ライフサイエンスコーパス: bulb

1 urning to the peripheral iris (base of light bulb).

2 frontal cortex but not in liver or olfactory bulb.

3 arly remarkable upon injury to the olfactory bulb.

4 ants soon after they arrive in the olfactory bulb.

5 from the locus coeruleus into the olfactory bulb.

6 ogical properties exhibited by the olfactory bulb.

7 y synapses within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb.

8 ttom-up spontaneous input from the olfactory bulb.

9 ough the anterior forebrain to the olfactory bulb.

10 ficient reinsertion of OSNs to the olfactory bulb.

11 ons to second-order neurons in the olfactory bulb.

12 o-noise ratio at the output of the olfactory bulb.

13 ronized oscillations in the rodent olfactory bulb.

14 n enter the brain directly via the olfactory bulb.

15 neuropil similar to the vertebrate olfactory bulb.

16 proximately 3,600 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

17 elopmental roles in the cortex and olfactory bulb.

18 ered GLP-synthesizing cells in the olfactory bulb.

19 tes, CARTp-ir was not found in the olfactory bulb.

20 ndicating neuronophagia within the olfactory bulb.

21 um, and mitral/ruffed cells of the olfactory bulb.

22 rostral migratory stream into the olfactory bulb.

23 n potentials to be conveyed to the olfactory bulb.

24 rectly impacting the output of the olfactory bulb.

25 tor (AR) and beta-catenin in cells of the HF bulb.

26 ayer into the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb.

27 tally generated neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb.

28 e proportional size of the brain's olfactory bulb.

29 particularly in the mitochondrially abundant bulb.

30 tory bulb and one in the accessory olfactory bulb.

31 n the SCN, dorsal hippocampus, and olfactory bulb.

32 Li-treatment, particularly in the olfactory bulb.

33 itial sensory input to the brain's olfactory bulb.

34 ature of sensory processing in the olfactory bulb.

35 in axons innervating the accessory olfactory bulb.

36 ain along a defined pathway to the olfactory bulb.

37 -born-granule-cells (abGCs) in the olfactory bulb.

38 of granule and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb.

39 ternal plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb.

40 bly into distinct glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

41 notype on bioactive properties of dry garlic bulbs.

42 provide the primary output of the olfactory bulbs.

43 hosphor waste from compact fluorescent light bulbs.

44 rves and enter the CNS through the olfactory bulbs.

45 s from both the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.

46 proportional to the size of their olfactory bulbs.

47 ambient lighting <300 lux and exposed light bulbs.

48 stance dependence of the fluxes from compact bulbs.

49 SWR occurrence was eliminated when olfactory bulb activity was inhibited.

50 mediates structural plasticity of olfactory bulb adult-born neurons to support olfactory learning th

51 In the olfactory bulb, afferent olfactory receptor neurons respond to inc

52 Seven to 14 years of hourly water (Tw), dry-bulb air (Ta), and wet-bulb air (Twb) temperature record

53 ourly water (Tw), dry-bulb air (Ta), and wet-bulb air (Twb) temperature recordings collected near eac

54 ng of olfactory information by the olfactory bulb, an obligatory relay between sensory neurons and co

55 rin 3D (Sema3D) is expressed in the anterior bulb and acts as a repellent that pushes them towards th

56 detectable silver measured in the olfactory bulb and brain.

57 athing ( approximately 2-12 Hz) in olfactory bulb and cortex, and faster oscillatory bursts are coupl

58 f cells and myelin, within coronal olfactory bulb and cortical sections, and from sagittal sections o

59 intenance of the topography of the olfactory bulb and in sensory information processing.

60 rt axon cells (Cajal cells) of the olfactory bulb and its neuromodulatory effect on mitral cell (MC)

61 hey are located in the region of the jugular bulb and middle ear.

62 factory circuits, four in the main olfactory bulb and one in the accessory olfactory bulb.

63 ervate multiple layers of the main olfactory bulb and strongly influence odor discrimination, detecti

64 volve a dynamical loop between the olfactory bulb and the piriform cortex, with cortex explaining inc

65 of pneumococci recovered from the olfactory bulbs and brains of infected animals.

