ライフサイエンスコーパス: capacitance

1 levels by label free impedance derived redox capacitance.

2 it must scale with the local somatodendritic capacitance.

3 lm gives rise to a large thickness-dependent capacitance.

4 put resistance, time constant and increasing capacitance.

5 as charge transfer resistance or interfacial capacitance.

6 sheet resistance, water permeation flux and capacitance.

7 NA that finally contributes to the change in capacitance.

8 nanoscale dimensions and femtoFarad motional capacitance.

9 ity to pesticides and a much larger specific capacitance.

10 th a gradual increase in whole-cell membrane capacitance.

11 rties, adsorption, electric conductivity and capacitance.

12 ants in the presence of significant membrane capacitance.

13 mon resonance (LSPR) technique alongside MIS capacitance.

14 windows, electrochemical reversibility, and capacitance.

15 electrical double layers, namely, their huge capacitance.

16 ants in the presence of significant membrane capacitance.

17 performance via monitoring of the changes in capacitance.

18 for low-power electronics due to their high capacitance.

19 rections or circuits to reduce the parasitic capacitance.

20 supercapacitors for energy storage with high capacitance.

21 t of conduction, contact resistance and gate capacitance.

22 apacitors, capable of providing large device capacitances.

23 These electrodes exhibit high capacitance (1.6 mF cm(-2) ) and energy density (0.05 mi

24 nolithic device demonstrates high volumetric capacitance (11.3 F cm(-3) ), energy density (2.98 mWh c

25 Moreover, N-PAF-Carbon also possesses large capacitance (385 F g(-1)) and excellent performance stab

26 i3 C2 Tx films display impressive volumetric capacitance (676 F cm(-3) ) combined with fast response.

27 nges of the surface charge and the effective capacitance accompanying biorecognition at the electrode

28 In addition, it retains 97.2% of the initial capacitance after 10000 charge/discharge cycles.

29 nt performance stability without any loss in capacitance after 9000 charge-discharge cycles.

30 ssures and lower cardiac index and pulmonary capacitance (all P<0.05).

31 rinsic membrane properties, such as membrane capacitance and afterhyperpolarizations, were flattened

32 ures with externally tunable conductance and capacitance and broadband photoresponse.

33 Because the capacitance and charge-discharge rates of EDLCs scale wi

34 mic (mostly mediated through vasodilation of capacitance and conductance arteries) and nonhemodynamic

35 The change of the sensors' capacitance and conductance as a subject to LPS presence

36 le down the absorber size, and the resulting capacitance and dark current, while maintaining high qua

37 rface mount devices due to their large areal capacitance and energy/power density compared to the tra

38 roach combined with measurements of membrane capacitance and fission pore conductance, imaging of ves

39 from MitoPark mice exhibited decreased cell capacitance and increased input resistance that became m

40 me a fundamental limitation posed by quantum capacitance and opens new channels for ion diffusion.

41 lly integrated CMOS circuits with low device capacitance and parasitic capacitance, the nano-cavity o

42 zed that by preferentially dilating systemic capacitance and pulmonary resistance vessels although on

43 lic papers can remarkably increase the areal capacitance and rate capability with a notable decrease

44 oltage program is able to increase the total capacitance and results in ~3.5- and ~5.5-times higher s

45 pheric morphology shows the highest specific capacitance and the best cycling stability compared with

46 to the carbonized wood improves the specific capacitance and the cyclic stability of the nanocomposit

47 reas thin layers of large CNT had the lowest capacitance and the highest permeation flux.

48 real devices, it is necessary to improve the capacitance and the structure stability of PANI.

49 lecular targets for the modulation of venous capacitance and venous return in health and disease.

50 nventional dielectrics due to their low gate capacitances and low breakdown voltages.

51 tion-evoked exocytosis (measured by membrane capacitance) and hormone secretion (measured biochemical

52 relationship, low membrane resistance, high capacitance, and dye-coupling to local astrocytes.

53 s used to measure whole-cell plasma membrane capacitance, and in fixed cells, caveolae were quantifie

54 between oxide coating morphology, electrode capacitance, and sodium removal efficacy.

