

212 vention protocol, including manual tooth/gum brushing plus 0.12% chlorhexidine oral rinse, twice per

213 regimens: the brush-alone treatment and the brush-plus-rinse treatment.

214 PEGylation of an oligonucleotide using a brush polymer can improve its biopharmaceutical characte

215 The electrochemical characterization of brush polymer ion gels containing embedded small-molecul

216 Gels comprising PS-PEO-PS triblock brush polymer, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoro

217 e used as a transfection vector by forming a brush polymer-DNA conjugate.

218 from which polypeptides are grown, forming a brush polymer.

219 nction of "depth" toward the backbone of the brush polymer.

220 Herein, we report a novel form of brush-polymer/DNA conjugate that provides the DNA with n

221 ort the preparation of poly(oligonucleotide) brush polymers and amphiphilic brush copolymers from nuc

222 at the proteolytic susceptibility of peptide brush polymers can be tuned by adjusting the density of

223 ed by studying the proteolytic resistance of brush polymers composed of peptides that are substrates

224 ng the chain-end N3, the obtained linear and brush polymers were connected to functional molecules vi

225 Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify

226 Polymer brushes present a unique architecture for tailoring surf

227 Higher current densities and non-abrasive brushes produce rough, particle-rich samples.

228 (19-55 nm) boasted rod-like hydrophilic PEO brushes protruding from the hydrophobic PLA cores normal

229 brush resides in a cluster of redundant CNGCs encoding s

230 ydrogen bonds, elucidating their role in the brush's temperature-induced phase separation.

231 the pancreatobiliary tract within 2 years of brush sample collection was used as the standard; sample

232 further analyzed in a test series of biliary brush samples (15 CCAs and 20 nonmalignant primary scler

233 d tissue (RAMALT) biopsy specimens and nasal brush samples collected antemortem from farmed white-tai

234 Generalized linear models on brush samples demonstrated oral corticosteroid use as an

235 We performed a retrospective analysis of brush samples from 272 patients who underwent endoscopic

236 We collected nasal brush samples from 82 nonsmoking participants, including

237 In addition, bacterial alpha-diversity in brush samples from asthmatic patients was correlated wit

238 us, and Veillonella species were enriched in brush samples from control subjects.

239 hat detects cancer cells in pancreatobiliary brush samples from patients with and without primary scl

240 k (Cervus elaphus nelsoni;n= 323), and nasal brush samples were collected from a subpopulation of the

241 itu hybridization (FISH) of pancreatobiliary brush samples with UroVysion probes, originally designed

242 the majority of taxa detected in biopsy and brush samples, but were enriched for genera from the ora

243 In the validation cohort of brush samples, pancreatobiliary FISH identified samples

244 f CCA by DNA methylation analyses of biliary brush samples.

245 .3% of live cells), BW (32.5%) and bronchial brushing samples (88.9%) correlated significantly (p = 0

246 Across the test and validation biliary brush series, this four-gene biomarker panel achieved a

247 The relative lengths of the brush side chain and the DNA strand are found to play a

248 lements in the design of functional particle brush solids with controlled nanoscale interfaces and me

249 nly tissue samples but noninvasive bronchial brushing specimens from control cases with a high degree

250 CLC tissue samples and noninvasive bronchial brushing specimens.

251 Robust, simple, and scalable touch- and brush-spinning methods for the drawing of nanofibers, co

252 ced 20 individual 2cm x 2cm devices by using brushing, spraying, ironing, and computerized sewing, a

253 Our results show that hand- but not brush-stroked mice demonstrated a significant increase i

254 riety of other chemical functional groups to brush substrates that have highly useful and orthogonal

255 shing performance is an important factor for brushing success.

256 Here, we report on a random copolymer brush surface - poly(CBMAA-ran-HPMAA) - providing high B

257 fusion of colloidal particles on a molecular brush surface.

258 cross areas of the mouth as one indicator of brushing systematics, and duration of specific brushing

259 f computer-based training (CBT) of different brushing techniques (Fones versus Bass technique in thei

260 1.18-9.29), whereas they were less likely to brush teeth after meals.

261 shorter showers, turning off the water while brushing teeth) rather than efficiency improvements (e.g

262 rushings (34%), though both RAMALT and nasal brush test sensitivities were dependent on both thePRNPg

263 Cytologic brushing test results and clinical features were indepen

264 h as superhydrophobic structures and polymer brushes, the insights tso understand the fundamental phy

265 Almost all participants brushed their teeth at least once daily with toothpaste.

266 We also investigated the effects of the brush thickness on the biorecognition capabilities of th

267 We have characterized the effect of the brush thickness on the probe loading capacity: a loading

268 ushing duration, evenness of distribution of brushing time across areas of the mouth as one indicator

269 Evenness of distribution of brushing time and duration of circling movements are asp

270 is revealed that evenness of distribution of brushing time and duration of circling movements explain

271 these chimpanzees manufacture sophisticated, brush-tipped fishing probes from specific raw materials,

272 Precise synthesis of polymer brushes to modify the surface of nanoparticles and nanod

273 sensory modality extends beyond Haidinger's brushes to the recognition of quantifiable spatial polar

274 A variety of brush-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were develope

275 A conjugates involving linear, Y-shaped, and brush-type PEG.

276 Recent data indicate that brush-type polymers significantly enhance in vitro and i

277 tion behaviour of a single spherical polymer brush upon diametral compression.

278 als, coated with amphiphilic diblock polymer brushes using a 'grafting to' method or mixed hydrophili

279 urately tuned by surface grafting of polymer brushes using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP

280 or mixed hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer brushes using tandem 'grafting to' and 'grafting from' m

281 singly, even with a lenient contrast of hand brushing versus brushing alone, we did not find any sele

282 th poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) p(HEMA) brush was employed.

283 ionalized with thiols and stepwise a dextran brush was generated.

284 While the PK profile of PEG Brush was superior, the loading was poor (2wt.%).

285 Patterned poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes was successfully generated via photolithography

286 The wet and dry polymer brushes were analyzed by AFM, ellipsometry, FT-IRRAS, an

287 Triblock copolymer brushes were functionalized with nucleic acid sequences,

288 chemical stability was observed when PCysMA brushes were immersed in aqueous solution at physiologic

289 trations of NTF2 produce a collapse of Nsp1p brushes, whereas Kapbeta1 binding generates brush extens

290 were left and right posterior-temporal delta brushes which were associated in the left hemisphere wit

291 e hierarchical structure of the pericellular brush, which, for example, may consist of the pericellul

292 gradable can be used to form the hydrophobic brush, while the hydrophilicity is maintained by polyeth

293 strate that a SPR biosensor based on a pCBAA brush with a thickness as low as 20 nm was capable of de

294 face content of CBMAA; poly(CBMAA-ran-HPMAA) brushes with CBMAA molar content up to 15 mol % maintain

295 ing and the functional capabilities of these brushes with respect to each step of the assay, namely:

296 folding in PSCs allows us to obtain polymer brushes with well-defined grafting density, tethering po

297 After simulated 3-month brushing with a commercial best-selling TCS-TP, over one

298 m of this study is to evaluate the effect of brushing with either a multidirectional PT or American D

299 ing PreGR >/=2 mm were randomized to a group brushing with either an MT or PT.

300 accumulate substantial amounts of TCS after brushing with TCS-formulated toothpastes (TCS-TPs).