66 rains, including the size of their olfactory bulbs and numbers of mitral cells, which provide the pri

67 wo types of material source were used: whole bulbs and peeled cloves.

68 ased gradually and the pH decreased in whole bulbs and peeled garlics.

69 sing from the peripheral iris (base of light bulb) and forming a tortuous loop on reaching its peak (

70 vity of a local network within the olfactory bulb, and beta oscillations represent engagement of a sy

71 in devastated development of eye, olfactory bulb, and cortex.

72 as localized within the brainstem, olfactory bulb, and lateral ventricle.

73 ory epithelium, translocate to the olfactory bulb, and migrate to the olfactory cortex.

74 lobe, the analog of the vertebrate olfactory bulb, and we dissect the network and intrinsic mechanism

75 itral cells of the mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) emerges from interplay between intracellular

76 osensory encounters, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) experiences changes in the balance of excitat

77 itter (NT) expression in accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) interneurons during development.

78 GNIFICANCE STATEMENT The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is a site of experience-dependent plasticity

79 l circuit changes in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) using targeted ex vivo recordings of mating-a

80 h the main (MOB) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB).

81 ed recently in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB).

82 tterns of principal neurons in the olfactory bulb are known to be modulated strongly by respiration e

83 , glomerular input patterns in the olfactory bulb are massively perturbed and olfactory behaviors are

84 mal papilla cells (DPCs) located in the hair bulb are the main site of androgen activity in the hair

85 xpanded frontal lobes, and reduced olfactory bulbs are already present in the 17- to 18-Myr-old ape P

86 , the primary output neuron of the olfactory bulb, are solely activated by feedforward excitation.

87 dentify inhibitory circuits in the olfactory bulb as a mechanistic basis for many of the behavioral p

88 are maintained in the bulge region, and hair bulbs at the base contain rapidly dividing, yet genotoxi

89 xtension into deeper layers of the olfactory bulb, axons degenerated and radial glia responded by pha

90 neurons and glial cells within the olfactory bulb because the virus enters the brain at this site.

91 oscillators in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb become desynchronized, along with the behavioral pr

92 ppeared to occur independently of follicular bulb bioenergetics by a tractor mechanism involving the

93 e via the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) and bulb (BU) to the ellipsoid body (EB) of the central comp

94 rget volume, with higher doses to the penile bulb but no significant differences in rectal or bladder

95 rget volume, with higher doses to the penile bulb but no significant differences in rectal or bladder

96 ervate multiple layers in the main olfactory bulb but the precise circuitry of this input is not know

97 ilarly, axons innervating the main olfactory bulb, but not the accessory olfactory bulb, contained th

98 mmercial fluorescent or light-emitting diode bulbs, but with exceptional reproduction of colours and

99 lly impacts these two output channels of the bulb by specifically decorrelating mitral cell responses

100 The output power successfully lit up 600 LED bulbs by the application of a 0.2 N mechanical force and

101 ermediate targets in the zebrafish olfactory bulb called protoglomeruli well before they form odorant

102 -1 concentrations monitored by the olfactory bulb can modify the firing frequency of MCs, olfactory c

103 Garlic bulb cell wall material has been used to confirm the ass

104 fter high-dose IR, when both matrix and hair bulb cells were depleted, the surviving outer root sheat

105 the diencephalon, but also in the olfactory bulbs/cerebral hemispheres, optic tectum/tegmentum, reti

106 granule cells as a core feature of olfactory bulb circuitry and establish asynchronous excitation and

107 ally explicit, multiscale model of olfactory bulb circuitry, we here demonstrate that an inhibition-c

108 to the functional integrity of the olfactory bulb circuitry.