55 g leaf life span, high hydraulic and thermal capacitances, and high potential rates of leaf water tra

56 ty in aqueous electrolyte with high specific capacitance ( approximately 1900 F g(-1) at 2 A g(-1) ),

57 n metal oxides and the demonstration of high capacitance are expected to enable fundamental studies o

58 but experimentally studied mechanisms behind capacitance are mostly limited to complex, multicomponen

59 pacitive architectures thus enhancing device capacitance areal specific capacitance of 37 mF/cm(2).

60 in terms of change in dielectric properties (capacitance) as a function of applied AC frequency.

61 The gate capacitance, as extracted from the Hall-effect, reveals

62 versible electrochromism and high volumetric capacitance at low operating biases.

63 The maximum linear and areal capacitances (based on active materials) and areal energ

64 proaches for monitoring microbial abundance, capacitance-based biosensors represent a promising appro

65 Results demonstrate that ACEK capacitance-based sensing can accurately determine micro

66 a foundation for understanding the limits of capacitance-based sensing in natural environmental sampl

67 s focusing on evaluating the robustness ACEK capacitance-based within aquatic environments.

68 n-based electrodes result in poor volumetric capacitance because of the low packing density of porous

69 NPs (5 nm) induced maximum change in surface capacitance because of their effective cellular interact

70 thic integrated device, eliminating the wire capacitance between the detector and first amplifier sta

71 rmore, several reported systems exhibit high capacitance but restricted electrochemical voltage windo

72 own as charge transfer resistance and pseudo-capacitance, but are those derived instead from a consid

73 th deposition techniques increased electrode capacitance, but only ED electrodes improved desalinatio

74 These solid-state supercapacitors decrease capacitance by less than 15% when reversibly stretched b

75 ts a 10-fold enhancement in surface chemical capacitance by mitigating defect interactions, highlight

76 O (Cq) and effective electrical double layer capacitance (C(EDL)) contribute significantly towards th

77 to analyze the SAM resistance (R(SAM)), SAM capacitance (C(SAM)), and contact resistance, within the

78 The value of magneto-capacitance can be as high as 1% in the voltage range ne

79 The Schottky barrier's capacitance can be changed with UV light, resulting in a

80 ompensated resistance (Ru), and double layer capacitance (CDL) can be reported using the "quasi-rever

81 monstrated strain sensors generating an 860% capacitance change and electrically powered torsional mu

82 The measured capacitance change between the reference and the biofunc

83 ip was observed between cellular density and capacitance change correlations, allowing a simple linea

84 ne (PBS) to tune Cdl to dominate the overall capacitance change upon target binding, which contributi

85 the sensing surface, hence produced a larger capacitance change.

86 simultaneously measured presynaptic membrane capacitance changes and EPSCs.

87 ation of the free-energy balances and of the capacitance changes associated with the binding process

88 ng stimulation is impaired in cKO; the rapid capacitance changes immediately after strong depolarizat

89 Sensitive capacitance changes thus observed with graphene based ca

90 strain sensors that exploit strain-dependent capacitance changes.

91 g transient photovoltage (TPV), differential capacitance, charge extraction, current interrupt, and c

92 on sites which concurrently improve specific capacitance, charge transfer resistance and cycling stab

93 be designed by connecting gradient negative capacitance circuits to an array of piezoelectric patche

94 cortex (HL2/3 PCs) have a specific membrane capacitance (Cm) of ~0.5 microF/cm(2), half of the commo

95 removing the constraints from the resistance-capacitance constant increases the response speed, which

96 element significantly increases the membrane capacitance, contributing to the attenuation of the driv

97 howed that minor vein collapse and mesophyll capacitance could effectively buffer major veins from ca

98 sistance (Rq) and an electrochemical (redox) capacitance (Cr).

99 rmed electrochemical impedance, double layer capacitance, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic polar

100 The slow phase of presynaptic capacitance decay following strong stimulation is impair

101 .05 microW h cm(-2) ), and long lifetime (no capacitance decay over 20 000 cycles), exceeding that of

102 In general, cell capacitance decreased with increased milling duration ov

103 tic field it has been found that the magneto-capacitance depends on the orientation of the ferroelect

104 s of light into heat, which changes membrane capacitance, depolarizing the cell and eliciting action

105 vanced heterostructures for high performance capacitance device applications.