109 Axons in all four main olfactory bulb circuits exhibited axonal localization of Fragile X

110 actory bulb, but not the accessory olfactory bulb, contained the FXG-associated mRNA Omp (olfactory m

111 The olfactory bulb contains excitatory principal cells (mitral and tuf

112 latter fibers pass through the contralateral bulb, cross the anterior commissure, and then run to the

113 second portion of duodenum (D2) and duodenal bulb (D1) between patients with FD and healthy controls

114 with villous atrophy limited to the duodenal bulb (D1) have not been delineated in adults with celiac

115 e argument that odor coding in the olfactory bulb depends on the recent history of the sensory enviro

116 tions from the raphe nuclei to the olfactory bulb dramatically enhance the responses of two classes o

117 odor representations in the mouse olfactory bulb during learning over a week, using longitudinal two

118 identified glomerulus in the mouse olfactory bulb, early odorant exposure increases the number of ass

119 In growing follicles, lower bulb epithelial cells had high viability, and mitochondr

120 cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulbs exhibited high luciferase activity.

121 he vascular course on OCTA resembled a light bulb filament (filament sign), arising from the peripher

122 dry weight of bulbs, tunic and flesh color, bulb firmness, nutritional value and mineral composition

123 total of 21 sural nerve biopsies and 'onion bulb' formations and/or thin myelin sheaths were observe

124 lly, fast (85 Hz) and slow (70 Hz) olfactory bulb gamma oscillation sub-bands have been hypothesized

125 s instead of Mullerian ducts and sinovaginal bulbs, give rise to the vagina.

126 y (DRY) and humid (HUM) heat matched for wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT, 27 degrees C).

127 tial Po2 has similar values in the olfactory bulb glomerular layer and the somatosensory cortex, wher

128 Olfactory bulb glomeruli are regions of neuropil that contain inpu

129 lity, we imaged responses of mouse olfactory bulb glomeruli to mixtures.

130 discrete cortical modules known as olfactory bulb glomeruli.

131 s, and neuronal cell bodies of the olfactory bulb, granular zones of cortical regions, hippocampus, a

132 the main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulb have distinct intrinsic membrane properties but the

133 ral projection neurons of the main olfactory bulb; here, these two classes of neurons form dendrodend

134 The combination of large olfactory bulbs, high mitral cell counts and a greatly enlarged na

135 on in discrete areas of the brain (olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and midbrain) and reduction of the he

136 otential therapeutic target in the olfactory bulb (i.e. via intranasal delivery) for controlling an i

137 the excitability of neurons in the olfactory bulb in a nutrition or energy state-dependent manner to

138 est that afferent input enters the olfactory bulb in a parallel fashion.

139 th sequential actions resembles breaking one bulb in a series of Christmas lights, which turns off th

140 The turkey vulture has the largest olfactory bulbs in absolute terms and adjusted for brain size amon

141 y been identified in garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs in which the LM26 epitope is widespread throughout

142 -evoked activity in populations of olfactory bulb inhibitory interneurons and of synaptic terminals o

143 3 locations (common carotid artery, carotid bulb, internal carotid artery) in both the left and righ

144 their location, generate distinct olfactory bulb interneuron subtypes.

145 We sought to elucidate the role of olfactory bulb interneurons called granule cells (GCs) in odor pro

146 test how the two major classes of olfactory bulb interneurons differentially contribute to differenc

147 ior olfactory cortex projecting to olfactory bulb interneurons.

148 The human olfactory bulb is actually quite large in absolute terms and conta

149 e topographic map in the mammalian olfactory bulb is explained by a model based on two axes along whi

150 ons and principal cells within the olfactory bulb is not well understood.

151 ly, Per1 and Fos expression in the olfactory bulb is reversed, mirroring the inverted olfactory perfo

152 tic stimuli, afferent input to the olfactory bulb is subject to strong synaptic depression, presumabl

153 ceives monosynaptic input from the olfactory bulb, is uniquely positioned to transform odor informati

154 a does not directly project to the olfactory bulb, joint pharmacological inactivation of the central,

155 nel expression was detected in the olfactory bulb, lateral septal nuclei, basal ganglia, and distinct

156 blasts during their transit toward olfactory bulb layers.

157 ally diverse and differed in dynamics across bulb layers.