106 re examined to overcome issues with capacity/capacitance, device voltage, rate capability, and cyclin

107 e-capacitance FETs as the result of negative capacitance due to the negative drain-induced barrier lo

108 By measuring calcium currents and membrane capacitance during depolarization at a large mammalian c

109 interspike interval, or changes in membrane capacitance during development of mouse IHCs.

110 eby affect channel gating, we measured patch capacitance during mechanical stimuli at pH 6.5 and 7.3.

111 can be determined by electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) between the nano-gap electrodes.

112 escribe the significance of the double-layer capacitance effect in polar rubbery dielectrics, even wh

113 sent results support that the grain boundary capacitance effect plays an important role in the CP and

114 ter storage in plant xylem and coarse roots (capacitance effect), hydraulic architecture of leaf syst

115 selected due to their high surface area and capacitance effect, and the lithiation mechanism of the

116 te the above observation to the double-layer capacitance effect, even though the ionic conductivity i

117 We attribute the first effect to quantum capacitance effects near the point of zero charge, and t

118 previously reported OFETs with double-layer capacitance effects, our devices showed unprecedented hi

119 potential at full turgor, turgor loss point, capacitance, elastic modulus, relative water content and

120 Since imaginary impedance is related to capacitance, electric displacement, relative permittivit

121 ectro-chemo-mech anical properties: specific capacitance, electrical conductivity, and large surface

122 RE,COEare the areas (cm(2)) and differential capacitances (farads cm(-2)) of the corresponding electr

123 ved at room temperature in the MoS2 negative-capacitance FETs as the result of negative capacitance d

124 n of the analytical signal by increasing the capacitance (film thickness) of the solid contact of the

125 ra so as to determine sample conductance and capacitance for evaluation of phthalate concentration in

126 conditions, (2) highlight that estimates of capacitance from excised samples should be interpreted w

127 a 25% increase in flow electrode gravimetric capacitance (from 65 to 83 F g(-1)) without sacrificing

128 sandwich-like papers exhibit high volumetric capacitances, good rate performances, and excellent cycl

129 arge computed dielectric constants >15.0 and capacitances >6.0 muF/cm(2) are achieved for squaraine m

130 bandwidth stemming from the relatively high capacitance (>10 pF) of the membrane chips.

131 composite (MycMnOx/C) showed a high specific capacitance (>350 F g(-1)) in a supercapacitor and excel

132 r families at VG </= 2 V owing to high areal capacitance (>4 microF cm(-2) ) from combined polarizati

133 The observed change of differential capacitance has a local maximum at a certain potential t

134 Negative capacitance has been proposed as a way of overcoming fun

135 Capacitance has important implications for the evolution

136 ation, but the effect of domains on negative capacitance has received little attention.

137 lution, but a direct measurement of negative capacitance has so far been elusive.

138 material exhibits an unprecedented specific capacitance, high rate capability, and excellent long-te

139 uch as high ion and photon transmission, low capacitance, high tolerance to mechanical and assembly e

140 diodes were also electrically characterized: capacitance, implied depletion width and dark current me

141 Here we report negative capacitance in a model system of multidomain ferroelectr

142 Here, we report the observation of negative capacitance in a thin, epitaxial ferroelectric film.

143 The specific capacitance in a three-electrode system was 365 F g(-1)

144 ial role in daily discharge/recharge of stem capacitance in an intact tree.

145 Negative capacitance in ferroelectric materials, which stems from

146 es (TMDs), and amplify the effect of quantum capacitance in field-effect gating.

147 The percent change in capacitance in response to doses of antigen (ZIKV NS1) c

148 nd 31 meV, respectively; while the inter-GQD capacitance increased by 1.12 folds at maximum hydraulic

149 eed, from the EIS results, we noted that the capacitance increased significantly with the specific Ab

150 e flat nature of the device lowers parasitic capacitance, increasing charging energy EC.

151 PFM can be used to capture nanoscale CPD and capacitance information with a temporal resolution much

152 igh-frequency current inputs by the membrane capacitance is believed to limit single-cell bandwidth.