158 umococci primarily localize to the olfactory bulb, leading to increased expression levels of proinfla

159 direct evidence that the mammalian olfactory bulb likely participates in generating the perception of

160 Storage concluded when either bulbs lost marketable quality or sprouting occurred.

161 es potentially involved in floral induction, bulb maturation, and dormancy establishment.

162 inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells display different odor-evok

163 nted in piriform cortex but not in olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells.

164 Responses of olfactory (OB) bulb mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs) are known

165 acterized odor-evoked responses of olfactory bulb mitral cells and interneurons.

166 uronal activity in mouse accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells, the direct neural link between vomero

167 st time that some rodent accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells-the direct link between vomeronasal se

168 ical layer 5 pyramidal neurons and olfactory bulb mitral cells.

169 of principal neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb, mitral and tufted cells, which send olfactory info

170 In the main olfactory bulb (MOB), inhibitory circuits regulate the activity of

171 In the main olfactory bulb (MOB), the first station of sensory processing in t

172 of such devices, while in incandescent light bulbs, most of the energy is lost as heat.

173 tudy uncover a new function for an olfactory bulb neuron (deep short axon cells, Cajal cells) that co

174 s replication, we studied AP-7 rat olfactory bulb neuronal cells, which can differentiate in vitro.

175 learning task requiring adult-born olfactory bulb neurons and cell-specific ablation of FMRP, we inve

176 ological recordings from accessory olfactory bulb neurons in ex vivo preparations show that AOS neuro

177 es Gucy1b2-dependent activation of olfactory bulb neurons in the vicinity of the glomeruli formed by

178 We present a glomerulus in the olfactory bulb (OB) activated by very different stimuli, namely me

179 Arc ensembles in adult rat olfactory bulb (OB) and anterior piriform cortex (PC) were assesse

180 ordings from two distinct regions: olfactory bulb (OB) and anterior piriform cortex (PC).

181 eotypical pattern, starting in the olfactory bulb (OB) and gut.

182 tion and field potentials from the olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus.

183 were predominantly located in the olfactory bulb (OB) and in other brain regions that receive direct

184 OSNs) wiring into highly organized olfactory bulb (OB) circuits throughout life.

185 combinatorial activity patterns of olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli.

186 first to look at NE modulation of olfactory bulb (OB) in regards to S/N in vivo We show, in male rat

187 long the ventricular walls produce olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons with varying neurotransmitter phe

188 The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) is a prominent recipient of serotonergic fiber

189 tory local circuit activity in the olfactory bulb (OB) is modulated phasically.

190 ighly specific organization of the olfactory bulb (OB) is well known, but the impact of early odorant

191 with hippocampal, neocortical, and olfactory bulb (OB) LFPs in rats anesthetized with urethane.

192 ateral inhibition between pairs of olfactory bulb (OB) mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs) is l

193 Adult-born neurons adjust olfactory bulb (OB) network functioning in response to changing en

194 cular zone (V-SVZ) produce diverse olfactory bulb (OB) neurons.

195 coded by mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) of male mice.

196 ATEMENT Inhibitory circuits in the olfactory bulb (OB) play a major role in odor processing, especial

197 The glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb (OB) receives heavy cholinergic input from the hori

198 The olfactory bulb (OB) receives top-down inputs from the olfactory co

199 In consequence, the olfactory bulb (OB) should be able to transmit information to down

200 re major projection neurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) that form an axonal bundle known as the latera

201 li and transmit the signals to the olfactory bulb (OB) where they are integrated and processed.

202 d immune cells accumulating in the olfactory bulb (OB), and increased production of proinflammatory c

203 genesis in the dentate gyrus (DG), olfactory bulb (OB), and the olfactory epithelium (OE).

204 In the olfactory bulb (OB), diverse interneuron subtypes vastly outnumber

205 In the olfactory bulb (OB), glomeruli are the functional units for odor i

206 ceive differential inputs from the olfactory bulb (OB), little is known about their projections to ot

207 he two output neuron layers in the olfactory bulb (OB), mitral and tufted cells, using chronic two-ph

208 In the olfactory bulb (OB), odors are encoded by glomerular activation pa

209 In the mouse olfactory bulb (OB), principal neurons (mitral/tufted cells) make

210 vity is initially processed in the olfactory bulb (OB), serving as the first central relay before bei

211 In the olfactory bulb (OB), short axon cells (SACs) form an interglomerul

212 The OE, the olfactory bulb (OB), the cerebral cortex, and the cerebellum were

213 which then send information to the olfactory bulb (OB), the first brain region for processing olfacto

214 n-initiated OM inflammation on the olfactory bulb (OB), we induced persistent rhinitis in mice and an

215 A possible exception is the olfactory bulb (OB), where activity guides interneuron turnover th

216 raphe nuclei densely innervate the olfactory bulb (OB), where they can modulate the initial represent

217 stant supply of new neurons to the olfactory bulb (OB).

218 different types of neurons for the olfactory bulb (OB).

219 to and retention/clearance in the olfactory bulb (OB); and c) whether the presence of Ag in the OB a

220 ate site of differentiation in the olfactory bulbs (OBs).

221 o monitor cortical feedback in the olfactory bulb of awake mice and further probe its impact on the b

222 The protein components that form the bulb of caveolae are increasingly well characterized, bu

223 detected mistargeted axons in the olfactory bulb of conditional ADAM10-/- mice, which correlate with

224 sensory neuron terminals into the olfactory bulb of the brain revealed that amygdalar inactivation p

225 ive SQSTM1 also accumulated in the olfactory bulb of the brain.

226 icroscopy to optically access the intestinal bulb of the larval zebrafish, a model vertebrate.

227 data on the beta-glomerulus in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.

228 of one mouse (intraindividual) and among the bulbs of different mice (interindividual).

229 on marketability and quality features of dry bulbs of local landrace "Vatikiotiko", "Sivan F1", "Red

230 lomerular positional variability between the bulbs of one mouse (intraindividual) and among the bulbs

231 ssociated with an expansion of the olfactory bulbs of the brain in vertebrates, but no such neuroanat

232 sident K15+ cells, but not in supra/proximal bulb outer root sheath K15+ progenitors.

233 activation alters the responses of olfactory bulb output neurons in vivo These results elucidate path

234 itry produces potent inhibition of olfactory bulb output neurons via direct chemical and electrical s

235 TCs) comprise parallel pathways of olfactory bulb output that are thought to play distinct functional

236 Cortical inhibition transforms olfactory bulb output to sharpen these dynamics.

237 ought to form parallel channels of olfactory bulb output.

238 be transformed to yield meaningful olfactory bulb output.

239 ake mice and further probe its impact on the bulb output.

240 By measuring and comparing olfactory bulb outputs to inputs, the authors show that the olfact

241 inergic cells were observed in the olfactory bulb, pallium, and preoptic area of the telencephalon, a

242 inputs, the authors show that the olfactory bulb participates in generating the perception of odoran

243 t that feedforward inhibition from olfactory bulb periglomerular cells can mediate this signal normal

244 ls within the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb phagocytose the axonal debris.

245 ination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The olfactory bulb plays a central role in converting broad, highly ov

246 Mechanistically, the bulb presents an interesting case study for understandin

247 r deletion of IGF1 receptor in the olfactory bulb prevented the socially relevant GABAergic LTP and i

248 , after low-dose IR, keratin 5(+) basal hair bulb progenitors, rather than bulge SCs, were quickly ac

249 y enhanced the inhibitory input to olfactory bulb projection neurons and increased the signal-to-nois

250 urons), to the posteroventral main olfactory bulb (PV MOB) in mice.

251 The olfactory bulb receives rich glutamatergic projections from the pi

252 this cholinergic input to the main olfactory bulb remains unclear, however.