153 opy indicates that the photoswitching of the capacitance is enabled by the reversible tuning of inter

154 ysis indicates that the ensemble nanocrystal capacitance is governed by classical surface electrical

155 storage performance, and the electrochemical capacitance is much higher than that of the other carbon

156 g at these frequencies are feasible if their capacitance is on the order of a few attofarads, but the

157 2) or 24.9 mOmega cm(2) ) and large specific capacitance, is among the highest for planar micro-super

158 o exhibit excellent cyclic stability without capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles in both acidic and

159 f 10 Ag(-1) after 3000 cycles and an overall capacitance loss of only 1.4%.

160 ncient role in life suggests that phenotypic capacitance may have influenced evolution since life's o

161 With capacitance measurement of endocytosis, we reported that

162 ynaptic exocytosis were revealed by membrane capacitance measurement upon modulations of intracellula

163 Using impermeant fluorescent indicators, capacitance measurements and electron microscopy, we sho

164 inal, and vesicle fusion was monitored using capacitance measurements and FM-dye destaining.

165 Capacitance measurements are used to characterize the li

166 Specific membrane capacitance measurements confirmed that the membranes we

167 Compared with control beta cells, real-time capacitance measurements demonstrated that exocytosis-en

168 Single cell capacitance measurements in MCs from mouse mutants diffe

169 Membrane capacitance measurements revealed a reduction of exocyto

170 e establish low-noise time-resolved membrane capacitance measurements that allow monitoring changes i

171 Using membrane capacitance measurements, we investigated whether the ac

172 Using membrane capacitance measurements, we observe robust exocytosis e

173 cological tools in combination with membrane capacitance measurements, we show that actin filament di

174 on fiber amperometry and cell-attached patch capacitance measurements.

175 lyx of Held terminals by whole-cell membrane capacitance measurements.

176 cal capacitive sensing (an impedance-derived capacitance methodology wherein the redox probe is conta

177 position conditions indicates that such high capacitance might be attributed to mobile protons donate

178 Capacitance-modulated transistors open a new pathway for

179 evice delivers an outstanding and reversible capacitance modulation of up to 20%, demonstrating a pro

180 movement of motile charges creates negative capacitance near the condition of mechanical resonance,

181 h-frequency admittance measures of nonlinear capacitance (NLC), an alternate representation of the se

182 omotility (EM) and a corresponding nonlinear capacitance (NLC).

183 capacitance of 211 F/g (1 A/g), a high area capacitance of 0.9 F/cm(2), and a competitive volumetric

184 microflower material showed a mass specific capacitance of 1,828 F g(-1), and an energy density of 1

185 r electrode delivers an outstanding specific capacitance of 1198 F g(-1) and shows an excellent long-

186 It achieves a benchmark capacitance of 1353 F/g (0.72 F/cm(2)) at a current dens

187 applications, the NiCoO2@CNT exhibits a high capacitance of 1360 Fg(-1) at current densities of 10 Ag

188 working range to over 3 V to achieve a high capacitance of 195 F g(-1) in an Li-rich electrolyte.

189 sembled solid-state SCs gave a high specific capacitance of 211 F/g (1 A/g), a high area capacitance

190 hows stable operation over 400 cycles with a capacitance of 25 F g(-1) and is fully functional even a

191 of 0.9 F/cm(2), and a competitive volumetric capacitance of 25.6 F/cm(3).

192 e of -75.4 degrees at 120 Hz with a specific capacitance of 316 microF/cm(2) and a RC time constant o

193 T-GR, with a capacitance of 354.1 Fg(-1) at 5 mVs(-1) and 264 Fg(-1)

194 enhancing device capacitance areal specific capacitance of 37 mF/cm(2).

195 ecific capacitance of 921 F/g and volumetric capacitance of 391 F/cm(3).

196 Specific capacitance of 408 F/g at 1 mV/s using CV and 185 F/g at

197 Here, we demonstrate ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 521 F cm(-3) in aqueous electrolytes for

198 PO4-graphene nanocomposite has a much higher capacitance of 527.9 F g(-1) at a current density of 0.5

199 ed ordered mesoporous few-layer carbon has a capacitance of 855 farads per gram in aqueous electrolyt

200 ucture showed a highest gravimetric specific capacitance of 921 F/g and volumetric capacitance of 391

201 the Co3O4/NiCo2O4 DSNCs show a high specific capacitance of 972 F g(-1) at a current density of 5 A g

202 channel current directly charges the quantum capacitance of a single nanotube in a network of purifie

203 rolyte, demonstrating a very high volumetric capacitance of about 2034.6 F cm(-3) (and gravimetric ca

204 is carbonized jute showed promising specific capacitance of about 51 F/g, and improvement of over 60%

205 sulator-metal tunnel diodes, with a junction capacitance of approximately 2 aF, at the tip of vertica

206 ce of about 2034.6 F cm(-3) (and gravimetric capacitance of ca. 773.6 F g(-1) ) at a current density

207 d based on the measurement of a differential capacitance of electrified ionic liquid (IL) electrode i

208 g the IL electrolyte mixtures to balance the capacitance of electrodes in a symmetric supercapacitor.

209 Local quantum capacitance of graphene is imaged with plasmonics-based

210 sing the BET surface as well as the specific capacitance of graphene.

211 hybrid electrodes with ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of over 1,100 F/cm(3).

212 It has been observed that both quantum capacitance of RGO (Cq) and effective electrical double

213 e with low noise, made possible by the small capacitance of the 50 mum thick SU8 septum, which is onl

214 This corresponds to a specific capacitance of the constituent MnO2 of 1,145 F/g, which

215 Specific capacitance of the device was enhanced by ~150% on raisi

216 urrent-reversal chronopotentiometry, and the capacitance of the electrodes is 132 muF or 154 muF for

217 nsity of states in the semiconductor and the capacitance of the gate/dielectric stack.

218 In this system, the enhanced capacitance of the hybrid structure can be understood by

219 The specific capacitance of the microcomposite based electrodes can r

220 stor output current is governed by the small capacitance of the protein layer undergoing minute chang

221 y measuring the sample/electrode interfacial capacitance of the sensor.

222 The volumetric redox (chemical) capacitance of the surface of CeO2-delta films is quanti

223 The maximum areal capacitance of the yarn electrodes were up to 100 times

224 t measurements to measure the resistance and capacitance of thin films of conjugated oligophenyleneim

225 Capacitance of those films reaches 410 farads per cubic

226 Specific capacitance of up to 1 kF m(-2) (100 mF cm(-2) ) with pe

227 citive performances to an ultrahigh specific capacitance of up to 313 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1).

228 carbonized bamboo fibers exhibited an areal capacitance of ~1.55 F/cm(2) at room temperature.

229 ntimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimet

230 sub-10 nm thick dielectrics yield high areal capacitances of approximately 600 nF cm(-2) and low leak

231 The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 f

232 At -5 V reverse bias, the capacitances of the diodes were measured to be (84.05 +/

233 ntronic film sensor offers a large unit-area capacitance (of 5.4 muF cm(-2) ) and an ultrahigh sensit

234 igh surface areas for increased double-layer capacitance, open structures for rapid ion transport, an

235 nge with extracellular resistivity, membrane capacitance, or membrane resistance.

236 ns should provide a guide for designing high-capacitance organic dielectrics that should greatly enha

237 tabolic disease by a combination of membrane capacitance patch-clamp recordings and biochemical measu

238 nt hydrogen evolution activity and promising capacitance performance.

239 We also make use of this versatile, low-capacitance platform to suspend other thin, two-dimensio

240 ity and band tail state is analyzed from the capacitance plot as capacitance reflects the capability

241 A new concept of a high-capacitance polymeric dielectric based on high-k polymer

242 In this paper we revisit the calculation of capacitance, power and energy of EDLCs from the time dom

243 tron exchange with associated resistance and capacitance quantities.

244 with the capacitive potential ranges and the capacitance ratio of the two electrodes.

245 MnO2 exhibits an outstanding areal specific capacitance reaching 346 mF/cm(2) at 5 mV s(-1) which is

246 The development of a board-level capacitance readout system is presented, as well as the

247 ed high-resolution patch-clamp time-resolved capacitance recordings to produce the first model of adi

248 n this issue, Balakrishnan et al. (2015) use capacitance recordings to unravel mechanisms of inhibito

249 odel, cell-related parameters (cell membrane capacitance referring to cell morphology and seal resist

250 Phenotypic capacitance refers to the ability of a genome to accumul

251 ate is analyzed from the capacitance plot as capacitance reflects the capability of a semiconductor t

252 5 A g(-1) and excellent stability with 92.5% capacitance retention after 12000 cycles, superior to th

253 f 3616 F/g at 8 A/g, and showed an excellent capacitance retention after 6000 charge-discharge cycles

254 1) at a current density of 0.25 A g(-1) with capacitance retention of 90.4% after 3000 cycles.