253 BSTRACT: A dominant feature of the olfactory bulb response to odour is fast synchronized oscillations

254 We used paired recording in olfactory bulb slices and two-photon targeted patch-clamp recordin

255 ely, the addition of IGF1 to acute olfactory bulb slices elicited the GABAergic LTP in mitral cells b

256 s was confirmed in patch-clamp recordings in bulb slices from wild-type and connexin 36-knockout (KO)

257 Using patch clamp recording of olfactory bulb slices in the whole-cell configuration, we report t

258 le glomerular stimulation in mouse olfactory bulb slices to measure the synaptic dynamics of afferent

259 Here, in acute mouse olfactory bulb slices, we test how the two major classes of olfact

260 ation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in bulb slices.

261 modulator norepinephrine modulates olfactory bulb spontaneous activity and odor responses so as to ge

262 Olfactory bulb SQSTM1 often congregated in activated microglial ce

263 higher uptake of [(18)F]6b in the olfactory bulb (SUV of 0.34 at 30 min pi) accompanied by a low upt

264 ere expressed predominantly in the olfactory bulbs/telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain tegmentum, r

265 munoreactive (ir) perikarya in the olfactory bulbs-terminal nerve, ventral telencephalon, caudal preo

266 s show that the turkey vulture has olfactory bulbs that are 4x larger and contain twice as many mitra

267 organs at risk (rectum, bladder, and penile bulb), the volumes receiving 40 Gy and 65 Gy before regi

268 It remains unclear whether the olfactory bulb, the brain structure that mediates the first stage

269 ebrain project heavily to the main olfactory bulb, the first processing station in the olfactory path

270 tory cell classes of the mammalian olfactory bulb, the mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs), dif

271 red terminals were observed in the olfactory bulbs, the prefrontal cortex and the lamina X of the cer

272 expressed in many nuclei from the olfactory bulbs to the hindbrain, while vglut3 is restricted to th

273 The olfactory bulb transforms not only the information content of the

274 age measurements for fresh and dry weight of bulbs, tunic and flesh color, bulb firmness, nutritional

275 Moreover, network analysis on bulb-type lectin proteins show that these same polar res

276 e analysis for the single- and double-domain bulb-type lectins abundant in plant genomes.

277 The active states of most bulb-type lectins are dimeric and it is thus important t

278 g polar residues at the interface of dimeric bulb-type lectins are largely absent in the double-domai

279 The bulb-type lectins are proteins consist of three sequenti

280 tins are largely absent in the double-domain bulb-type lectins.

281 tural analyses of glomeruli in rat olfactory bulb under conditions in which specific cells were label

282 -born granule cells (abGCs) in the olfactory bulb using multiphoton imaging in awake and anesthetized

283 tive perikarya were present in the olfactory bulbs, ventral telencephalon, caudal preoptic area, dors

284 cuous projections also reached the olfactory bulbs, ventral/dorsal telencephalon, habenula, ventral t

285 relative to body size and a large olfactory bulb volume relative to ECV, similar to extant lemurs an

286 Analysis of the rectum, bladder, and penile bulb volumes receiving 40 Gy and 60 Gy demonstrated that

287 and 60 Gy demonstrated that only the penile bulb volumes were significantly higher after registratio

288 c neuroblast migration towards the olfactory bulb was observed.

289 n of two polyps from the cardia and duodenal bulb was performed during esophagogastroduodenoscopy, bu

290 ltered when the development of the olfactory bulb was perturbed.

291 ecordings of odor responses in the olfactory bulb, we find that concentration-invariant units respond

292 ults show that interneurons of the olfactory bulb were the primary cell type able to survive infectio

293 Samples of plant bulbs were positive for triazole-resistant A. fumigatus

294 m of neuroglial interaction in the olfactory bulb, where astrocyte connexin hemichannels are both tar

295 Investigating the mouse olfactory bulb, where ongoing neurogenesis continually supplies ne

296 tral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into local interneurons.

297 e, and then run to the ipsilateral olfactory bulb, where they target the gamma-glomerulus.

298 Most notably, interneurons in the olfactory bulb, which are known to be inhibitory, represented a la

299 ation of LC or pretreatment of the olfactory bulb with a broad-spectrum noradrenergic receptor antago

300 l neuron activity in the mammalian olfactory bulb, yet little is known about how sensory input activa