255 volumetric and gravimetric capacitances with capacitance retention of 92% after 25,000 cycles at a 10

256 ation of Ni3V2O8 nanowires presents enhanced capacitance, satisfying rate capability and good cycling

257 s offers an extraordinarily high pressure-to-capacitance sensitivity (114 nF kPa(-1) ), which is at l

258 ctin endocytosis contributes to the measured capacitance signal, and we were able to predict the cont

259 w available, impedance based electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS), based upon mapping the p

260 Therefore, transport and capacitance spectroscopy studies have been performed to

261 ry and experimental measurements obtained by capacitance spectroscopy.

262 s the functioning electrodes gave a specific capacitance stabilized at 216 F/g even after 3000 cycles

263 The concurrent increase in cell capacitance suggests that membrane incorporation of surf

264 cs was carried out using current-voltage and capacitance techniques.

265 2D material exhibits a 65% higher volumetric capacitance than its counterpart, Mo2C, with no vacancie

266 embrane time constant and increased membrane capacitance that could be attributed to stronger electri

267 The MOF-based device shows an areal capacitance that exceeds those of most carbon-based mate

268 3 ) is explored by monitoring the changes in capacitance that occur when a magnetic field is applied

269 ts with low device capacitance and parasitic capacitance, the nano-cavity optoelectronic devices cons

270 l based on changes in dielectric properties (capacitance) through (i) polarization of captured cell-s

271 glass chips that successfully lower the chip capacitance to below 1 pF.

272 ion remains undetermined; therefore, we used capacitance tracking to assay secretion, along with Ca(2

273 of -4.4 x 10(-6) Pa(-1), and conductance and capacitance tunable by external stimuli (ferroelectric f

274 in rubber sheets that change illuminance and capacitance under deformation.

275 city of up to 350% strain with a high device capacitance up to 30.7 F g(-1), which is two times that

276 ctroscopy was used to monitor the changes in capacitance upon any binding event, without the need for

277 ements, evaluating variations on the overall capacitance values according to the GST concentration.

278 vacancies, and one of the highest volumetric capacitance values ever reported, to the best of our kno

279 +) with extraordinary efficiency and achieve capacitance values ranging from approximately 400 to app

280 indow, low leakage current, and high and low capacitance values that were easily distinguishable even

281 vasodilator properties, selectively dilating capacitance vessels in healthy subjects.

282 Through capacitance-voltage measurements carried out under varia

283 Capacitance vs open circuit voltage (V(oc)) data indicat

284 The specific capacitance was 0.45 microF cm(-2) at 20 Hz, which is ar

285 graphy images showed that high water storage capacitance was associated with fiber and pith refilling

286 ontrast, only 190 mF/cm(2) of areal specific capacitance was obtained for the pure MnO2 NW network.

287 uivalent circuit model containing a chemical capacitance, we suggest that the photocurrent reduction

288 cement, relative permittivity, and effective capacitance were derived to elucidate the theory of opti

289 The rate constants for changes in patch capacitance were independent of pH, suggesting that bila

290 egative, enabling it to behave as a negative capacitance when integrated in a heterostructure.

291 rodes are parallel to each other and a lower capacitance when spins are antiparallel.

292 A normal MC effect exhibits a higher capacitance when spins in the electrodes are parallel to

293 ser arrangement in mesopores to increase the capacitance, whereas only cations with weaker ionic inte

294 r capacitors (EDLCs) are determined by their capacitance which is usually measured in the time domain

295 to an analytical expression for the membrane capacitance, which explicitly describes the dependence o

296 % in the fiber direction, and largely retain capacitance while being cyclically stretched during char

297 mance electrodes with exceptional volumetric capacitance with high mass loadings and charge rates for

298 resulting in high volumetric and gravimetric capacitances with capacitance retention of 92% after 25,

299 Here we demonstrate phenotypic capacitance within a much simpler system, an individual

300 trating how modularity can enable phenotypic capacitance within a single macromolecule.